奶牛能量代谢障碍性疾病微生态制剂的研制及其效果评价
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摘要
奶牛能量代谢障碍性疾病如酮病、脂肪肝等是奶牛养殖中最常见和多发的疾病,而且该类疾病多发于高产奶牛。众多因素使得该类疾病的发病率长期居高不下,给奶牛业带来严重的经济损失。故奶牛酮病、脂肪肝等能量代谢障碍性疾病也一直被世界各国列为最重要的奶牛疾病而加以研究。奶牛多发能量代谢障碍性疾病的根本原因是围产期奶牛干物质摄入减少,瘤胃内丙酸的生成不足和需求增加所致。本研究根据反刍动物主要是靠瘤胃发酵产生的乙酸、丙酸、丁酸等挥发性脂肪酸供能和围产期奶牛生糖先质丙酸供不应求这一特点,利用传统的细菌分离、鉴定方法从健康奶牛瘤胃中分离出了三株丙酸生成优势菌,根据其形态特点、生化反应特性,并结合其16S rRNA基因PCR法鉴定,确定所分离到的菌株为丙酸生成优势菌反刍月形单胞菌(S6)、埃氏巨型球菌(M3)和小韦荣球菌(V2),在此基础上构建丙酸生成高效基因工程菌,并观测了该基因工程菌与饲用酵母菌组合对奶牛瘤胃丙酸生成和能量代谢的影响,主要结果如下:
采取健康奶牛瘤胃液,依照厌氧菌分离步骤和鉴别程序,通过丙酸生成菌株的特异性培养基VS、CDC血琼脂平板和普通LB琼脂平板,成功筛选出1株革兰氏阴性无芽胞厌氧杆菌,2株革兰氏阴性厌氧球菌,分析了上述三株菌的生物化学反应特性。根据GenBank中小韦荣球菌(AF439643)、埃氏巨型球菌(AY196919)和反刍月形单胞菌(M62730)的序列设计引物,利用PCR反应成功的扩增出S6、M3和V2菌株的16S rRNA基因,并将其重组到pMD-18T载体上构建了其克隆质粒。对S6、M3和V2菌株的16S rRNA基因的克隆质粒进行序列分析,并经细菌16S rRNA基因PCR法鉴定,结合形态学和生化反应检测结果,证实所分离的S6、M3和V2菌株分别为反刍月形单胞菌、埃氏巨型球菌和小韦荣球菌。
应用转座子Tn5诱变方法,采用含卡那霉素和氟乙酸的选择性培养基,通过16S rRNA基因及Tn5基因的PCR鉴定,成功构建了埃氏巨型球菌转座工程菌TnM3、小韦荣球菌转座工程菌TnV2和反刍月形单胞菌转座工程菌TnS6,并确定TnM3、TnV2和TnS6均为PTA基因缺失型氟乙酸抗性菌株。体外连续培养结果表明,丙酸生成优势菌株M3、V2和S6及其乙酸生成关键酶基因缺失工程菌TnM3、TnV2和TnS6均能利用乳酸而生成VFA,但工程菌乙酸的生成能力明显低于原始菌,尽管工程菌丙酸生成能力有所降低,但由于乙酸生成的显著减少,明显降低了C2/C3的比例。
饲用酵母菌组合与乙酸生成关键酶基因缺失工程菌在体外复合培养时,以热带假丝酵母、产朊假丝酵母和酿酒酵母这三种酵母组合利用乳酸生成丙酸的能力最强。筛选出了能刺激工程菌生成丙酸的最优酵母组合,成功研制出奶牛能量代谢障碍性疾病复合瘤胃微生态制剂。
复合瘤胃微生态制剂在体外模拟瘤胃内环境条件下能增加乳酸利用率,增加丙酸的产量,乙酸与丙酸的摩尔比(C2/C3)缩小,使其发酵类型倾向于丙酸型。将复合瘤胃微生态制剂接种于瘤胃,证实该制剂能显著降低瘤胃液中的乳酸浓度,同时能增加瘤胃液丙酸的浓度,显著降低乙酸和丙酸的摩尔比。初步证明所研制的复合瘤胃微生态制剂能显著增强反刍动物瘤胃中乳酸利用率,增加生糖先质丙酸的生成,使得瘤胃的发酵类型偏向于丙酸型。
奶牛灌服复合瘤胃微生态制剂后,在0～21d内未发现任何不良反应。经血液生化指标分析及机体代谢功能检测证实亦未产生不良影响,说明该微生态制剂无毒、安全、可靠。围产期健康奶牛、酮病病牛灌服复合瘤胃微生态制剂后,血糖随时间推移呈上升趋势,而β-羟丁酸呈下降趋势,初步证实该微生态制剂对围产期奶牛酮病具有良好的预防作用和治疗效果。
Three strains of dominant propionic acid-producing bacteria were separated from ruminal fulids of healthy Holstein dairy cow identified by their biochemical characteristics and 16S rRNA PCR, and named Selenomonas ruminantium 6 (S6), Megasphaera elsdenii 3 (M3), Veillonella parvula 2 (V2).
