新型猪用复合益生菌制剂的研制与开发
|
摘要
益生菌制剂以其无毒、无耐药性、无残留以及效果显著、成本低、能有效补充消化道内的有益微生物等诸多优点,已成为了理想的抗生素替代品而被广泛应用。近来的研究表明,高活菌制剂的功效和安全性,其关键则是生产菌株的选择；另外多菌种混合剂型的研究也显得非常重要。本论文通过从猪的粪便中分离鉴定益生菌,进行乳酸菌耐酸、耐胆盐试验与体外抑制致病性大肠杆菌试验,研究不同复合益生菌制剂对断奶仔猪生产性能、抗氧化能力、肠道菌群以及免疫功能等的影响,最后研究复合益生菌制剂的发酵工艺,对为实现其产品的产业化,推动饲料添加剂产品向高效、无公害的方向发展,实现畜产品的绿色化具有重要的应用意义。各试验的研究内容如下：
试验1猪源益生乳酸菌的分离鉴定
从健康猪的20份新鲜粪便中分离到一定范围的乳酸菌共37株。应用常规形态学、生化鉴定(自动细菌检测仪)和分子鉴定方法进行鉴定。结果表明：分离到的37株乳酸菌包括3株嗜酸乳杆菌(L. acidophilus),5株罗伊氏乳杆菌(L reuteri)、5株动物乳杆菌(L. animalis)、4株鼠李糖乳杆菌(L. rhamnosus)、3株肠膜样明串珠菌(L. mesenteroides)、3株格氏乳球菌(L. garvieae)、3株乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种(L. subsp. lactis)、2株嗜热链球菌(S. thermophilus)、5株屎肠球菌(E. faeciμm)和4株粪肠球菌(E. faecalis)。这一结果为新型猪用复合微生态制剂的研制与开发提供了基础条件。
试验2猪源乳酸菌耐酸、耐胆盐试验与体外抑制致病性大肠杆菌作用研究
对从健康仔猪新鲜粪便分离的12株乳酸菌菌株进行耐酸试验和耐胆盐试验,筛选出4株有效菌株。分别将这4株乳酸菌单独、混合与K88共培养；取4种乳酸菌单独和混合培养的菌液、发酵滤液和菌体用牛津杯做K88抑制试验；分别将培养滤液经过乳酸脱氢酶和碱处理做K88抑制试验。结果表明：4种乳酸菌皆具有抑菌功能,但相互之间有差异；用乳酸脱氢酶或碱处理后抑菌能力明显下降,说明乳酸菌是通过产生有机酸尤其是乳酸对K88进行有效抑制。4种菌混合培养的抑菌能力强于单独培养。
试验3不同复合益生菌制剂对断奶仔猪生产性能及抗氧化能力的影响
为了研究不同复合益生菌制剂对断奶仔猪生产性能及抗氧化能力的影响,选取4周龄健康杜×长x大三元杂交断奶仔猪60头,随机分成5组,每组3个重复,每个重复4头。A组为饲喂基础日粮的对照组,B组为饲喂基础日粮加市售的某公司生产的猪用益生菌制剂组,C、D、E组为基础日粮分别加3种不同的自制复合益生菌产品试验组。试验结果表明,添加C组、D组、E组益生菌制剂能显著改善仔猪的生长性能,提高断奶仔猪的日增重和饲料转化效率,其中试验组C组仔猪日增重与对照组相比提高18.03%(P<0.05),料肉比下降了8.86%(P<0.01),试验组D组仔猪日增重提高16.52%(P<0.05),料肉比下降了8.12%(P<0.05),试验组E组仔猪日增重提高15.34%(P<0.05),料肉比下降了7.75%(P<0.05)；添加C组、D组、E组益生菌制剂能显著改善仔猪全血中的GSH-PX的活性和血清中SOD的活性,显著降低血清中的MDA含量,说明提高了断奶仔猪的抗氧化能力,其中C组、D组效果较好。
试验4不同复合益生菌制剂对断奶仔猪肠道菌群及免疫功能的影响
为了研究益生菌对断奶仔猪肠道菌群及免疫功能的影响,选取4周龄健康杜×长×大三元杂交断奶仔猪60头,随机分成5组,每组3个重复,每个重复4头。A组为饲喂基础日粮的对照组,B组为饲喂基础日粮加市售的某公司生产的猪用益生菌制剂组,C、D、E组为基础日粮分别加3种不同的自制复合益生菌产品试验组。试验结果表明,添加益生菌的各试验组粪便中大肠杆菌的含量降低,乳酸菌的含量增加,显示了其对大肠杆菌等肠道致病菌有良好的抑制作用；在提高动物机体免疫力方面,C组、D组益生菌制剂能促进ConA非特异性刺激外周血液T淋巴细胞的转化,C组、D组T淋巴细胞转化水平分别提高了20.4%和17.53%(p<0.05),C组、D组、E组益生菌制剂还能有效提高仔猪血清中的细胞因子IL-2和TNF-α水平。
试验5复合益生菌制剂发酵条件的优化
本实验通过将4株益生菌单独和混合培养,测定各株益生菌的活菌数来评价了4株益生菌的共生关系；比较了复合益生菌在YEPD、MRS、麦芽汁和豆面粉培养基上的生长状况,筛选出了可用于工业化生产复合益生菌制剂的培养基；并对该培养基中豆面粉比例作了优化,筛选出最佳搭配比例；同时通过单因子试验和正交试验对复合益生菌制剂工业化生产的工艺条件作了优化,确定了最优的生产条件。结果表明4株益生菌能较好的共生；豆面粉培养基为工业化生产复合益生菌制剂较为适宜的培养基；该培养基中豆面粉最适比例为2%：8%；最佳的工业化生产条件为：发酵时间32h,接种量5%,发酵温度34℃,恒定pH6.0,溶氧DO40%。在上述最优培养条件下,4株益生菌活菌数均达到108CFU/mL以上。
Probiotics praeparatum has become the ideal alternatives for antibiotic and been widely applied, with the series advantages of non-toxic, no tolerance, no residual, obvious effect, low cost, and which can offer a effective supplement of beneficial microorganism in digestive tract. Recent researches showed that the key for the efficacy and safety of highly active fungus-preparationis was the selection of producing strain; In addition, the study of multi-strains mixture also appears very important. Based on the previous research, study on the isolation and identification of probiotics from pig manure, the acid and bile tolerance experiment and in vitro inhibition for pathogenic escherichia coli, the influence of various complex-probiotic-preparation on the performance, antioxidant capacity, intestinal flora and immune function, and the fermentation technology of complex-probiotic-preparation, has practical significance for the industrialization of products, the development to high efficiency and non-pablic hazard bio-feed additives, and the green revolution of animal products. The contents of each experiment are as follows:
Experiment1Isolation and identification of pig origin lactobacillus
37strains lactobacillus were isolated from20portion fresh stool by healthy swine. Conventional morphology, biochemical identification and molecular identification were applied to characterize. Results:37strains separated lactobacillus contained3strains Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus),5strains Lactobacillus reuteri(L. reuteri),5strains Lactobacillus animalis (L. animalis),4strains Lactobacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus),3strains Lactobacillus mesenteroides (L. mesenteroides),3strains Lactobacillus garvieae (L. garvieae),3strains Lactobacillus subsp. lactis (L. subsp. lactis),2strains Streptococcus thermophilus (S. thermophilus),5strains Enterococcus faeciμm (E. faeciμm) and4strains Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), which provided a basic condition for the research and development of the combined microecology praeparatum on swine.
Experiment2Study on the acid and bile tolerance experiment for pig origin lactobacillus and the effect of in vitro inhibition for pathogenic escherichia coli
12strains lactobacillus separated from healthy piglet intestine were applied for the acid and bile tolerance experiment, and4available bacterium strains were screened to culture together with K88alone and in combination; bacterial liquid, fermentation filtrate and thallus from culture4strains lactobacillus together with K88alone and mixed were applied for the K88inhibition test by the method of Oxford Cup; culture filtrate were applied for the K88inhibition test by the treatment of lactate dehydrogenase and alkali. Results:all the4strains lactobacillus owned the antibacterial ability but still had a difference between them; the antibacterial ability decreased significantly when treated by lactate dehydrogenase and alkali, which indicated that lactobacillus owned the antibacterial ability through provided organic acids especially lactic acid. The antibacterial ability for4strains lactobacillus would be enhanced when mixed culture rather than solitary culture.
