商务英语写作教材研究
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摘要
在推动中国全球化的进程中,随着国际贸易的深入发展,需要大量熟悉国际商贸业务法规,又精通语言技能并善于跨文化沟通的复合型人才,写作作为商务沟通的手段之一在国际贸易领域中起到十分重要的作用,好的写作技能是有效沟通的润滑剂。基于国内目前商务英语写作教材的现状和商务英语专业的发展情况,本论文主要致力于研究一套在外语教学环境下的商务英语写作教材编写体系,即“基于体裁视角的商务英语写作教材”。在建构主义理论、特殊目的用途英语理论等的基础上,结合体裁理论将语言和语境有机结合起来,培养学习者基于体裁的写作能力,这包括学习者在写作中的语言能力与非语言能力的培养,在本研究中将其称为体裁能力。
本论文主要研究三个方面的问题,分别是：
1.现有国内外商务英语写作教材主要有哪些?这些教材的编写角度、内容以及选材都是什么?
2.现有国内商务英语写作教材的主要特点是什么?不足之处主要体现在那些方面,如何对这些不足进行改进?
3.如何将体裁理论应用于商务英语写作教材的编写?对设计出的编写体系如何改进和完善?
针对上述三个方面的问题,本论文进行了全面而深刻地阐述和探讨,产生了一些具有创新性的观点,具体描述如下
1.基于体裁理论的写作教材是将写作中的语言因素与非语言因素整合为体裁能力,将该能力的培养作为写作教材的核心内容。写作学习的过程是帮助学习者尽可能多地接触并掌握未来工作和生活中将会遇到的种种体裁,能够满足未来的工作的商务场合中的实际需求。
2.在教材编写和设计中把对商务语境的认知与商务英语写作相结合。本研究中的教材设计方案不同与以往写作教材之处在于,在教材的编写章节中加入了对商务语境和主要商务活动的知识内容的设计,使学习者在写作之前先了解写作的环境、沟通的对象等知识。在具体写作的学习中包括对体裁,交际目、语言特点、结构特点以及写作技巧的认识。在明确了教材的编写过程,笔者针对不同的情况给出了相关的示例,并对这些示例进行了说明,这些示例是体现教材“体裁”这一内涵的实际体现。从体裁的角度来认识商务英语写作,其教与学的核心内容发生了变化。体裁理论视角下的商务英语写作教材强调写作的意义是实现有效沟通而不是通过文字完成自我表达。写作课堂不再是语言练习的课堂,将写作的意义转变为有效沟通,这种观念的转变使教学要素发生了变化,体裁理论成为写作教学中的核心,围绕该理论的教学模式和发展,教学要素也发生了变化。
3.基于体裁的商务英语写作教材不再以单一的模式设计教材内容,编写人员能够充分运用当今工作场合中的资源。在教材编写的中不仅探讨了写作教学理论对商务英语写作教材编写的指导,还了解了在实际商务场合中的写作任务,编写人员可以运用体裁理论将商务语境中的真实素材转编写成教材内容,使编写更灵活,教材内容更加丰富。
本论文由六个章节构成,第一章为引言。论文第二章首先从写作教材的使用情境、教材编写方法、体裁理论和商务英语有关理论入手进行了回顾和论述,区分了外语教学与二语教学的差异,探讨了当今的教材编写方法,论述不同学派对体裁理论的理解以及体裁理论所包涵的概念。同时,论文对商务英语的本质和商务英语的学科属性以及写作教材的编写理论进行了研究。第三章为对商务英语写作教材、商务英语写作教材使用情况和商务英语写作的实际调查,论文对现有的国内外商务英语写作教材进行了全面的梳理,了解了现有商务英语写作教材的内容、编写角度、方法、主要体裁和选材,并对一些从事商务英语的工作人员和学习者进行了调查,了解了他们对现有的一些教材的看法、目前商务英语写作教材现状、编写现状、使用情况并指出了国内商务英语写作教材存在的问题以及在使用中的不足。基于前面的调查结果,论文第四章提出了对存在问题的改进思路和途径,研究了体裁理论在商务英语写作教材编写中的运用,通过体裁理论的应用,实现当前教材编写的改进途径。在第五章,本论文结合体裁理论在写作教学中的运用,给出了具体的编写和设计方案及相关的范例,包括对教材整体结构的方案、教材中每章节内容的设计、材料的选择、任务的设计、评分标准和学生自评方案的设计。其编写目的是让学习者更积极主动地参与到学习过程当中,激发学习者的学习热情和兴趣,提高他们解决在实际工作场合中遇到写作任务时的应对能力,以更好地让他们为未来的工作做好准备。在对教材编写和设计研究的过程中,笔者设计了基于体裁理论的商务英语写作教材样章,并将这些样章在写作课堂中进行试讲,在试讲的前后分别作了写作测试、课堂观察、问卷调查、访谈并将写作测试成绩与非样章授课班级进行对比,通过这些调查寻找该教材编写方案的不足之处并进一步完善。第七章为结论部分,写作的过程是通过文字的输出来实现社会关系,写作教学的发展与社会的发展紧密相关,仅仅依靠一套理论来编写教材是不足的,教材的编写和研究还应该包括中国语境下的商务英语需求分析、专用商务语料库的设计与应用、基于现代化计算机及网络技术的立体化教材开发等领域的深入研究。
总的来说,本研究结合了教材编写理论、教学理论、体裁理论和商务英语有关的理论对基于体裁的商务英语写作教材的编写进行了积极有益的探讨,希望本文能给其他的从事商务英语专业写作教学的实践者,带来一定的启示和思考。但更为重要的是,希望能够通过本研究的讨论,能引起教育界和学术界对商务英语写作教材的研究给予更多的关注和重视,促进国内商务英语写作教材和课程建设有序、健康的发展,以培养出更多既有商务专业知识又有较高的英语水平的具有国际化视野的高层次复合型人才,更好适应经济全球化、文化多元化、贸易多样化的发展趋势。
The Chinese economy has been developing quickly as a result of its entry into global market. China is getting actively involved in all kinds of political, economic and cultural exchanges with the international community. It is necessary to cultivate our talents with language skills and cross-culture communicative competence to promote international trade development. As a lubricant in international trade, writing plays a significant role in conducting successful business communication. To meet with the increasing needs of Chinese students and different workplaces requirements, business English writing courses are increasingly offered in quite a lot of colleges, which also bring a wave of new textbooks. These writing textbooks cover different genres and writing techniques. However, the