白云鄂博矿床成因再研究
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摘要
白云鄂博REE-Nb-Fe矿床是世界上独一无二的超大型多金属矿床，受到国内外地学界的广泛关注，但对于矿床形成机制的认识仍存在很大分歧。争论的焦点在于铁的物质来源和赋矿层“H8”白云质大理岩成因（水成或火成）。Fe和Mg是“H8”白云质大理岩的主量金属元素，同时Fe还是矿床的成矿元素。Fe、Mg稳定同位素示踪技术的发展为该矿床的成因研究提供了新的思路和手段。本论文在详细的野外调查和室内岩相学工作基础上，开展了系统的Fe、Mg同位素地球化学研究，并利用Sm-Nd同位素体系对成矿年代学进行了进一步的研究，对白云鄂博矿床的成因进行了制约。取得了以下创新性成果和认识：
1）分别改进、完善了Fe和Mg的化学分离流程，建立了富含REE、Mn、Nb等元素的样品的Fe、Mg化学分离方法，满足高REE-Nb-Mn样品的Fe、Mg同位素的多接收器等离子体质谱（MC-ICP-MS）高精度测定的要求。
2）厘定了前寒武沉积成因铁矿和火成岩的Fe同位素组成特征。测定了中元古代白云鄂博群典型沉积成因铁矿和矿区典型的基性火成岩的Fe同位素组成，并系统总结了前人相关研究。结果表明，前寒武沉积铁建造的铁氧化物δ56Fe-IRMM总体上>0，并且Fe同位素组成变化范围较大：岩浆岩和岩浆成因铁矿的δ56Fe-IRMM集中在0附近，Fe同位素组成变化范围很小。
3）厘定了沉积碳酸盐岩和幔源火成岩的Mg同位素组成特征。测定了中元古代沉积碳酸盐岩和白云鄂博矿区火成碳酸岩的Mg同位素组成，并系统总结了前人相关研究。结果表明，沉积碳酸盐岩明显富集Mg的轻同位素，δ26Mg-DSM3值<-1‰；幔源火成岩相对富集Mg的重同位素，δ26Mg-DSM3值集中在-0.5~0‰。
4）利用Fe同位素地球化学为白云鄂博矿床的成因进行了制约。在详细的岩相、矿相学研究基础上，系统调查了白云鄂博矿床铁矿石样品和赋矿层“H8”白云岩全岩，主要含铁矿物磁铁矿、赤铁矿、白云石的Fe同位素组成。结果表明，白云鄂博矿床细粒铁矿石和“H8”白云岩的Fe同位素平均值δ56Fe-IRMM分别为-0.03±0.16‰(2SD, n=14)，-0.07±0.24‰(2SD, n=19)，两者的Fe同位素组成均集中在0附近，并且变化范围很窄，与火成岩的Fe同位素组成一致；磁铁矿和白云石矿物之间的Fe同位素分馏很小（Δ56Fe磁铁矿-白云石约为0.22‰），指示高温形成环境。Fe同位素研究结果排除了白云鄂博铁矿是沉积铁建造的成因模式，为白云鄂博矿床岩浆成因观点提供了有力的证据。
5）利用Mg同位素地球化学为白云鄂博矿床的成因进行了制约。系统调查了赋矿“H8”白云岩的Mg同位素组成。结果表明，白云鄂博矿床赋矿“H8”白云岩的δ26Mg变化范围为-1.18‰~0.56‰，平均值-0.42‰，其中绝大部分数据落在幔源火成岩Mg同位素组成范围，少量数据落在幔源火成岩和中元古代沉积白云岩之间，而没有一个数据落在中元古代沉积白云岩范围。Mg同位素研究结果排除了白云鄂博矿床的微晶丘成因模式和沉积白云岩-热液交代成因模式，表明白云鄂博矿床赋矿“H8”白云岩是火成碳酸岩主导的。
6）在系统总结前人年代学研究成果的基础上，利用Sm-Nd同位素随时间演化的规律对白云鄂博矿床的稀土成矿时代和成矿期次进行了研究。结果表明，白云鄂博矿床不是一个多期次、多来源的矿床。稀土的成矿时代为ca.1.3Ga，与碳酸岩墙的形成时间一致，成矿物质来源于地幔。后期地质事件只在一定程度上造成了稀土的再分配，并没有导致新的成矿作用。
7）在Fe、Mg同位素，成矿年代学的研究基础上，综合C、O、Sr、Nd等传统同位素研究，完善了白云鄂博矿床的成矿模式。白云鄂博矿床可能是中元古代时期的火成碳酸岩岩浆在海底侵入或喷出而形成的矿床，岩浆侵入或喷发期间可能有海水或少量沉积碳酸盐岩加入，同时也很有可能伴随热液活动。矿床形成后区域上发生了多次地质事件，矿床发生了一定的热扰动，但成矿物质只在内部发生了再循环，外源成矿物质的加入很有限。
The Bayan Obo REE-Nb-Fe ore deposit is the largest REE deposit in the world,which has attracted much attention for several decades. But its origin remainscontroversial. As Fe and Mg are the major elements of the H8ore-hosting dolomitemarble and Fe is also the ore-forming element, recent advances in Fe and Mg isotopesprovide new insights into the origin of the deposit. Here to constrain the origin of thegiant ore deposit, both the Fe and Mg isotope geochemistry are systematicallyinvestigated for the Bayan Obo ore deposit and related geological units, which isbased on the detailed field works and petrography and mineralography works. Inaddition, the metallogenic chronology of the deposit is restudied using Sm-Ndisotopes. Some significant advances are as follows:
1) For REE-Nb-Mn enriched samples, methods of chromatographic separation ofFe and Mg are improved respectively for high-precision measurements of Fe and Mgisotope ratios using MC-ICP-MS.