Experiment3Effects of probiotics on growth performance and anti-oxidation of weaned piglets
This trial was conducted to study the effect of probiotics on the intestinal flora and immunity of weaned piglets.60Durocx(LandracexLargewhite) weaned piglets (28d) were randomly divided into5groups with3replications per treatment and4weaned piglets per replication, normal control group(A group) which fed with a basal diet, probiotics group(B group) which fed with a basal diet added probiotic products from a company, and complex-probiotic groups(C, D, E groups) which fed with a basal diet added3different self-made complex-probiotic-preparation. Results indicated that group C, D, E could significantly improve the performance of piglets and the average daily gain (ADG) and feed to gain ratio (F/G) of weaned piglets.ADG in group C appeared18.03%(P<0.05) higher and F/G appeared8.86%(P<0.01) lower when compared with control group. ADG in group D appeared16.52%(P<0.05) higher and F/G appeared8.12%(P<0.05)lower when compared with control group. ADG in group E appeared15.34%(P<0.05) higher and F/G appeared7.75%(P<0.05) lower when compared with control group. Supplement of probiotic in group C, D, E could also significantly increase the activity of SOD in serum and GSH-PX in blood, and r significantly reduce the MDA content in serum, which indicated that probiotic had positive effects on the anti-oxidation of weaned piglets, among which group C and D had better effect.
Experiment4Effects of probiotics on intestinal flora and immunity of weaned piglets
This trial was conducted to study the effect of probiotics on the intestinal flora and immunity of weaned piglets.60Durocx(LandracexLargewhite) weaned piglets (28d) were randomly divided into5groups with3replications per treatment and4weaned piglets per replication, normal control group(A group) which fed with a basal diet, probiotics group(B group) which fed with a basal diet added probiotic products from a company, and complex-probiotic groups(C, D, E groups) which fed with a basal diet added3different self-made complex-probiotic-preparation. Results indicated that the content of escherichia coli from the stools of each experimental group reduced when added probiotics, as well as the content of lactobacillus increased, which showed a strong inhibition to enteric pathogenic bacteria; probiotic added in group C and group D would promote ConA to non-specific stimulate the transformation of T-cells in peripheral blood as the aspect of immunity improved, and the transformation levels of T-cells in group C and group D respectively increased20.4%and17.53%(p<0.05). Probiotic preparation in group C, D, E could also effectively improve the levels of IL-2and TNF-α cytokine in piglets serum.
Experiment5Study on fermentation condition optimization of complex-probiotic-preparation
The research was to evaluate the symbiotic relationship among the4strains of probiotics by determining viable count of experiments, which the4strains were solitary and mixed cultivation. The growth state of complex-probiotics in mediums of YEPD, MRS, Wort and Soybean and Flour Power were compared and mediums were picked out for the industrialized production of complex-probiotic-preparation; the proportion of soybean and flour power in mediums was optimized and the optimal match of them was determined in this research; in addition, technology conditions of the industrial production of complex-probiotics-preparation were also optimized by single-factor and orthogonal design experiment and determined the optimal technology conditions. Results indicated that the4strains of probiotics could live together and complex-probiotics could grow in soybean and flour power medium more suitable than in others; the proportion of soybean and flour power in mediums was2%:8%and the optimal technology condition was determined:fermentation time32h, inoculation amount5%, temperature34℃, constant pH6.0and dissolved oxygen (DO)40%. Under these optimum conditions, all the viable bacteria count of4strains could reach108CFU/mL.
试验1猪源益生乳酸菌的分离鉴定
从健康猪的20份新鲜粪便中分离到一定范围的乳酸菌共37株。应用常规形态学、生化鉴定(自动细菌检测仪)和分子鉴定方法进行鉴定。结果表明：分离到的37株乳酸菌包括3株嗜酸乳杆菌(L. acidophilus),5株罗伊氏乳杆菌(L reuteri)、5株动物乳杆菌(L. animalis)、4株鼠李糖乳杆菌(L. rhamnosus)、3株肠膜样明串珠菌(L. mesenteroides)、3株格氏乳球菌(L. garvieae)、3株乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种(L. subsp. lactis)、2株嗜热链球菌(S. thermophilus)、5株屎肠球菌(E. faeciμm)和4株粪肠球菌(E. faecalis)。这一结果为新型猪用复合微生态制剂的研制与开发提供了基础条件。
试验2猪源乳酸菌耐酸、耐胆盐试验与体外抑制致病性大肠杆菌作用研究
对从健康仔猪新鲜粪便分离的12株乳酸菌菌株进行耐酸试验和耐胆盐试验,筛选出4株有效菌株。分别将这4株乳酸菌单独、混合与K88共培养；取4种乳酸菌单独和混合培养的菌液、发酵滤液和菌体用牛津杯做K88抑制试验；分别将培养滤液经过乳酸脱氢酶和碱处理做K88抑制试验。结果表明：4种乳酸菌皆具有抑菌功能,但相互之间有差异；用乳酸脱氢酶或碱处理后抑菌能力明显下降,说明乳酸菌是通过产生有机酸尤其是乳酸对K88进行有效抑制。4种菌混合培养的抑菌能力强于单独培养。
试验3不同复合益生菌制剂对断奶仔猪生产性能及抗氧化能力的影响
为了研究不同复合益生菌制剂对断奶仔猪生产性能及抗氧化能力的影响,选取4周龄健康杜×长x大三元杂交断奶仔猪60头,随机分成5组,每组3个重复,每个重复4头。A组为饲喂基础日粮的对照组,B组为饲喂基础日粮加市售的某公司生产的猪用益生菌制剂组,C、D、E组为基础日粮分别加3种不同的自制复合益生菌产品试验组。试验结果表明,添加C组、D组、E组益生菌制剂能显著改善仔猪的生长性能,提高断奶仔猪的日增重和饲料转化效率,其中试验组C组仔猪日增重与对照组相比提高18.03%(P<0.05),料肉比下降了8.86%(P<0.01),试验组D组仔猪日增重提高16.52%(P<0.05),料肉比下降了8.12%(P<0.05),试验组E组仔猪日增重提高15.34%(P<0.05),料肉比下降了7.75%(P<0.05)；添加C组、D组、E组益生菌制剂能显著改善仔猪全血中的GSH-PX的活性和血清中SOD的活性,显著降低血清中的MDA含量,说明提高了断奶仔猪的抗氧化能力,其中C组、D组效果较好。
试验4不同复合益生菌制剂对断奶仔猪肠道菌群及免疫功能的影响
为了研究益生菌对断奶仔猪肠道菌群及免疫功能的影响,选取4周龄健康杜×长×大三元杂交断奶仔猪60头,随机分成5组,每组3个重复,每个重复4头。A组为饲喂基础日粮的对照组,B组为饲喂基础日粮加市售的某公司生产的猪用益生菌制剂组,C、D、E组为基础日粮分别加3种不同的自制复合益生菌产品试验组。试验结果表明,添加益生菌的各试验组粪便中大肠杆菌的含量降低,乳酸菌的含量增加,显示了其对大肠杆菌等肠道致病菌有良好的抑制作用；在提高动物机体免疫力方面,C组、D组益生菌制剂能促进ConA非特异性刺激外周血液T淋巴细胞的转化,C组、D组T淋巴细胞转化水平分别提高了20.4%和17.53%(p<0.05),C组、D组、E组益生菌制剂还能有效提高仔猪血清中的细胞因子IL-2和TNF-α水平。
试验5复合益生菌制剂发酵条件的优化
本实验通过将4株益生菌单独和混合培养,测定各株益生菌的活菌数来评价了4株益生菌的共生关系；比较了复合益生菌在YEPD、MRS、麦芽汁和豆面粉培养基上的生长状况,筛选出了可用于工业化生产复合益生菌制剂的培养基；并对该培养基中豆面粉比例作了优化,筛选出最佳搭配比例；同时通过单因子试验和正交试验对复合益生菌制剂工业化生产的工艺条件作了优化,确定了最优的生产条件。结果表明4株益生菌能较好的共生；豆面粉培养基为工业化生产复合益生菌制剂较为适宜的培养基；该培养基中豆面粉最适比例为2%：8%；最佳的工业化生产条件为：发酵时间32h,接种量5%,发酵温度34℃,恒定pH6.0,溶氧DO40%。在上述最优培养条件下,4株益生菌活菌数均达到108CFU/mL以上。
Probiotics praeparatum has become the ideal alternatives for antibiotic and been widely applied, with the series advantages of non-toxic, no tolerance, no residual, obvious effect, low cost, and which can offer a effective supplement of beneficial microorganism in digestive tract. Recent researches showed that the key for the efficacy and safety of highly active fungus-preparationis was the selection of producing strain; In addition, the study of multi-strains mixture also appears very important. Based on the previous research, study on the isolation and identification of probiotics from pig manure, the acid and bile tolerance experiment and in vitro inhibition for pathogenic escherichia coli, the influence of various complex-probiotic-preparation on the performance, antioxidant capacity, intestinal flora and immune function, and the fermentation technology of complex-probiotic-preparation, has practical significance for the industrialization of products, the development to high efficiency and non-pablic hazard bio-feed additives, and the green revolution of animal products. The contents of each experiment are as follows:
Experiment1Isolation and identification of pig origin lactobacillus
37strains lactobacillus were isolated from20portion fresh stool by healthy swine. Conventional morphology, biochemical identification and molecular identification were applied to characterize. Results:37strains separated lactobacillus contained3strains Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus),5strains Lactobacillus reuteri(L. reuteri),5strains Lactobacillus animalis (L. animalis),4strains Lactobacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus),3strains Lactobacillus mesenteroides (L. mesenteroides),3strains Lactobacillus garvieae (L. garvieae),3strains Lactobacillus subsp. lactis (L. subsp. lactis),2strains Streptococcus thermophilus (S. thermophilus),5strains Enterococcus faeciμm (E. faeciμm) and4strains Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), which provided a basic condition for the research and development of the combined microecology praeparatum on swine.