original edition of business writing textbooks from developed countries are very theatrical and require rich working experiences to understand the context and skills. So these textbooks are not helpful and useful in the current undergraduates writing classes. Domestic business writing textbooks are mainly focused on the practical writing which serves for the examination. The content of these textbooks are based on grammar that can not satisfy with the various genre needs of learners in the real workplace. Due to the present status of teaching materials, this essay is contributed to explore a textbook compilation system, namely "Genre-based Business English Writing Textbook". This compilation system is used in foreign language teaching/learning situations and combines the theories of constructivism, ESP and genre writing which is aimed to develop the learner's writing techniques, generic competence, discourse comprehension ability and intercultural competence.
This dissertation is written to argue and explore the application of genre theory in textbook compilation, focusing on the following questions:
1) What are the main business English writing textbook in current book markets? What are these authors'standpoints in compiling textbooks?
2) What are the main features of current business English writing textbooks? What are the disadvantages in these textbooks and how to improve it?
3) How does this research employ the genre theory into business writing textbook compilations? What is genre-based compilation system for business English writing textbook?
Through a lot of field work and analysis, this dissertation has made deep exploration into the above questions and produced some arguments of innovative and academic values:
1) With genre-based theory, the core of the textbook is generic competence which covers language-related factors and non-linguistic factors. It considers forces outside the individual which help learners guide writing purposes, establish social relationships, and ultimately shape writing in the real workplace. The nature of business writing is to realize the social relationship, rather than the property of individual writers struggling with personal expression. In the actual workplace, it is beneficial to improve communicating efficiency and enhance comprehensive quality and develop learners'standard manipulation.
2) With genre-based theory, writing is integrated into business context in textbook design. Each chapter elaborates the knowledge of business context and activities with examples which aims to enrich the learners writing experiences on the social level. In the view of genre theory, the writing course is not only for language practice but to provide channels to improve learners'communication abilities in real workplace. Generic competence replaces the linguistic competence that used to be the key in a business writing syllabus.
3) With genre-based theory, the textbook composers can make full use of these writing resources from the business workplace. The Genre theories can be used to direct composers how to design the contents with the real texts.