2) The comparision of Fe isotopes between Precambrian sedimentary ironformations and igneous rocks (including magmatic iron ores) is made. With thedeterminations of Fe isotopes of Mesoproterozoic sedimentary iron formations ofBayan Obo Group and mafic rocks in Bayan Obo mining area, combined with theprevious studies, it shows that the Precambiran sedimentary iron formations havevariable δ56Fe-IRMMvalues, with the majority>0, but the igneous rocks includingmagmatic iron ores have limited variation in δ56Fe-IRMMvalues which are clusteraround0.
3) The comparision of Mg isotopes between sedimentary carbonates andmantle-derived igneous rocks is made. With the determinations of Mg isotopes ofMesoproterozoic sedimentary carbonates and carbonatites in Bayan Obo mining area,combined with the previous studies, it shows that sedimentary carbonates are enrichedin light Mg isotope with δ26Mg-DSM3values <-1‰, but the igneous rocks are enrichedin heavy Mg isotope with δ26Mg-DSM3values between-0.5and0‰.
4) Fe isotopes are systematically investigated for Bayan Obo ore deposit basedon the detailed petrography and mineralography works. It shows that the whole rocksof Bayan Obo iron ores and “H8” ore-hosting dolomite marble have limited variationsof δ56Fe-IRMMvalues that cluster around0, with the former-0.03±0.16‰(2SD, n=14)and the later-0.07±0.24‰(2SD, n=19). The Fe isotope fractionation between magnetite and dolomite is limited, with Δ56Femagnetite-dolomite=0.22‰, indicating thatthey are formed in a high-temperature condition. These demonstrate that the BayanObo ore deposit is not sedimentary iron formations, but is of magmatic origin.
5) Mg isotopes are detailedly investigated for the Bayan Obo H8ore-hostingdolomite marble. It has δ26Mg-DSM3values varying from-1.18‰to0.56‰, with anaverage of-0.42‰. Among these data, the majority fall into the field of igneous rocksand the minority fall into the field between igneous rocks and Mesoproterozoicsedimentary dolostones, but none fall into the field of Mesoproterozoic sedimentarydolostones. This demonstrates that the Bayan Obo ore deposit is neither a micritemound nor originally sedimentary dolostones. The H8ore-hosting dolomite marble isa dominantly carbonatite, although it cannot rule out some mixing of seawater orcrustal materials.
6) A thorough review on geochronological data and re-assessments of Sm-Ndisotopic results in literatures has been performed to study the timing and episodes ofREE mineralization. It is clarified that the REE in the Bayan Obo ore deposit isenriched by a single episode of mineralization occurred in Mesoproterozoic andsourced from the mantle only. Some later thermal events occurred between ca.1.3Gaand ca.0.44Ga resulting in the REE remobilization within the ore body itself, but thecontribution from external source is minimal.