Experiment2Study on the acid and bile tolerance experiment for pig origin lactobacillus and the effect of in vitro inhibition for pathogenic escherichia coli
12strains lactobacillus separated from healthy piglet intestine were applied for the acid and bile tolerance experiment, and4available bacterium strains were screened to culture together with K88alone and in combination; bacterial liquid, fermentation filtrate and thallus from culture4strains lactobacillus together with K88alone and mixed were applied for the K88inhibition test by the method of Oxford Cup; culture filtrate were applied for the K88inhibition test by the treatment of lactate dehydrogenase and alkali. Results:all the4strains lactobacillus owned the antibacterial ability but still had a difference between them; the antibacterial ability decreased significantly when treated by lactate dehydrogenase and alkali, which indicated that lactobacillus owned the antibacterial ability through provided organic acids especially lactic acid. The antibacterial ability for4strains lactobacillus would be enhanced when mixed culture rather than solitary culture.
Experiment3Effects of probiotics on growth performance and anti-oxidation of weaned piglets
This trial was conducted to study the effect of probiotics on the intestinal flora and immunity of weaned piglets.60Durocx(LandracexLargewhite) weaned piglets (28d) were randomly divided into5groups with3replications per treatment and4weaned piglets per replication, normal control group(A group) which fed with a basal diet, probiotics group(B group) which fed with a basal diet added probiotic products from a company, and complex-probiotic groups(C, D, E groups) which fed with a basal diet added3different self-made complex-probiotic-preparation. Results indicated that group C, D, E could significantly improve the performance of piglets and the average daily gain (ADG) and feed to gain ratio (F/G) of weaned piglets.ADG in group C appeared18.03%(P<0.05) higher and F/G appeared8.86%(P<0.01) lower when compared with control group. ADG in group D appeared16.52%(P<0.05) higher and F/G appeared8.12%(P<0.05)lower when compared with control group. ADG in group E appeared15.34%(P<0.05) higher and F/G appeared7.75%(P<0.05) lower when compared with control group. Supplement of probiotic in group C, D, E could also significantly increase the activity of SOD in serum and GSH-PX in blood, and r significantly reduce the MDA content in serum, which indicated that probiotic had positive effects on the anti-oxidation of weaned piglets, among which group C and D had better effect.
Experiment4Effects of probiotics on intestinal flora and immunity of weaned piglets
This trial was conducted to study the effect of probiotics on the intestinal flora and immunity of weaned piglets.60Durocx(LandracexLargewhite) weaned piglets (28d) were randomly divided into5groups with3replications per treatment and4weaned piglets per replication, normal control group(A group) which fed with a basal diet, probiotics group(B group) which fed with a basal diet added probiotic products from a company, and complex-probiotic groups(C, D, E groups) which fed with a basal diet added3different self-made complex-probiotic-preparation. Results indicated that the content of escherichia coli from the stools of each experimental group reduced when added probiotics, as well as the content of lactobacillus increased, which showed a strong inhibition to enteric pathogenic bacteria; probiotic added in group C and group D would promote ConA to non-specific stimulate the transformation of T-cells in peripheral blood as the aspect of immunity improved, and the transformation levels of T-cells in group C and group D respectively increased20.4%and17.53%(p<0.05). Probiotic preparation in group C, D, E could also effectively improve the levels of IL-2and TNF-α cytokine in piglets serum.
Experiment5Study on fermentation condition optimization of complex-probiotic-preparation
The research was to evaluate the symbiotic relationship among the4strains of probiotics by determining viable count of experiments, which the4strains were solitary and mixed cultivation. The growth state of complex-probiotics in mediums of YEPD, MRS, Wort and Soybean and Flour Power were compared and mediums were picked out for the industrialized production of complex-probiotic-preparation; the proportion of soybean and flour power in mediums was optimized and the optimal match of them was determined in this research; in addition, technology conditions of the industrial production of complex-probiotics-preparation were also optimized by single-factor and orthogonal design experiment and determined the optimal technology conditions. Results indicated that the4strains of probiotics could live together and complex-probiotics could grow in soybean and flour power medium more suitable than in others; the proportion of soybean and flour power in mediums was2%:8%and the optimal technology condition was determined:fermentation time32h, inoculation amount5%, temperature34℃, constant pH6.0and dissolved oxygen (DO)40%. Under these optimum conditions, all the viable bacteria count of4strains could reach108CFU/mL.
引文
[1]康白.微生态学[M].大连：大连出版社,1998,43-47
[2]Volke CR.The concept of symbiosis [J].Microecology Therapy,1989,19(1):33
[3]Wilson KH.The gastrointestinal microflora [M].In:Yamada Ted.Textbook of Gastroenterology. Philadelphia Lippincott,1995:607
[4]Salminen,Ouwehand A,Benno Y,et al.Probiotics:how should they be defined[J].Trends in Food Science & Technology,1999,10:107-110
[5]Michael DV,Schrezenmeir J.Probiotics,prebiotics and synbiotics[J].Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology,2008,111:1-66
[6]Lily DM, Stillwell RH.Probiotics:Growth-Promoting factors produed by microorganisms [J], Science,1965,147(3659):747-748
[7]Fuller R. Probiotics in man and animals [J]. J. Appl Bacteriol.1989 May.66 (5):365-78
[8]Guarmer F, Schaafsma G J. Probiotics [J].Int J Food Microbiol,1998,39:237-238
[9]Rodgers S. Novel applications of live bacteria in food services:probiotics and protective cultures [J]. Trends Food Sci Tech,2008,19:188-197
[10]Ziemer C J, Gleen R G. An overview of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in the functional food concept:perspectives and future [J]. Int.Dairy J,1998 (8):473-479.