4) With genre-based theory, the principles of business writing pedagogy will be altered. The emphasis in genre-based business writing course is to develop learner's generic competence which includes linguistic knowledge and non-linguistic knowledge. Teaching objectives will be "learners are able to conduct effective communication in business context." rather than "learners are able to finish the writing in fixed time." This could lead to the changes in model of instruction in business writing class and new teaching elements will be added into classroom, such as virtual business situation and computer assistant system.
This dissertation is composed of seven chapters. The first chapter is an introduction to this dissertation. Chapter two is written to have a general review of the relevant literature, such as theories about English learning context, genre theories and business English related theories. Based on that, this chapter tries to explore some developing trends of theories in support of the present study. In chapter three, it found the content, writing angle, writing methods and main genres in business writing textbooks through thoroughly arranging and analyzing business English textbooks in the current market and research on business practitioners and learners. The analysis is based on both quantitative and qualitative data-collection. Chapter four follows chapter three which explores the weakness in current textbooks and advanced solutions. Chapter five is focused on the application of genre theory to conduct these solutions that were developed in chapter four. Following these researches, chapter six works out a genre-based business English writing textbook compilation system whose intent is to improve the current situation of business English writing text books and stimulate the learners'enthusiasm and interests. Thus the learners can cope with the writing tasks in the future workplace. This compilation system contains the design of general structure of the textbook, structure of each chapter, materials selection, task, criteria and self-assessment.
There are also some problems in the course of studying. Firstly, the textbook composition requires the writer to have a lot of infomation literacy and high level of linguistic competence. During the process of writing, the design of contents and tasks need the real language in the current workplace, so the writer must be familiar with the working language and can transfer these materials into the textbook for learning purposes. Secondly, the investigation of textbooks is not enough. This study merely selects the commonly used writing textbooks, but other textbooks, such as listening, reading, translating, do require further research. The use of business genre is not only for the writing, it also relates with other English activities. Again, it should be enhanced with the growth of international trade. Meanwhile, the task assessment system needs to be improved. The writing process is aimed to produce the text which is the final result of writing study. Learners can find their problems in writing and improve their writing skills through a well-designed assessment system. It corresponds with the key of learners-centered pedagogies. Finally, this essay does not construct a system of textbook evaluation. With the development of future teaching, it is necessary to generate the evaluation of textbook compiling in the view of genre that can be used to revise the teaching materials.
To sum up, this research integrates the genre theories with textbook compiling theories and communicative competence theories to explore the genre-based business English writing textbook compilation system. Most importantly, the author hopes to arise more attention to and interest in business English writing textbook compiling from the higher education administration and academia which can promote a healthy, orderly development of writing textbooks and teaching through research in this dissertation. It can help the learners to develop an international perspective, to adapt to globalization, cross-cultural environment and the innovative spirit of international, professional personnel.
