水下复杂声源辐射声功率的混响法测量技术研究
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摘要
水下运动目标的声学特性是水声学的重要研究内容，且水下运动目标大多都结构复杂，包括各种类型的声源，如机械、水动力及螺旋桨声源等。水下复杂声源的声学特性包括声功率、指向性及频谱特性等。在海洋环境下，由于不太容易修正海底及海面反射的影响，因此准确测量水下复杂声源的辐射声功率及频谱特性是很困难的，更无法实现噪声源分离。混响法是建筑声学中常用的测量声源辐射声功率的方法，国际上已建立了相应标准；混响法在水下应用较少，主要是因为一般水池壁面的反射系数低，较难形成理想混响场。本文主要研究非理想混响场条件下（非消声水池中）水下复杂声源辐射声功率的混响法测量技术，通过理论分析，实验验证等证明在非理想混响场条件下采用混响法也可以较准确地测量水下复杂声源的辐射声功率。
本文首先分析非刚性壁面矩形非消声水池中的声场特性，采用格林函数法推导出指向性声源在非消声水池离声源较远区域（混响控制区）空间平均均方声压与声源辐射声功率的关系，同时对声源的叠加性进行了验证，建立了水下复杂声源的混响法理论公式；针对低频声源测量的边界影响问题，扩展了Waterhouse校正并提出不同边界的统计平均校正，解决了混响场中水下低频声源的测量问题。其次，研究了空间平均测量技术，研究了是否空间平均、空间平均不同方式及声源是否平均对声源辐射声功率测量结果的影响。再次，在非消声水池中对水下复杂声源进行实验研究，测量了球型等标准声源的辐射声功率；测量了两相干球（同相位及反相位）与活塞型声源等指向性声源的辐射声功率。实验研究了不同尺度非消声水池的尺度效应特性。最后，对水下声源辐射声功率测量的不确定度进行了分析。测量及研究结果表明：空间平均范围越大效果越好，若同时对源进行空间平均效果更好；采用混响法测量的标准球型声源的辐射声功率与自由场测量结果之间相差不超过1dB；玻璃水箱（软边界）中声源低频段基于统计平均校正而得到的辐射声功率与自由场测量结果相差不超过1dB；两相干球型声源（同相位及反相位）的辐射声功率测量结果与理论值相差不超过１dB，活塞型声源的辐射声功率测量结果与自由场测量结果基本一致；两个小球同时工作的辐射声功率正好是每个小球单独工作的辐射声功率之和；非消声水池越大，测量的空间平均声压级、信噪比及Schroeder截止频率越低；水下声源辐射声功率测量的A类不确定度不超过1.5dB。
为测量流激水下翼型结构的流噪声，提出了一种混响箱测量方法。在重力式水洞中搭建了一套实验测量系统，利用混响箱法测量了水下翼型结构模型的辐射声功率。在此基础上研究了流速对其辐射声功率的影响。结果表明：在水洞环境下，采用混响箱测量方法可避免水听器受声场畸变影响；当流速小于5m/s时，辐射声功率随流速的6次方增长，符合偶极子的辐射规律；当流速大于5m/s时，辐射声功率随流速的10±1次方规律增长，不再按偶极子的规律辐射。混响箱壁面对声波的吸收较小，混响箱内的混响声场特性明显优于非消声水池（水泥或磁砖壁面）。为改进混响场的混响声场特性，建议参照混响箱结构设计水下混响室。
The acoustic characteristics of underwater moving targets is the important researchaspect of underwater acoustics and most of the underwater moving targets including differentkinds of sound sources, such as mechanical, hydrodynamic and propeller sources havecomplicated structure. The acoustic characteristic of underwater complicated sound sourcesincludes sound power level, directivity and frequency spectrum characteristics. It is not easyto correct the reflection of ocean bottom and ocean surface in case of the corresponding oceanenvironmental condition, so it is difficult to get the radiated sound power and the frequencyspectrum of the underwater complicated sound sources, and the noise sources can not beenseparated also. Reverberation method is a general method used in Architectural acoustics formeasuring the radiated sound power of sound sources and has been standardizedinternationally. It is seldom used in the radiated sound power measurement of underwatersound sources due to the low reflection coefficient of the pool wall and non-ideal reverberantfield. The main research of the paper focuses on the reverberation measuring techniques usedfor measuring the radiated sound power of underwater complicated sound sources in thenon-ideal reverberant field (non-anechoic pool). It will be proved that the radiated soundpower of underwater complicated sound sources can be measured accurately in the non-idealreverberant field by theoretical analysis and experimental verification.