[11]Myers D. Probiotics [J].Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine,2007,16 (3):195-197
[12]orchers A, Keen C, Gershwin M. Handbook of Nutrition and Immunity[M].Totowa:Humana Press,2004:213-242
[13]吴安山,柳永和,李兵.微生态制剂的临床应用现状及其发展趋势[J].长沙医学院学报,2009,3(15)：28-30
[14]周广.双歧杆菌增殖促进因子的现状和未来[J].中国微生态学杂志,1997,9(3)：48-49
[15]杨景云,杨继新.中医药微生态学的研究现状[J].中国微生态学杂志,2008,1(15)：165-171
[16]王桂瑛,刘燕.益生素的研究及应用进展[J].饲料博览,2004,(6)：4-6
[17]高霞,李卫,涂世.益生菌的功效及益生菌乳制品[J].广东化工,2009,(5)：122-123
[18]高阳,王海岩,王佳江,等.益生菌的保健作用与研究综述[J].安徽农学通报,2009,15(19)：204
[19]金世彬.乳酸菌的科学与技术[J].中国乳品工业,1998,26(2)：14
[20]王海珍,王加启,黄庆生.乳酸菌类微生物制剂的作用机理及其应用[J].饲料与营养, 2005,(3)：9-11
[21]杨汝德,陈琼,陈慧音.乳酸菌发酵制品研究的现状与发展[J].广州食品工业科技,2003,19(增刊)：79-83
[22]刘海军,鲁春刚.乳酸菌的生物学功能及其在畜牧业生产中的应用[J].饲料广角,2005,(10)：25-26
[23]吕道俊,何明清.饲用芽孢杆菌研究进展(综述)[J].四川农业大学学报,1994,(12)：635-638
[1]蒋烨,刘俊,任宏宇.益生菌和胃肠道疾病[J].世界华人消化杂志,2011,19(17)：1813-1818
[2]Herbrecht R, Nivoix Y. Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia:an adverse effect of Saccharomyces boulardii probiotic administration [J]. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40:1635-1637
[3]赵明军.动物微生态制剂研究进展[J].山东家禽,2002,21：1-8
[4]范颖,顾红娟,等.微生态制剂的研究与应用[J].辽宁农业职业技术学院学报,2002,4(2)：18-21
[5]Schlee M, Wehkamp J, Altenhoefer A, Oelschlaeger TA, Stange EF, Fellermann K. Induction of human beta-defensin 2 by the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 is mediated through flagelli[J]n. Infect Immun 2007; 75:2399-2407
[6]Ramasundara M, Leach ST, Lemberg DA, Day AS. Defensins and infl ammation:the role of defensins in inflammatory bowel disease [J]. J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2009,24:202-208
[7]郭旭东,宋凯,黄时杰,等.微生态制剂在畜牧业上的应用[J],饲料与畜牧,2011(6)：46-49
[8]孙中义,刘娣,吴宏达,等.益生菌在猪日粮中的应用进展[J],安徽农学通报,2010,16(3)：154-156
[9]陈红平,严寒,等.微生态制剂及其在动物生产上的应用研究进展[J].广东饲料,2002,11(1)：35-36
[10]刘燕,王静慧.微生态学理论和我国动物微生态制剂研究现状[J].2002,36(8)：35-38
[11]梁明振,梁贤威.动物微生态制剂的研究进展[J].粮食与饲料工业,2003,1：28-29
[12]李松彪,秦翠丽,等.动物微生态制剂的生产及其应用[J].河南畜牧兽医,2001,22(10)：13-14
[13]赵宗蕃.微生态制剂的应用及前景[J].西北民族大学学报,2003,24(4)：62-66
[14]Fuller.Probiotics for farmanimal [M].In:Tannock GW (ed). Probiotics:a Critical Rebiew Horizon
[15]Przemyslaw Jan Tomask.Probiotics and Prebiotics [J].Cereal Chem,80(2):113-117
[16]张民,刁其玉.微生态制剂在饲料行业中的应用[J].动物科学与动物医学,2002,19(9)：50-53
[17]何明清.益生素技术现状、限制因素分析及对策[J].饲料广角,2001,21：13-15
[18]Coconnier M H, Lievin V, Hemery E, et al. Antagonistic activity against Helicobacter infection in vitro and in vivo by the human Lactobacillus acidophilus strain LB [J]. Applied and environmental Microbiology,1998,64:4573-4580
[19]刘辉,季海峰,单达聪,等.益生菌对动物免疫机能影响的研究进展[J].饲料与畜牧,2010,11：49-51
[20]Lessard M, Dupuis M, Gagnon N, et al. Administration of Pediococcus acidilactici or Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii modulates development of porcine mucosal im munity and reduces intestinal bacterial translocation after Escherichia coli challenge[J]. J Anim Sci,2009,87 (3):922-934
[21]贺普宵.绿色养殖使者-微生态制剂[J].饲料与兽药,2004,1：48-49
[22]潘志明,张小荣,等.鸡沙门氏菌弱毒苗与微生态制剂联合应用的效果[J].中国兽医学报,2003,23(2)：155-156
[23]禹慧明,林勇.益生乳杆菌的筛选及特性研究[J].微生物学通报,2003,29(9)：53-55
[24]胡文峰,曹勇长,等.益生素与免疫刺激作用[J].饲料研究,2003,4：23-24
[25]倪耀娣,鲁改如.微生态制剂对肉仔鸡免疫器官及抗病力的影响[J].河北畜牧兽医,2004,20(1)：20-21
[26]施曼玲,马莉,等.纳豆芽孢杆菌对大白鼠肠道菌群的影响[J].科技通报,2002
[27]Dumme C, Murphy I.Probiotics:from myth to reality.Demonstration of functionality in animal models of disease and in human clinical trials [J].Atonie Van Leeuwenhoe,1999,76:279-292
[28]Guarner F, Schaafsma G J. Probiotics [J].International Journal of Food Microbiology,1998, 39:237-238
[29]胡友军,林映才,等.活性酵母对早期断奶仔猪生产性能和免疫机能的影响[J].动物营养学报,2003,15(4)：49-53
[30]潘宝海,张建东,等.芽孢杆菌对畜禽生产性能的影响[J].饲料研究,2007,1：55-57
[31]程林春.微生态制剂的应用[J].中国畜牧兽医,2003,30(3)：22-24
[32]林继仁.微生态制剂与饲料预混料[J].科学养鱼,2007,7：34
[33]马志勇,倪学勤,曾东.影响动物微生态制剂应用效果的因素及解决方法[J].饲料工业,2007,28(8),60-61
[34]温海燕,益生菌制品在畜牧生产中的应用[J],河南畜牧兽医,2011,163(3)：1-2
[35]刘文佐,曲湘昆.双歧杆菌在人工胃液中的存活率考查[J].中国微生态学杂志,1997,9(4)：22
[36]张日俊.微生物饲料添加剂的科学使用[J].饲料与畜牧,2007,06：5-8
[37]张西雷,付道领,孔祥磊,等.芽孢杆菌微生态制剂的作用机制及应用[J].动物保健,2006,9：39-40
[38]陈桂银.益生菌在兔营养中的应用[J].中国养兔杂志,2007,03：31-34
[39]刘来停,蔡凤英,周薇.微量元素对饲料中益生素活性的影响[J].粮食与饲料加工,2001,04：23-24
[40]张日俊.动物微生态系统的生物防治和营养免疫作用[J].饲料与畜牧,2007,07：5-7
[41]周德庆,郭杰炎.我国微生态制剂的现状和发展设想[J].工业微生物,1999,29(1)：34-43
[42]Karimi Pena AS.Probiotics:Iolated bacteria strain or mixtures of different strains [J]. Drugs Today.2003, Aug:39(8):565-597
[43]杨汝德,肖仔君,陈慧音.采用微型包囊技术研制活性双歧联菌微囊微生态制剂[J].广州食品工业科技,2003,77：38-40
[44]曹建民,胡玫.益生素在欧鳗养殖中的应用试验[J].兽药与饲料添加剂,1999,4：6-7
[45]G Diaz-Godinez,J Soriano-Santos,C Augur,et al.Exopectinases produced by Aspergillus niger in solid-state and submerged fermentation:a comparative study [J]. Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology,2001,26(5):271-275
[46]Cui YQ, Okkerse WJ, R.G.J.M.van der Lans, et al.Modeling and measurements of fungal growth and morphology in submerged fermentations [J].Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 1998,60(2):216-229