本论文主要研究三个方面的问题,分别是：
1.现有国内外商务英语写作教材主要有哪些?这些教材的编写角度、内容以及选材都是什么?
2.现有国内商务英语写作教材的主要特点是什么?不足之处主要体现在那些方面,如何对这些不足进行改进?
3.如何将体裁理论应用于商务英语写作教材的编写?对设计出的编写体系如何改进和完善?
针对上述三个方面的问题,本论文进行了全面而深刻地阐述和探讨,产生了一些具有创新性的观点,具体描述如下
1.基于体裁理论的写作教材是将写作中的语言因素与非语言因素整合为体裁能力,将该能力的培养作为写作教材的核心内容。写作学习的过程是帮助学习者尽可能多地接触并掌握未来工作和生活中将会遇到的种种体裁,能够满足未来的工作的商务场合中的实际需求。
2.在教材编写和设计中把对商务语境的认知与商务英语写作相结合。本研究中的教材设计方案不同与以往写作教材之处在于,在教材的编写章节中加入了对商务语境和主要商务活动的知识内容的设计,使学习者在写作之前先了解写作的环境、沟通的对象等知识。在具体写作的学习中包括对体裁,交际目、语言特点、结构特点以及写作技巧的认识。在明确了教材的编写过程,笔者针对不同的情况给出了相关的示例,并对这些示例进行了说明,这些示例是体现教材“体裁”这一内涵的实际体现。从体裁的角度来认识商务英语写作,其教与学的核心内容发生了变化。体裁理论视角下的商务英语写作教材强调写作的意义是实现有效沟通而不是通过文字完成自我表达。写作课堂不再是语言练习的课堂,将写作的意义转变为有效沟通,这种观念的转变使教学要素发生了变化,体裁理论成为写作教学中的核心,围绕该理论的教学模式和发展,教学要素也发生了变化。
3.基于体裁的商务英语写作教材不再以单一的模式设计教材内容,编写人员能够充分运用当今工作场合中的资源。在教材编写的中不仅探讨了写作教学理论对商务英语写作教材编写的指导,还了解了在实际商务场合中的写作任务,编写人员可以运用体裁理论将商务语境中的真实素材转编写成教材内容,使编写更灵活,教材内容更加丰富。
本论文由六个章节构成,第一章为引言。论文第二章首先从写作教材的使用情境、教材编写方法、体裁理论和商务英语有关理论入手进行了回顾和论述,区分了外语教学与二语教学的差异,探讨了当今的教材编写方法,论述不同学派对体裁理论的理解以及体裁理论所包涵的概念。同时,论文对商务英语的本质和商务英语的学科属性以及写作教材的编写理论进行了研究。第三章为对商务英语写作教材、商务英语写作教材使用情况和商务英语写作的实际调查,论文对现有的国内外商务英语写作教材进行了全面的梳理,了解了现有商务英语写作教材的内容、编写角度、方法、主要体裁和选材,并对一些从事商务英语的工作人员和学习者进行了调查,了解了他们对现有的一些教材的看法、目前商务英语写作教材现状、编写现状、使用情况并指出了国内商务英语写作教材存在的问题以及在使用中的不足。基于前面的调查结果,论文第四章提出了对存在问题的改进思路和途径,研究了体裁理论在商务英语写作教材编写中的运用,通过体裁理论的应用,实现当前教材编写的改进途径。在第五章,本论文结合体裁理论在写作教学中的运用,给出了具体的编写和设计方案及相关的范例,包括对教材整体结构的方案、教材中每章节内容的设计、材料的选择、任务的设计、评分标准和学生自评方案的设计。其编写目的是让学习者更积极主动地参与到学习过程当中,激发学习者的学习热情和兴趣,提高他们解决在实际工作场合中遇到写作任务时的应对能力,以更好地让他们为未来的工作做好准备。在对教材编写和设计研究的过程中,笔者设计了基于体裁理论的商务英语写作教材样章,并将这些样章在写作课堂中进行试讲,在试讲的前后分别作了写作测试、课堂观察、问卷调查、访谈并将写作测试成绩与非样章授课班级进行对比,通过这些调查寻找该教材编写方案的不足之处并进一步完善。第七章为结论部分,写作的过程是通过文字的输出来实现社会关系,写作教学的发展与社会的发展紧密相关,仅仅依靠一套理论来编写教材是不足的,教材的编写和研究还应该包括中国语境下的商务英语需求分析、专用商务语料库的设计与应用、基于现代化计算机及网络技术的立体化教材开发等领域的深入研究。
总的来说,本研究结合了教材编写理论、教学理论、体裁理论和商务英语有关的理论对基于体裁的商务英语写作教材的编写进行了积极有益的探讨,希望本文能给其他的从事商务英语专业写作教学的实践者,带来一定的启示和思考。但更为重要的是,希望能够通过本研究的讨论,能引起教育界和学术界对商务英语写作教材的研究给予更多的关注和重视,促进国内商务英语写作教材和课程建设有序、健康的发展,以培养出更多既有商务专业知识又有较高的英语水平的具有国际化视野的高层次复合型人才,更好适应经济全球化、文化多元化、贸易多样化的发展趋势。
The Chinese economy has been developing quickly as a result of its entry into global market. China is getting actively involved in all kinds of political, economic and cultural exchanges with the international community. It is necessary to cultivate our talents with language skills and cross-culture communicative competence to promote international trade development. As a lubricant in international trade, writing plays a significant role in conducting successful business communication. To meet with the increasing needs of Chinese students and different workplaces requirements, business English writing courses are increasingly offered in quite a lot of colleges, which also bring a wave of new textbooks. These writing textbooks cover different genres and writing techniques. However, the original edition of business writing textbooks from developed countries are very theatrical and require rich working experiences to understand the context and skills. So these textbooks are not helpful and useful in the current undergraduates writing classes. Domestic business writing textbooks are mainly focused on the practical writing which serves for the examination. The content of these textbooks are based on grammar that can not satisfy with the various genre needs of learners in the real workplace. Due to the present status of teaching materials, this essay is contributed to explore a textbook compilation system, namely "Genre-based Business English Writing Textbook". This compilation system is used in foreign language teaching/learning situations and combines the theories of constructivism, ESP and genre writing which is aimed to develop the learner's writing techniques, generic competence, discourse comprehension ability and intercultural competence.