The sound field characteristic in the rectangular non-anechoic pool whose wall is notrigid is first analyzed in this paper. The relation between the spatial averaging squared soundpressure where the hydrophone is located far from the directional source and the radiatedsound power of the source is derived by taking the Green function method and thesuperposition law of sound sources is verified. The theoretical formula of reverberationmethod for underwater complicated sound sources is established. To the wall effect for themeasurement of low frequency sound sources, the Waterhouse revision is expanded and thestatistical average correction is proposed to correct the wall effect. It is great significant forthe measurement of underwater low frequency sound sources. Secondly, the spatial averagingmeasurement technique is studied. It is investigated whether the spatial average, spatialaveraging in different ways, whether the average of the sound source have effect on theradiated sound power measurement of sources. Thirdly, the underwater complicated soundsources are measured and investigated in the non-anechoic pool. The radiated sound power ofa spherical standard sound source is measured. The radiated sound power of directional sound sources, such as the coherent sound sources and the piston sound source is measured. Thecharacteristics of the scale effect for different size pools are experimentally studied. Finally,the uncertainty for the radiated sound power of the underwater sound sources is analyzed.Measurement and research results show that the bigger the spatial average range, the bettereffect and much better effect if the source is also spatially averaged. The difference betweenthe radiated sound power of a standard spherical sound source measured by reverberationmethod and that measured in free field is not more than1dB. The difference between theradiated power of low frequency sound sources in the glass tank revised by statistical averageand that gotten in freedom field is not more than1dB. The difference between themeasurement results of the radiated sound power for the coherent spherical sound sources andthe theoretical results is not more than1dB. The radiated sound power of the piston soundsource measure in the non-anechoic pool is almost equal to that measured in free fields. Theradiated sound power of two spherical sound sources working at same time is just equals tothe sum of each one working independently. The greater the non-anechoic pool, the lower thespatial average sound pressure levels, the lower the signal-to-noise and the Schroeder cutofffrequency. The class A measurement uncertainty of radiated sound power for underwatersound sources is less than1.5dB.
A reverberation chamber method is proposed to measure the flow-induced noise of theunderwater hydrofoil structure. A experimental system was built in the gravity water tunnel,the radiated sound power of the underwater hydrofoil model was measured using this method.It is investigated also that flow speed has impact on the radiated sound power. The resultsshow that this method can avoid the hydrophone by the impact of sound field distortion in thewater tunnel. the radiated sound power will increase withU6∞dependence (U∞is the flowspeed) and show the dependence of radiated sound power on speed for dipole whenU∞isless than5m/s; the radiated sound power will increase withU10±1∞dependence and notindicate the dependence for dipole whenU∞is more than5m/s. The absorption of the watertank’s wall to the sound wave is small, so the characteristics of diffuse sound field in the tankis much better than that in the pool whose wall is made of cement or tile. In order to improvethe characteristics of diffuse sound field, it is suggested to design the underwaterreverberation chamber according to the water tank.
本文首先分析非刚性壁面矩形非消声水池中的声场特性，采用格林函数法推导出指向性声源在非消声水池离声源较远区域（混响控制区）空间平均均方声压与声源辐射声功率的关系，同时对声源的叠加性进行了验证，建立了水下复杂声源的混响法理论公式；针对低频声源测量的边界影响问题，扩展了Waterhouse校正并提出不同边界的统计平均校正，解决了混响场中水下低频声源的测量问题。其次，研究了空间平均测量技术，研究了是否空间平均、空间平均不同方式及声源是否平均对声源辐射声功率测量结果的影响。再次，在非消声水池中对水下复杂声源进行实验研究，测量了球型等标准声源的辐射声功率；测量了两相干球（同相位及反相位）与活塞型声源等指向性声源的辐射声功率。实验研究了不同尺度非消声水池的尺度效应特性。最后，对水下声源辐射声功率测量的不确定度进行了分析。测量及研究结果表明：空间平均范围越大效果越好，若同时对源进行空间平均效果更好；采用混响法测量的标准球型声源的辐射声功率与自由场测量结果之间相差不超过1dB；玻璃水箱（软边界）中声源低频段基于统计平均校正而得到的辐射声功率与自由场测量结果相差不超过1dB；两相干球型声源（同相位及反相位）的辐射声功率测量结果与理论值相差不超过１dB，活塞型声源的辐射声功率测量结果与自由场测量结果基本一致；两个小球同时工作的辐射声功率正好是每个小球单独工作的辐射声功率之和；非消声水池越大，测量的空间平均声压级、信噪比及Schroeder截止频率越低；水下声源辐射声功率测量的A类不确定度不超过1.5dB。
为测量流激水下翼型结构的流噪声，提出了一种混响箱测量方法。在重力式水洞中搭建了一套实验测量系统，利用混响箱法测量了水下翼型结构模型的辐射声功率。在此基础上研究了流速对其辐射声功率的影响。结果表明：在水洞环境下，采用混响箱测量方法可避免水听器受声场畸变影响；当流速小于5m/s时，辐射声功率随流速的6次方增长，符合偶极子的辐射规律；当流速大于5m/s时，辐射声功率随流速的10±1次方规律增长，不再按偶极子的规律辐射。混响箱壁面对声波的吸收较小，混响箱内的混响声场特性明显优于非消声水池（水泥或磁砖壁面）。为改进混响场的混响声场特性，建议参照混响箱结构设计水下混响室。