[47]何娟,何彩东,穆燕魁.微生态制剂发酵工艺[J].河北化工,2010,2：38-39
[48]McClure, Wong E L,Charles S, et al. Solid phase micro-extraction of macrolide, trimethop rim, and sulfonamide antibiotics in wastewaters [J].Journal of Chromatography A,2007,1169 (1/2):53-62
[49]王桂瑛,刘燕.益生素的研究及应用进展[J].饲料博览,2004(6)：5-6
[1]Tannock GW.Studies of the intestinal microfloraca, a prerequisite for the development of probiotics [J].International Dairy Journal,1998,8:527-523
[2]王桂瑛,刘燕.益生素的研究及应用进展[J].饲料博览,2004,(6)：4-6
[3]郭旭东,宋凯,黄时杰,等.微生态制剂在畜牧业上的应用[J],饲料与畜牧,2011(6)：46-49
[4]宁豫昌,白静,马爱民.微生态制剂对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响[J].河南农业科学,2009,6：141-143
[5]刘晓琳,陈乐超,余新京,等.地衣芽孢杆菌对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响[J].广东饲料,2008,17(1)：27-28
[6]朱五文,施伟领,陈晓峰.不同剂量枯草芽孢杆菌对断奶仔猪饲养效果试验[J].畜牧兽医,2007,39(8)：32-33
[7]陈永锋,郑春生,等.益生素防治仔猪腹泻试验[J].福建畜牧兽医,2001,2：6-7
[8]白林,李学伟.普百克对仔猪腹泻的预防和治疗效果试验[J].2002,21(2)：3-4
[9]杜冰.痢康灵对仔猪黄白痢及腹泻的治疗试验[J].广东畜牧兽医科技,2002,27(3)：35-36
[10]李芳益,张宝彤.益菌多在治疗和预防仔猪腹泻上的应用[J].中国饲料,2002,19：13
[11]王发明,季海峰,希尼尼根.益生菌对仔猪肠道免疫的作用方式[J].中国畜牧兽医,2010,37(2)：44-46
[12]孙中义,刘娣,吴宏达,等。益生菌在猪日粮中的应用进展[J].安徽农学通报,2010,16(3)：154-156
[13]杨林,霍贵成,杨丽杰,等.微生态制剂对仔猪肠道非特异性免疫机能的影响[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2003,7：13-15
[14]徐登峰,曹国文,戴荣国,等.植物乳酸菌对致病性大肠杆菌的抑制试验[J].四川畜牧兽医,2005,9：36-38
[15]詹凯,王恬,李吕木,等.生菌素、维吉尼亚霉素对哺乳仔猪生长和血清代谢物的影响[J].畜禽业,2001,12：20-21
[16]Lessard M, Dupuis M, Gagnon N, et al. Administration of Pediococcus acidilactici or Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii modulates development of porcine mucosal im munity and reduces intestinal bacterial translocation after Escherichia coli challenge [J]. J Anim Sci,2009,87 (3):922-934
[17]Che C, Pang X, H ua X, et al. Effects of hum an fecal flora on intestinal morphology and mucosal immunity in human flora-associated piglets [J]. Scand J Immunol,2009,69 (3):223-233.
[18]张水鸥,罗创国.微生态制剂对生长肥育猪生产性能的影响[J].畜牧兽医杂志,2008,27(4)：21-22
[19]覃熊波,薛新绵.复合微生态制剂对育肥猪生产性能的影响[J].四川畜牧兽医,2008,216(10)：25-26
[20]黄兴国,杨承建,王超,等.微生态制剂对猪生产性能及粪中微生物的影响.家畜生态学报[J].2009,30(2)：67-71
[21]王鑫炎,许祖灿.微生态制剂仿制高致病性猪蓝耳病的临床效果试验[J].浙江畜牧兽医,2008,6：3-4
[22]胡永松,李月英,张玳华.益畜王对规模猪场母猪生产性能的影响试验[J].养殖与饲料,2009,6：60-61
[23]叶润全,顾万军,吕敏艺.微生态制剂—宫康素预防控制母猪产后产道炎症及提高母猪繁殖性能临床试验初报[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医.2003,8：9-10
[1]郭兴华.益生菌基础与应用[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2002,12-25
[2]Douglas L C, Sanders M E. Probiotics and prebiotics in dietetics practice [J]. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008,108:510-521
[3]Shah N P. Functional cultures and health benefits [J]. Int Dairy J,2007,17:1262-1277
[4]Piano M D, Morelli L M, Strozzi G P,et.al, Probiotics:from research to consumer [J]. Digest Liver Dis,2006,38 Suppl.2, S248-S255
[5]王桂瑛,刘燕.益生素的研究及应用进展[J].饲料博览,2004,(6)：4-6
[6]何明清,廖德惠,等.猪不同日龄及不同肠段正常菌群的研究[J].畜牧兽医学报,1985
[7]黄庆飞,戴永恒,莫文,等.EM菌技术在奶牛饲养中的应用效果研究[J].广西畜牧兽医,2004,20(3)：118-119
[8]何明清,等.动物微生态学[M].北京：中国农业出版社,1994：137-145
[9]金礼琴,孙玲.动物微生态制剂存在的问题及改进措施[J].中国兽药杂志,2004,38(12)：4547
[10]潘树德,李学俭,边连.益生菌存在的问题及应对策略[J],全中国畜牧兽医,2010,(9)：3-5
[11]Rautio M, Jousimies-Somer H, Kauma H, Pietarinen I, Saxelin M, Tynkkynen S, Koskela M. Liver abscess due to a Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain indistinguishable from L. rhamnosus strain GG[J]. Clin Infect Dis 1999,28:1159-1160
[12]Borriello SP, Hammes WP, Holzapfel W, Marteau P, Schrezenmeir J, Vaara M, Valtonen V. Safety of probiotics that contain lactobacilli or bifi dobacteria [J]. Clin Infect Dis 2003,36: 775-780
[13]Venugopalan V, Shriner KA, Wong-Beringer A, Regulatory oversight and safety of probiotic use [J]. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 16:1661-1665
[14]Klein G. Antibiotic resistance and molecular characterization of probiotic and clinical Lactobacillus strains in relation to safety aspects of probiotics [J]. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:267-281
[15]Cilieborg MS, Thymann T, Siggers R, Boye M, Bering SB, Jensen BB, Sangild PT. The incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis is increased following probiotic administration to preterm pigs [J]. J Nutr 2011; 141:223-230
[16]Isolauri E, Kirjavainen PV, Salminen S. Probiotics:a role in the teratment of infection and inflammation [J].Gut,2002,50:4-9
[17]FAO/WHO. Evaluation of health and nutritional properties of probiotics in food including powder milk with live lactic acid bacteria.2001 Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation. Available at:http://www,fao.org/eg/ESN/food/foodandfooprobio-en, stm[OL].
[18]方立超,魏泓.益生菌的研究进展[J].中国生物制品学杂志,2007,20(6)：463-466
[19]卢静,黄国任,沈雪,几种常用乳制品益生菌的安全性研究[J].职业与健康,2011,27(11)：1216-1219
[20]王晓娜,孙莉.微生态制剂的研究开发和应用中存在的问题[J].山东饲料,2003(12)：14-16
[21]杨媛绚.原生保健性菌种与益菌助生质之应用[J].食品工业,1998,30(2)：11-22
[22]高阳,王海岩,王佳江,等.益生菌的保健作用与研究综述[J].安徽农学通报,2009,15(19)：204.