Efficient propionic acid-producing genetic engineering bacteria were developed by Tn5 transposon tagging with selective mediums containing kanamycin and fluoroacetic acid.PCR of 16S rRNA and Tn5 analyses revealed that the mutants belonged to PTA gene deletion engineering bacteria (named TnS6, TnM3 and TnV2, respectively) and the genetic engineering bacteria were successfully constructed. Culture in vitro showed that TnS6, TnM3 and TnV2, as well as S6, M3 and V2, were all capable of producing VFA using lactic acid as a precursor. In spite of producing propionic acid at a lower level compared to original bacteria, genetic engineering bacteria significantly decreased ratio of C2/C3, owing to remarkablely decline of acetic acid concentration.
Co-cultured of genetic engineering bacteria with different strains of yeasts revealed that the ability of propionic acid-producing was best when bacterias were combined with Candida Rugosa, Candida Utilis and Saccharomyces Cerevisiae.
Microecologics were developed by mixing genetic engineering bacteria with the three strains of yeasts. A series of studies were conducted to observe the effect of microecologics on dairy energy metabolism both in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro ruminal fermentation revealed that the microecologics promoted utilization of lactic acid and production of VFA. With delayed fermentation time, output of propionic acid raised continuously, and the ratio of C2/C3 decreased gradually. Inoculating with microecologics in dairy rumens showed that the concentration of lactic acid and the ratio of C2/C3 significantly decreased while that of propionic acid increased. Above results initially proved that the fermentation type of microecologics were inclined to production of propionic acid type.
Peripartum healthy Holstein Cows (n=6) fed with microecologics developed no adverse reactions during 21 d. It was verified by blood biochemical analysis and metabolic function test, indicating that the microecologics were innocuous, safe and reliable. Healthy cows in perinatal stage and cows with ketosis fed with microecologics both showed a escalating trend of blood sugar over time and a down trend of BHBA concentration, preliminarily indicating that microecologics is effective for prevention and treatment of ketosis in dairy.
采取健康奶牛瘤胃液,依照厌氧菌分离步骤和鉴别程序,通过丙酸生成菌株的特异性培养基VS、CDC血琼脂平板和普通LB琼脂平板,成功筛选出1株革兰氏阴性无芽胞厌氧杆菌,2株革兰氏阴性厌氧球菌,分析了上述三株菌的生物化学反应特性。根据GenBank中小韦荣球菌(AF439643)、埃氏巨型球菌(AY196919)和反刍月形单胞菌(M62730)的序列设计引物,利用PCR反应成功的扩增出S6、M3和V2菌株的16S rRNA基因,并将其重组到pMD-18T载体上构建了其克隆质粒。对S6、M3和V2菌株的16S rRNA基因的克隆质粒进行序列分析,并经细菌16S rRNA基因PCR法鉴定,结合形态学和生化反应检测结果,证实所分离的S6、M3和V2菌株分别为反刍月形单胞菌、埃氏巨型球菌和小韦荣球菌。
应用转座子Tn5诱变方法,采用含卡那霉素和氟乙酸的选择性培养基,通过16S rRNA基因及Tn5基因的PCR鉴定,成功构建了埃氏巨型球菌转座工程菌TnM3、小韦荣球菌转座工程菌TnV2和反刍月形单胞菌转座工程菌TnS6,并确定TnM3、TnV2和TnS6均为PTA基因缺失型氟乙酸抗性菌株。体外连续培养结果表明,丙酸生成优势菌株M3、V2和S6及其乙酸生成关键酶基因缺失工程菌TnM3、TnV2和TnS6均能利用乳酸而生成VFA,但工程菌乙酸的生成能力明显低于原始菌,尽管工程菌丙酸生成能力有所降低,但由于乙酸生成的显著减少,明显降低了C2/C3的比例。
饲用酵母菌组合与乙酸生成关键酶基因缺失工程菌在体外复合培养时,以热带假丝酵母、产朊假丝酵母和酿酒酵母这三种酵母组合利用乳酸生成丙酸的能力最强。筛选出了能刺激工程菌生成丙酸的最优酵母组合,成功研制出奶牛能量代谢障碍性疾病复合瘤胃微生态制剂。