The acoustic characteristics of underwater moving targets is the important researchaspect of underwater acoustics and most of the underwater moving targets including differentkinds of sound sources, such as mechanical, hydrodynamic and propeller sources havecomplicated structure. The acoustic characteristic of underwater complicated sound sourcesincludes sound power level, directivity and frequency spectrum characteristics. It is not easyto correct the reflection of ocean bottom and ocean surface in case of the corresponding oceanenvironmental condition, so it is difficult to get the radiated sound power and the frequencyspectrum of the underwater complicated sound sources, and the noise sources can not beenseparated also. Reverberation method is a general method used in Architectural acoustics formeasuring the radiated sound power of sound sources and has been standardizedinternationally. It is seldom used in the radiated sound power measurement of underwatersound sources due to the low reflection coefficient of the pool wall and non-ideal reverberantfield. The main research of the paper focuses on the reverberation measuring techniques usedfor measuring the radiated sound power of underwater complicated sound sources in thenon-ideal reverberant field (non-anechoic pool). It will be proved that the radiated soundpower of underwater complicated sound sources can be measured accurately in the non-idealreverberant field by theoretical analysis and experimental verification.
The sound field characteristic in the rectangular non-anechoic pool whose wall is notrigid is first analyzed in this paper. The relation between the spatial averaging squared soundpressure where the hydrophone is located far from the directional source and the radiatedsound power of the source is derived by taking the Green function method and thesuperposition law of sound sources is verified. The theoretical formula of reverberationmethod for underwater complicated sound sources is established. To the wall effect for themeasurement of low frequency sound sources, the Waterhouse revision is expanded and thestatistical average correction is proposed to correct the wall effect. It is great significant forthe measurement of underwater low frequency sound sources. Secondly, the spatial averagingmeasurement technique is studied. It is investigated whether the spatial average, spatialaveraging in different ways, whether the average of the sound source have effect on theradiated sound power measurement of sources. Thirdly, the underwater complicated soundsources are measured and investigated in the non-anechoic pool. The radiated sound power ofa spherical standard sound source is measured. The radiated sound power of directional sound sources, such as the coherent sound sources and the piston sound source is measured. Thecharacteristics of the scale effect for different size pools are experimentally studied. Finally,the uncertainty for the radiated sound power of the underwater sound sources is analyzed.Measurement and research results show that the bigger the spatial average range, the bettereffect and much better effect if the source is also spatially averaged. The difference betweenthe radiated sound power of a standard spherical sound source measured by reverberationmethod and that measured in free field is not more than1dB. The difference between theradiated power of low frequency sound sources in the glass tank revised by statistical averageand that gotten in freedom field is not more than1dB. The difference between themeasurement results of the radiated sound power for the coherent spherical sound sources andthe theoretical results is not more than1dB. The radiated sound power of the piston soundsource measure in the non-anechoic pool is almost equal to that measured in free fields. Theradiated sound power of two spherical sound sources working at same time is just equals tothe sum of each one working independently. The greater the non-anechoic pool, the lower thespatial average sound pressure levels, the lower the signal-to-noise and the Schroeder cutofffrequency. The class A measurement uncertainty of radiated sound power for underwatersound sources is less than1.5dB.
A reverberation chamber method is proposed to measure the flow-induced noise of theunderwater hydrofoil structure. A experimental system was built in the gravity water tunnel,the radiated sound power of the underwater hydrofoil model was measured using this method.It is investigated also that flow speed has impact on the radiated sound power. The resultsshow that this method can avoid the hydrophone by the impact of sound field distortion in thewater tunnel. the radiated sound power will increase withU6∞dependence (U∞is the flowspeed) and show the dependence of radiated sound power on speed for dipole whenU∞isless than5m/s; the radiated sound power will increase withU10±1∞dependence and notindicate the dependence for dipole whenU∞is more than5m/s. The absorption of the watertank’s wall to the sound wave is small, so the characteristics of diffuse sound field in the tankis much better than that in the pool whose wall is made of cement or tile. In order to improvethe characteristics of diffuse sound field, it is suggested to design the underwaterreverberation chamber according to the water tank.
引文
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