[1]靳涌涛,曲河,陈继军,等.我国益生菌的研究及在动物中的应用现状[J].畜牧兽医科技信息,2008(1)：8-9
[2]魏金涛,齐德生.有生物活性的饲料添加剂[J].兽药与饲料添加剂,2005,10(5)：17-20
[3]邱进杰,熊焰,杨智.健康仔猪肠道内抗逆性乳酸菌的选育[J].中国兽医杂志,2008,44(4)：86-87
[4]张璐,张敏红.饲用益生菌产品评价研究进展[J].中国畜牧兽医,2008,35(3)：21-24
[5]Haberer P, Du Toit M, Dicks L M T, Ahrens F. Effect of potentially probiotic lactobacilli on feacal enzyme activity in minipigs on a high fat, high-cholesterol diet-a preliminary in vivo trial [J]. Int Food Micro,2003,27:1-5
[6]Collington G K., Parker D S., Armstrong D G.The influence ofinclusion of either an antibiotic or a probiotic in the diet on the development of digestive enzyme activity in the pig [J]. Br J Nutr,1990,64:59
[7]Matsuzaki T, Yamazaki R, Hashimoto S, et al The effect of oral feeding of Lactobacillus casei strains Shirota on immunoglobulin E production in mice [J]. J Dairy Sci,1998,81 (1):48-53
[8]FAO/WHO Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food including Power Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria[C]. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultion on Evaluation of Health and Nutritional Propertries of Probiotics in Food Including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria,2001
[9]Simon O, Jadamus A, VahjenW. Probiotic feed additives-effectiveness and expected modes of aetion [J]. Journal of Animal and Feed Seienee,2001,10:51-67
[10]Conway P L, Gorbach S L, Goldin B R. Survival of lactic acid bacteria in the human stomach and adhesion to intestinal cells [J]. Journal of Diary Science,1987,70:1-12
[11]Madden J A J, Plummer S F, Tang J, et al Effect of probiotics on preventing disruption of the intestinal microflora following antibiotic therapy:a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study [J]. International Immunopharmacology,2005,5:1091-1097
[12]Sullivan A, Nord C E. Probiotics and gastrointestinal diseases [J]. Journal of Internal Medicine, 2005,257:78-92
[13]Saarela M, Mogensen G, Fonden R, et al Probiotics bacteria:safety, functional and technological properties [J]. Journal of Biotechnology,2000,84:197-215
[14]张秀珍,主编.当代细菌检验与临床[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,1999
[15]鲁辛辛,刘向玮,李大为.微生物基因分类鉴定的方法学进展[J].中国试验诊断学,2003,7(3)：201-206
[16]洪帮兴,江丽芳,胡玉山,等.基因序列分析及其在细菌鉴别诊断中的应用[J].中华微生物学和免疫学杂志,2004,24(3)：241
[1]杨菲菲,麻丽坤,王增敏,等.断奶仔猪饲料中乳酸菌的应用[J].上海畜牧兽医通讯,2006,(5)：60-61
[2]郭兴华.乳酸菌[M].北京：北京科学技术出版社.2002：1-3
[3]Timmerman H M,Veldman A,E van de Elsen,et al. Mortality and growth performance of broilers given drinking water supplemented with chicken-specific probiotics [J]. Poultry Science,2006, 85:1383-1388
[4]郭志杰,李杰,李鑫,等.猪源乳酸菌的分离、筛选、鉴定及产酸性能的研究[J].饲料工业,2010,31(20)：45-48
[5]吕利军,季海峰,杨英,等.乳酸菌微胶囊及其合生素对仔猪生产性能和免疫力的影响[J].畜牧与兽医,2009,41(2)：35-37
[6]De Boever P, Verstraete W. Bile salt deconjugation by Lactobacillus Plantarum 80 and its implication for bacterial toxicity [J]. J Appl Microbiol,1999,87(3):345-352
[7]王玉华,张桂荣,刘景圣.2株耐酸及耐胆盐嗜酸乳杆菌的分离筛选及其发酵特性研究[J].东北师大学报,2006,38(3)：15-118
[8]Makras L, Vuys L D. The in vitro inhibition of Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria by bifidobacteria is caused by the production of organic acids [J].International Dairy Journal,2006, 16:1049-1057
[9]Turner M S, Waldherrb F, Loess M J, et al. Antimicrobial activity of lysostaphin and a Listeria monocytogenes bacteriophage endolysin produced and secreted by lactic acid bacteria [J]. Systematic and Applied Microbiology,2007,30:58-67
[10]吴惠芬,毛胜勇,姚文,等.猪源乳酸菌产乳酸及其抑菌特性研究[J].微生物学通报,2005,32(1)：79-84
[11]Vandenbergh P A. Lactic acid bacteria, their metabolic products and interference with microbial growth [J]. FEMS Microbiol. Rev,1993,12(1/3):221-237
[1]Sande-Bruinsma N.Antimicrobial Drug Use and Resistance in Europe [J].Emerg Infect Dis,2008, 14(11):1722-1730
[2]刘辉.绿色饲料添加剂的研究与应用[J].饲料研究,2002,(7)：18-21
[3]于宁,等.新型绿色饲料添加剂的研究进展[J].兽药与饲料添加剂,2008,13(3)：16-18
[4]Lalles J P, Bosi P, Smidt H, et al.Nutritional management of gut health in pigs around weaning [J]. Proc Nutr Soc,2007,66 (2):260-268
[5]王士长,等.益生素(活菌和死菌)防治哺乳仔猪下痢[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2000,(1)：23-24
[6]李春丽,等.微生态制剂对哺乳仔猪生长及免疫机能的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医,200532(5)：14-15
[7]Pollmann M. Effects of a Probiotic Strain of Enterococcus faecium on the Rate of Natural Chlamydia Infection in Swine [J].Infect Immun,2005,73(7):4346-4353
[8]Wierup M,Wold-Troell M,Nurmi E,et al.Epidemiological evaluation of the Salmonella-controlling effect of a nationwide use of a competitive exclusion culture in poultry[J].Poultry Science,1988,67:1026-1033
[9]张茂华,孔云松,朱汉静.低聚木糖与产酶益生菌合用对生长猪生长性能的影响研究[J].养殖与饲料,2006,(3)：25-27
[10]黄俊文,冯定远,谢启宇.益生菌与抗生素对断奶仔猪生长与营养物质消化率的影响[J].兽药与饲料添加剂,2004,9(2)：6-8
[11]潘宝海,张建东,石现瑞,等.仔猪日粮中合生素替代抗生素的研究[J].饲料研究,2007,(3)：58—60
[12]吕利军,季海峰,杨英,等.乳酸菌微胶囊及其合生素对仔猪生产性能和免疫力的影响[J].畜牧与兽医,2009,41(2)：35-37
[13]黄俊文,林映才,冯定远,等.益生菌、甘露寡糖对早期断奶仔猪生长、免疫和抗氧化功能的影响[J].动物营养学报,2005,17(4)：16-20
[14]Freeman B A, Crapo J D. Biology of disease:Free radicals and tissue injury [J]. Lab Invest, 1982,47(5):412-416
[15]徐建雄,陈小连.自由基对动物机体的氧化损伤与抗氧化剂的修复作用研究[A]. 王康宁.动物营养研究进展[C]. 北京：中国农业科学出版社,2008：162-169
[1]Sande-Bruinsma N.Antimicrobial Drug Use and Resistance in Europe [J].Emerg Infect Dis,2008, 14(11):1722-1730
[2]刘辉.绿色饲料添加剂的研究与应用[J].饲料研究,2002,(7)：18-21
[3]于宁,等.新型绿色饲料添加剂的研究进展[J].兽药与饲料添加剂,2008,13(3)：16-18
[4]李春丽,等.微生态制剂对哺乳仔猪生长及免疫机能的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医,2005,32(5)：14-15
[5]Pollmann M. Effects of a Probiotic Strain of Enterococcus faecium on the Rate of Natural Chlamydia Infection in Swine [J].Infect Immun,2005,73(7):4346-4353