This dissertation is written to argue and explore the application of genre theory in textbook compilation, focusing on the following questions:
1) What are the main business English writing textbook in current book markets? What are these authors'standpoints in compiling textbooks?
2) What are the main features of current business English writing textbooks? What are the disadvantages in these textbooks and how to improve it?
3) How does this research employ the genre theory into business writing textbook compilations? What is genre-based compilation system for business English writing textbook?
Through a lot of field work and analysis, this dissertation has made deep exploration into the above questions and produced some arguments of innovative and academic values:
1) With genre-based theory, the core of the textbook is generic competence which covers language-related factors and non-linguistic factors. It considers forces outside the individual which help learners guide writing purposes, establish social relationships, and ultimately shape writing in the real workplace. The nature of business writing is to realize the social relationship, rather than the property of individual writers struggling with personal expression. In the actual workplace, it is beneficial to improve communicating efficiency and enhance comprehensive quality and develop learners'standard manipulation.
2) With genre-based theory, writing is integrated into business context in textbook design. Each chapter elaborates the knowledge of business context and activities with examples which aims to enrich the learners writing experiences on the social level. In the view of genre theory, the writing course is not only for language practice but to provide channels to improve learners'communication abilities in real workplace. Generic competence replaces the linguistic competence that used to be the key in a business writing syllabus.
3) With genre-based theory, the textbook composers can make full use of these writing resources from the business workplace. The Genre theories can be used to direct composers how to design the contents with the real texts.
4) With genre-based theory, the principles of business writing pedagogy will be altered. The emphasis in genre-based business writing course is to develop learner's generic competence which includes linguistic knowledge and non-linguistic knowledge. Teaching objectives will be "learners are able to conduct effective communication in business context." rather than "learners are able to finish the writing in fixed time." This could lead to the changes in model of instruction in business writing class and new teaching elements will be added into classroom, such as virtual business situation and computer assistant system.
This dissertation is composed of seven chapters. The first chapter is an introduction to this dissertation. Chapter two is written to have a general review of the relevant literature, such as theories about English learning context, genre theories and business English related theories. Based on that, this chapter tries to explore some developing trends of theories in support of the present study. In chapter three, it found the content, writing angle, writing methods and main genres in business writing textbooks through thoroughly arranging and analyzing business English textbooks in the current market and research on business practitioners and learners. The analysis is based on both quantitative and qualitative data-collection. Chapter four follows chapter three which explores the weakness in current textbooks and advanced solutions. Chapter five is focused on the application of genre theory to conduct these solutions that were developed in chapter four. Following these researches, chapter six works out a genre-based business English writing textbook compilation system whose intent is to improve the current situation of business English writing text books and stimulate the learners'enthusiasm and interests. Thus the learners can cope with the writing tasks in the future workplace. This compilation system contains the design of general structure of the textbook, structure of each chapter, materials selection, task, criteria and self-assessment.
There are also some problems in the course of studying. Firstly, the textbook composition requires the writer to have a lot of infomation literacy and high level of linguistic competence. During the process of writing, the design of contents and tasks need the real language in the current workplace, so the writer must be familiar with the working language and can transfer these materials into the textbook for learning purposes. Secondly, the investigation of textbooks is not enough. This study merely selects the commonly used writing textbooks, but other textbooks, such as listening, reading, translating, do require further research. The use of business genre is not only for the writing, it also relates with other English activities. Again, it should be enhanced with the growth of international trade. Meanwhile, the task assessment system needs to be improved. The writing process is aimed to produce the text which is the final result of writing study. Learners can find their problems in writing and improve their writing skills through a well-designed assessment system. It corresponds with the key of learners-centered pedagogies. Finally, this essay does not construct a system of textbook evaluation. With the development of future teaching, it is necessary to generate the evaluation of textbook compiling in the view of genre that can be used to revise the teaching materials.
To sum up, this research integrates the genre theories with textbook compiling theories and communicative competence theories to explore the genre-based business English writing textbook compilation system. Most importantly, the author hopes to arise more attention to and interest in business English writing textbook compiling from the higher education administration and academia which can promote a healthy, orderly development of writing textbooks and teaching through research in this dissertation. It can help the learners to develop an international perspective, to adapt to globalization, cross-cultural environment and the innovative spirit of international, professional personnel.
引文
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