7) Through combination of Fe, Mg isotope geochemistry, geochronology, and C,O, Sr, Nd, etc. isotope geochemistry, the model of Bayan Obo ore deposit is improved.The Bayan Obo ore deposit is a Mesoproterozoic carbonatite probably intruding orerupting in the seafloor, mixed with minor sedimentary carbonates or some seawater,and probably accompanying the hydrothermal activities. The later thermal eventsresult in the REE remobilization within the ore body itself, but the contribution fromexternal source is minimal.
1）分别改进、完善了Fe和Mg的化学分离流程，建立了富含REE、Mn、Nb等元素的样品的Fe、Mg化学分离方法，满足高REE-Nb-Mn样品的Fe、Mg同位素的多接收器等离子体质谱（MC-ICP-MS）高精度测定的要求。
2）厘定了前寒武沉积成因铁矿和火成岩的Fe同位素组成特征。测定了中元古代白云鄂博群典型沉积成因铁矿和矿区典型的基性火成岩的Fe同位素组成，并系统总结了前人相关研究。结果表明，前寒武沉积铁建造的铁氧化物δ56Fe-IRMM总体上>0，并且Fe同位素组成变化范围较大：岩浆岩和岩浆成因铁矿的δ56Fe-IRMM集中在0附近，Fe同位素组成变化范围很小。
3）厘定了沉积碳酸盐岩和幔源火成岩的Mg同位素组成特征。测定了中元古代沉积碳酸盐岩和白云鄂博矿区火成碳酸岩的Mg同位素组成，并系统总结了前人相关研究。结果表明，沉积碳酸盐岩明显富集Mg的轻同位素，δ26Mg-DSM3值<-1‰；幔源火成岩相对富集Mg的重同位素，δ26Mg-DSM3值集中在-0.5~0‰。
4）利用Fe同位素地球化学为白云鄂博矿床的成因进行了制约。在详细的岩相、矿相学研究基础上，系统调查了白云鄂博矿床铁矿石样品和赋矿层“H8”白云岩全岩，主要含铁矿物磁铁矿、赤铁矿、白云石的Fe同位素组成。结果表明，白云鄂博矿床细粒铁矿石和“H8”白云岩的Fe同位素平均值δ56Fe-IRMM分别为-0.03±0.16‰(2SD, n=14)，-0.07±0.24‰(2SD, n=19)，两者的Fe同位素组成均集中在0附近，并且变化范围很窄，与火成岩的Fe同位素组成一致；磁铁矿和白云石矿物之间的Fe同位素分馏很小（Δ56Fe磁铁矿-白云石约为0.22‰），指示高温形成环境。Fe同位素研究结果排除了白云鄂博铁矿是沉积铁建造的成因模式，为白云鄂博矿床岩浆成因观点提供了有力的证据。
5）利用Mg同位素地球化学为白云鄂博矿床的成因进行了制约。系统调查了赋矿“H8”白云岩的Mg同位素组成。结果表明，白云鄂博矿床赋矿“H8”白云岩的δ26Mg变化范围为-1.18‰~0.56‰，平均值-0.42‰，其中绝大部分数据落在幔源火成岩Mg同位素组成范围，少量数据落在幔源火成岩和中元古代沉积白云岩之间，而没有一个数据落在中元古代沉积白云岩范围。Mg同位素研究结果排除了白云鄂博矿床的微晶丘成因模式和沉积白云岩-热液交代成因模式，表明白云鄂博矿床赋矿“H8”白云岩是火成碳酸岩主导的。
6）在系统总结前人年代学研究成果的基础上，利用Sm-Nd同位素随时间演化的规律对白云鄂博矿床的稀土成矿时代和成矿期次进行了研究。结果表明，白云鄂博矿床不是一个多期次、多来源的矿床。稀土的成矿时代为ca.1.3Ga，与碳酸岩墙的形成时间一致，成矿物质来源于地幔。后期地质事件只在一定程度上造成了稀土的再分配，并没有导致新的成矿作用。
7）在Fe、Mg同位素，成矿年代学的研究基础上，综合C、O、Sr、Nd等传统同位素研究，完善了白云鄂博矿床的成矿模式。白云鄂博矿床可能是中元古代时期的火成碳酸岩岩浆在海底侵入或喷出而形成的矿床，岩浆侵入或喷发期间可能有海水或少量沉积碳酸盐岩加入，同时也很有可能伴随热液活动。矿床形成后区域上发生了多次地质事件，矿床发生了一定的热扰动，但成矿物质只在内部发生了再循环，外源成矿物质的加入很有限。
The Bayan Obo REE-Nb-Fe ore deposit is the largest REE deposit in the world,which has attracted much attention for several decades. But its origin remainscontroversial. As Fe and Mg are the major elements of the H8ore-hosting dolomitemarble and Fe is also the ore-forming element, recent advances in Fe and Mg isotopesprovide new insights into the origin of the deposit. Here to constrain the origin of thegiant ore deposit, both the Fe and Mg isotope geochemistry are systematicallyinvestigated for the Bayan Obo ore deposit and related geological units, which isbased on the detailed field works and petrography and mineralography works. Inaddition, the metallogenic chronology of the deposit is restudied using Sm-Ndisotopes. Some significant advances are as follows:
1) For REE-Nb-Mn enriched samples, methods of chromatographic separation ofFe and Mg are improved respectively for high-precision measurements of Fe and Mgisotope ratios using MC-ICP-MS.