[6]Lalles J P, Bosi P, Smidt H, et al. Nutritional management of gut health in pigs around weaning [J]. Proc Nutr Soc,2007,66 (2):260-268
[7]戴国俊,段忠进,谢恺舟,等.不同剂量地衣芽孢杆菌对断奶仔猪腹泻的影响[J].上海畜牧兽医通讯,2007(3)：40-41
[8]胡文锋,曹永长,毕英佐,等.益生素与免疫刺激作用[J].饲料研究,2003,(4)：23-24
[9]郭云霞,王树香,郝庆红,等.动物肠道微生态系统及益生菌的营养功能[J].饲料研究,2009,6：24-25
[10]孟泽,李晓军.免疫学检验的热点与难点[J].临床检验杂志,2000,18(1)：60
[11]周光炎.免疫学原理[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社,2007：3
[12]金伯泉.细胞和分子免疫学[M].北京：科学出版社,2001：133-178
[13]宋勤叶,郭鑫,杨汉春.猪细胞因子[J].中国兽医杂志,2005,41(4)：33-38
[14]Corr SC, Li Y, Riedel C U. Bacteriocin production as a mechanism for the anti-infective activity of Lactobacillus salivarius UCC118[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2007,104(18):7617-7621
[15]Scharek L, Altherr B J, Tolke C, et al. Influence of the probiotic Bacillus cereus var toyoi on the intestinal immunity of piglets [J]. Vet Immunol Immunopathol,2007,120 (3-4):136-147
[1]Shah N P. Functional cultures and health benefits [J]. Int Dairy J,2007,17:1262-1277
[2]张董燕,季海峰,徐炜玲.益生菌对动物肠道微生物生态学影响的研究进展[J].中国畜牧兽医,2007,34(3)：15-17
[3]Guarner F, Malagelada J R..Gut flora in health and disease [J].The Lancet,2003,360:512-519
[4]任贵强.乳酸菌抗感染与影响肠道菌群的研究[D].内蒙古：内蒙古农业大学,2006
[5]郭本恒.益生菌[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2004,124-126
[6]Kedia G, Wang R H, Patel H, et al. Use of mixed cultures for the fermentation of cereal-based substrates with potential probiotic properties [J]. Process Biochem,2007,42:65-70
[7]Simon O.用作饲料添加剂的微生物——益生菌[J].饲料科技,2006,12(1)：42-44
[8]霍贵成.乳酸菌的研究与应用[M].北京：中国轻工业出版社,2007,18-23
[9]郝生宏,杨荣芳.国内外益生菌生产应用现状[J].2004(06)：19-21
[10]白天红,孟祥晨.益生菌制剂及其发酵性乳制品[J].中国乳品工业,2004,32(8)：32-34
[11]陈萍,张灿权,张春.益生菌的应用及其发展前景[J].江西农业学报,2008,20(9)：118-120
[12]曾子丹,姚朔.益生菌的研究前景及国内外发展状况[J].食品工业科技,2007,28(8)：251-254
[13]赵景阳,何丹霞.益生菌的健康功效及其发展前景[J].广州食品科技,2003(3)：73-74
[14]万荣峰.新型复合乳酸菌制剂的初步研究[D].南京,南京农业大学,2006
[15]陈亚非,罗绮珊.益生菌粉剂产品的稳定性研究[J].食品研究与开发,2008,29(1)：144-146
[16]赵建国,袁身淑,时彦炜.固态发酵井冈霉素废渣生产饲料蛋白的研究[J].粮食与饲料工业,1999,10：30-31
[17]王镜岩,朱圣庚,徐长法.生物化学[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2001,16
[18]Fuller, R. Probiotics in man and animals [J]. Appl Bacterial,1989,66:365-378
[19]Anukam K C, MHPM, Reid G, et al. Probiotics:100 years (1907-2007) after Elie Metchnikoff s Observation [J]. Appl Microbiol Biot,2007,61:466-474
[20]郭本恒.功能性乳制品[M].北京：中国轻工业出版社,2001
[21]胡敏,朱明军,刘功良.甘蔗糖蜜废水生产饲料蛋白质的研究[J].中国饲料,2006,17：36-39
[22]诸葛健,李华钟.微生物学[M].北京：科学出版社,2003,179-188
[2]Volke CR.The concept of symbiosis [J].Microecology Therapy,1989,19(1):33
[3]Wilson KH.The gastrointestinal microflora [M].In:Yamada Ted.Textbook of Gastroenterology. Philadelphia Lippincott,1995:607
[4]Salminen,Ouwehand A,Benno Y,et al.Probiotics:how should they be defined[J].Trends in Food Science & Technology,1999,10:107-110
[5]Michael DV,Schrezenmeir J.Probiotics,prebiotics and synbiotics[J].Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology,2008,111:1-66
[6]Lily DM, Stillwell RH.Probiotics:Growth-Promoting factors produed by microorganisms [J], Science,1965,147(3659):747-748
[7]Fuller R. Probiotics in man and animals [J]. J. Appl Bacteriol.1989 May.66 (5):365-78
[8]Guarmer F, Schaafsma G J. Probiotics [J].Int J Food Microbiol,1998,39:237-238
[9]Rodgers S. Novel applications of live bacteria in food services:probiotics and protective cultures [J]. Trends Food Sci Tech,2008,19:188-197
[10]Ziemer C J, Gleen R G. An overview of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in the functional food concept:perspectives and future [J]. Int.Dairy J,1998 (8):473-479.
[11]Myers D. Probiotics [J].Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine,2007,16 (3):195-197
[12]orchers A, Keen C, Gershwin M. Handbook of Nutrition and Immunity[M].Totowa:Humana Press,2004:213-242
[13]吴安山,柳永和,李兵.微生态制剂的临床应用现状及其发展趋势[J].长沙医学院学报,2009,3(15)：28-30
[14]周广.双歧杆菌增殖促进因子的现状和未来[J].中国微生态学杂志,1997,9(3)：48-49
[15]杨景云,杨继新.中医药微生态学的研究现状[J].中国微生态学杂志,2008,1(15)：165-171
[16]王桂瑛,刘燕.益生素的研究及应用进展[J].饲料博览,2004,(6)：4-6
[17]高霞,李卫,涂世.益生菌的功效及益生菌乳制品[J].广东化工,2009,(5)：122-123
[18]高阳,王海岩,王佳江,等.益生菌的保健作用与研究综述[J].安徽农学通报,2009,15(19)：204
[19]金世彬.乳酸菌的科学与技术[J].中国乳品工业,1998,26(2)：14
[20]王海珍,王加启,黄庆生.乳酸菌类微生物制剂的作用机理及其应用[J].饲料与营养, 2005,(3)：9-11
[21]杨汝德,陈琼,陈慧音.乳酸菌发酵制品研究的现状与发展[J].广州食品工业科技,2003,19(增刊)：79-83
[22]刘海军,鲁春刚.乳酸菌的生物学功能及其在畜牧业生产中的应用[J].饲料广角,2005,(10)：25-26
[23]吕道俊,何明清.饲用芽孢杆菌研究进展(综述)[J].四川农业大学学报,1994,(12)：635-638
[1]蒋烨,刘俊,任宏宇.益生菌和胃肠道疾病[J].世界华人消化杂志,2011,19(17)：1813-1818
[2]Herbrecht R, Nivoix Y. Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia:an adverse effect of Saccharomyces boulardii probiotic administration [J]. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40:1635-1637
[3]赵明军.动物微生态制剂研究进展[J].山东家禽,2002,21：1-8
[4]范颖,顾红娟,等.微生态制剂的研究与应用[J].辽宁农业职业技术学院学报,2002,4(2)：18-21
[5]Schlee M, Wehkamp J, Altenhoefer A, Oelschlaeger TA, Stange EF, Fellermann K. Induction of human beta-defensin 2 by the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 is mediated through flagelli[J]n. Infect Immun 2007; 75:2399-2407
[6]Ramasundara M, Leach ST, Lemberg DA, Day AS. Defensins and infl ammation:the role of defensins in inflammatory bowel disease [J]. J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2009,24:202-208
[7]郭旭东,宋凯,黄时杰,等.微生态制剂在畜牧业上的应用[J],饲料与畜牧,2011(6)：46-49
[8]孙中义,刘娣,吴宏达,等.益生菌在猪日粮中的应用进展[J],安徽农学通报,2010,16(3)：154-156
[9]陈红平,严寒,等.微生态制剂及其在动物生产上的应用研究进展[J].广东饲料,2002,11(1)：35-36
[10]刘燕,王静慧.微生态学理论和我国动物微生态制剂研究现状[J].2002,36(8)：35-38
[11]梁明振,梁贤威.动物微生态制剂的研究进展[J].粮食与饲料工业,2003,1：28-29