复合瘤胃微生态制剂在体外模拟瘤胃内环境条件下能增加乳酸利用率,增加丙酸的产量,乙酸与丙酸的摩尔比(C2/C3)缩小,使其发酵类型倾向于丙酸型。将复合瘤胃微生态制剂接种于瘤胃,证实该制剂能显著降低瘤胃液中的乳酸浓度,同时能增加瘤胃液丙酸的浓度,显著降低乙酸和丙酸的摩尔比。初步证明所研制的复合瘤胃微生态制剂能显著增强反刍动物瘤胃中乳酸利用率,增加生糖先质丙酸的生成,使得瘤胃的发酵类型偏向于丙酸型。
奶牛灌服复合瘤胃微生态制剂后,在0～21d内未发现任何不良反应。经血液生化指标分析及机体代谢功能检测证实亦未产生不良影响,说明该微生态制剂无毒、安全、可靠。围产期健康奶牛、酮病病牛灌服复合瘤胃微生态制剂后,血糖随时间推移呈上升趋势,而β-羟丁酸呈下降趋势,初步证实该微生态制剂对围产期奶牛酮病具有良好的预防作用和治疗效果。
Three strains of dominant propionic acid-producing bacteria were separated from ruminal fulids of healthy Holstein dairy cow identified by their biochemical characteristics and 16S rRNA PCR, and named Selenomonas ruminantium 6 (S6), Megasphaera elsdenii 3 (M3), Veillonella parvula 2 (V2).
Efficient propionic acid-producing genetic engineering bacteria were developed by Tn5 transposon tagging with selective mediums containing kanamycin and fluoroacetic acid.PCR of 16S rRNA and Tn5 analyses revealed that the mutants belonged to PTA gene deletion engineering bacteria (named TnS6, TnM3 and TnV2, respectively) and the genetic engineering bacteria were successfully constructed. Culture in vitro showed that TnS6, TnM3 and TnV2, as well as S6, M3 and V2, were all capable of producing VFA using lactic acid as a precursor. In spite of producing propionic acid at a lower level compared to original bacteria, genetic engineering bacteria significantly decreased ratio of C2/C3, owing to remarkablely decline of acetic acid concentration.
Co-cultured of genetic engineering bacteria with different strains of yeasts revealed that the ability of propionic acid-producing was best when bacterias were combined with Candida Rugosa, Candida Utilis and Saccharomyces Cerevisiae.
Microecologics were developed by mixing genetic engineering bacteria with the three strains of yeasts. A series of studies were conducted to observe the effect of microecologics on dairy energy metabolism both in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro ruminal fermentation revealed that the microecologics promoted utilization of lactic acid and production of VFA. With delayed fermentation time, output of propionic acid raised continuously, and the ratio of C2/C3 decreased gradually. Inoculating with microecologics in dairy rumens showed that the concentration of lactic acid and the ratio of C2/C3 significantly decreased while that of propionic acid increased. Above results initially proved that the fermentation type of microecologics were inclined to production of propionic acid type.
Peripartum healthy Holstein Cows (n=6) fed with microecologics developed no adverse reactions during 21 d. It was verified by blood biochemical analysis and metabolic function test, indicating that the microecologics were innocuous, safe and reliable. Healthy cows in perinatal stage and cows with ketosis fed with microecologics both showed a escalating trend of blood sugar over time and a down trend of BHBA concentration, preliminarily indicating that microecologics is effective for prevention and treatment of ketosis in dairy.
引文
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