2) The comparision of Fe isotopes between Precambrian sedimentary ironformations and igneous rocks (including magmatic iron ores) is made. With thedeterminations of Fe isotopes of Mesoproterozoic sedimentary iron formations ofBayan Obo Group and mafic rocks in Bayan Obo mining area, combined with theprevious studies, it shows that the Precambiran sedimentary iron formations havevariable δ56Fe-IRMMvalues, with the majority>0, but the igneous rocks includingmagmatic iron ores have limited variation in δ56Fe-IRMMvalues which are clusteraround0.
3) The comparision of Mg isotopes between sedimentary carbonates andmantle-derived igneous rocks is made. With the determinations of Mg isotopes ofMesoproterozoic sedimentary carbonates and carbonatites in Bayan Obo mining area,combined with the previous studies, it shows that sedimentary carbonates are enrichedin light Mg isotope with δ26Mg-DSM3values <-1‰, but the igneous rocks are enrichedin heavy Mg isotope with δ26Mg-DSM3values between-0.5and0‰.
4) Fe isotopes are systematically investigated for Bayan Obo ore deposit basedon the detailed petrography and mineralography works. It shows that the whole rocksof Bayan Obo iron ores and “H8” ore-hosting dolomite marble have limited variationsof δ56Fe-IRMMvalues that cluster around0, with the former-0.03±0.16‰(2SD, n=14)and the later-0.07±0.24‰(2SD, n=19). The Fe isotope fractionation between magnetite and dolomite is limited, with Δ56Femagnetite-dolomite=0.22‰, indicating thatthey are formed in a high-temperature condition. These demonstrate that the BayanObo ore deposit is not sedimentary iron formations, but is of magmatic origin.
5) Mg isotopes are detailedly investigated for the Bayan Obo H8ore-hostingdolomite marble. It has δ26Mg-DSM3values varying from-1.18‰to0.56‰, with anaverage of-0.42‰. Among these data, the majority fall into the field of igneous rocksand the minority fall into the field between igneous rocks and Mesoproterozoicsedimentary dolostones, but none fall into the field of Mesoproterozoic sedimentarydolostones. This demonstrates that the Bayan Obo ore deposit is neither a micritemound nor originally sedimentary dolostones. The H8ore-hosting dolomite marble isa dominantly carbonatite, although it cannot rule out some mixing of seawater orcrustal materials.
6) A thorough review on geochronological data and re-assessments of Sm-Ndisotopic results in literatures has been performed to study the timing and episodes ofREE mineralization. It is clarified that the REE in the Bayan Obo ore deposit isenriched by a single episode of mineralization occurred in Mesoproterozoic andsourced from the mantle only. Some later thermal events occurred between ca.1.3Gaand ca.0.44Ga resulting in the REE remobilization within the ore body itself, but thecontribution from external source is minimal.
7) Through combination of Fe, Mg isotope geochemistry, geochronology, and C,O, Sr, Nd, etc. isotope geochemistry, the model of Bayan Obo ore deposit is improved.The Bayan Obo ore deposit is a Mesoproterozoic carbonatite probably intruding orerupting in the seafloor, mixed with minor sedimentary carbonates or some seawater,and probably accompanying the hydrothermal activities. The later thermal eventsresult in the REE remobilization within the ore body itself, but the contribution fromexternal source is minimal.
引文
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