[12]李松彪,秦翠丽,等.动物微生态制剂的生产及其应用[J].河南畜牧兽医,2001,22(10)：13-14
[13]赵宗蕃.微生态制剂的应用及前景[J].西北民族大学学报,2003,24(4)：62-66
[14]Fuller.Probiotics for farmanimal [M].In:Tannock GW (ed). Probiotics:a Critical Rebiew Horizon
[15]Przemyslaw Jan Tomask.Probiotics and Prebiotics [J].Cereal Chem,80(2):113-117
[16]张民,刁其玉.微生态制剂在饲料行业中的应用[J].动物科学与动物医学,2002,19(9)：50-53
[17]何明清.益生素技术现状、限制因素分析及对策[J].饲料广角,2001,21：13-15
[18]Coconnier M H, Lievin V, Hemery E, et al. Antagonistic activity against Helicobacter infection in vitro and in vivo by the human Lactobacillus acidophilus strain LB [J]. Applied and environmental Microbiology,1998,64:4573-4580
[19]刘辉,季海峰,单达聪,等.益生菌对动物免疫机能影响的研究进展[J].饲料与畜牧,2010,11：49-51
[20]Lessard M, Dupuis M, Gagnon N, et al. Administration of Pediococcus acidilactici or Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii modulates development of porcine mucosal im munity and reduces intestinal bacterial translocation after Escherichia coli challenge[J]. J Anim Sci,2009,87 (3):922-934
[21]贺普宵.绿色养殖使者-微生态制剂[J].饲料与兽药,2004,1：48-49
[22]潘志明,张小荣,等.鸡沙门氏菌弱毒苗与微生态制剂联合应用的效果[J].中国兽医学报,2003,23(2)：155-156
[23]禹慧明,林勇.益生乳杆菌的筛选及特性研究[J].微生物学通报,2003,29(9)：53-55
[24]胡文峰,曹勇长,等.益生素与免疫刺激作用[J].饲料研究,2003,4：23-24
[25]倪耀娣,鲁改如.微生态制剂对肉仔鸡免疫器官及抗病力的影响[J].河北畜牧兽医,2004,20(1)：20-21
[26]施曼玲,马莉,等.纳豆芽孢杆菌对大白鼠肠道菌群的影响[J].科技通报,2002
[27]Dumme C, Murphy I.Probiotics:from myth to reality.Demonstration of functionality in animal models of disease and in human clinical trials [J].Atonie Van Leeuwenhoe,1999,76:279-292
[28]Guarner F, Schaafsma G J. Probiotics [J].International Journal of Food Microbiology,1998, 39:237-238
[29]胡友军,林映才,等.活性酵母对早期断奶仔猪生产性能和免疫机能的影响[J].动物营养学报,2003,15(4)：49-53
[30]潘宝海,张建东,等.芽孢杆菌对畜禽生产性能的影响[J].饲料研究,2007,1：55-57
[31]程林春.微生态制剂的应用[J].中国畜牧兽医,2003,30(3)：22-24
[32]林继仁.微生态制剂与饲料预混料[J].科学养鱼,2007,7：34
[33]马志勇,倪学勤,曾东.影响动物微生态制剂应用效果的因素及解决方法[J].饲料工业,2007,28(8),60-61
[34]温海燕,益生菌制品在畜牧生产中的应用[J],河南畜牧兽医,2011,163(3)：1-2
[35]刘文佐,曲湘昆.双歧杆菌在人工胃液中的存活率考查[J].中国微生态学杂志,1997,9(4)：22
[36]张日俊.微生物饲料添加剂的科学使用[J].饲料与畜牧,2007,06：5-8
[37]张西雷,付道领,孔祥磊,等.芽孢杆菌微生态制剂的作用机制及应用[J].动物保健,2006,9：39-40
[38]陈桂银.益生菌在兔营养中的应用[J].中国养兔杂志,2007,03：31-34
[39]刘来停,蔡凤英,周薇.微量元素对饲料中益生素活性的影响[J].粮食与饲料加工,2001,04：23-24
[40]张日俊.动物微生态系统的生物防治和营养免疫作用[J].饲料与畜牧,2007,07：5-7
[41]周德庆,郭杰炎.我国微生态制剂的现状和发展设想[J].工业微生物,1999,29(1)：34-43
[42]Karimi Pena AS.Probiotics:Iolated bacteria strain or mixtures of different strains [J]. Drugs Today.2003, Aug:39(8):565-597
[43]杨汝德,肖仔君,陈慧音.采用微型包囊技术研制活性双歧联菌微囊微生态制剂[J].广州食品工业科技,2003,77：38-40
[44]曹建民,胡玫.益生素在欧鳗养殖中的应用试验[J].兽药与饲料添加剂,1999,4：6-7
[45]G Diaz-Godinez,J Soriano-Santos,C Augur,et al.Exopectinases produced by Aspergillus niger in solid-state and submerged fermentation:a comparative study [J]. Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology,2001,26(5):271-275
[46]Cui YQ, Okkerse WJ, R.G.J.M.van der Lans, et al.Modeling and measurements of fungal growth and morphology in submerged fermentations [J].Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 1998,60(2):216-229
[47]何娟,何彩东,穆燕魁.微生态制剂发酵工艺[J].河北化工,2010,2：38-39
[48]McClure, Wong E L,Charles S, et al. Solid phase micro-extraction of macrolide, trimethop rim, and sulfonamide antibiotics in wastewaters [J].Journal of Chromatography A,2007,1169 (1/2):53-62
[49]王桂瑛,刘燕.益生素的研究及应用进展[J].饲料博览,2004(6)：5-6
[1]Tannock GW.Studies of the intestinal microfloraca, a prerequisite for the development of probiotics [J].International Dairy Journal,1998,8:527-523
[2]王桂瑛,刘燕.益生素的研究及应用进展[J].饲料博览,2004,(6)：4-6
[3]郭旭东,宋凯,黄时杰,等.微生态制剂在畜牧业上的应用[J],饲料与畜牧,2011(6)：46-49
[4]宁豫昌,白静,马爱民.微生态制剂对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响[J].河南农业科学,2009,6：141-143
[5]刘晓琳,陈乐超,余新京,等.地衣芽孢杆菌对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响[J].广东饲料,2008,17(1)：27-28
[6]朱五文,施伟领,陈晓峰.不同剂量枯草芽孢杆菌对断奶仔猪饲养效果试验[J].畜牧兽医,2007,39(8)：32-33
[7]陈永锋,郑春生,等.益生素防治仔猪腹泻试验[J].福建畜牧兽医,2001,2：6-7
[8]白林,李学伟.普百克对仔猪腹泻的预防和治疗效果试验[J].2002,21(2)：3-4
[9]杜冰.痢康灵对仔猪黄白痢及腹泻的治疗试验[J].广东畜牧兽医科技,2002,27(3)：35-36
[10]李芳益,张宝彤.益菌多在治疗和预防仔猪腹泻上的应用[J].中国饲料,2002,19：13
[11]王发明,季海峰,希尼尼根.益生菌对仔猪肠道免疫的作用方式[J].中国畜牧兽医,2010,37(2)：44-46
[12]孙中义,刘娣,吴宏达,等。益生菌在猪日粮中的应用进展[J].安徽农学通报,2010,16(3)：154-156
[13]杨林,霍贵成,杨丽杰,等.微生态制剂对仔猪肠道非特异性免疫机能的影响[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2003,7：13-15
[14]徐登峰,曹国文,戴荣国,等.植物乳酸菌对致病性大肠杆菌的抑制试验[J].四川畜牧兽医,2005,9：36-38
[15]詹凯,王恬,李吕木,等.生菌素、维吉尼亚霉素对哺乳仔猪生长和血清代谢物的影响[J].畜禽业,2001,12：20-21
[16]Lessard M, Dupuis M, Gagnon N, et al. Administration of Pediococcus acidilactici or Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii modulates development of porcine mucosal im munity and reduces intestinal bacterial translocation after Escherichia coli challenge [J]. J Anim Sci,2009,87 (3):922-934
[17]Che C, Pang X, H ua X, et al. Effects of hum an fecal flora on intestinal morphology and mucosal immunity in human flora-associated piglets [J]. Scand J Immunol,2009,69 (3):223-233.
[18]张水鸥,罗创国.微生态制剂对生长肥育猪生产性能的影响[J].畜牧兽医杂志,2008,27(4)：21-22
[19]覃熊波,薛新绵.复合微生态制剂对育肥猪生产性能的影响[J].四川畜牧兽医,2008,216(10)：25-26
[20]黄兴国,杨承建,王超,等.微生态制剂对猪生产性能及粪中微生物的影响.家畜生态学报[J].2009,30(2)：67-71
[21]王鑫炎,许祖灿.微生态制剂仿制高致病性猪蓝耳病的临床效果试验[J].浙江畜牧兽医,2008,6：3-4
[22]胡永松,李月英,张玳华.益畜王对规模猪场母猪生产性能的影响试验[J].养殖与饲料,2009,6：60-61
[23]叶润全,顾万军,吕敏艺.微生态制剂—宫康素预防控制母猪产后产道炎症及提高母猪繁殖性能临床试验初报[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医.2003,8：9-10
[1]郭兴华.益生菌基础与应用[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2002,12-25
[2]Douglas L C, Sanders M E. Probiotics and prebiotics in dietetics practice [J]. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008,108:510-521
[3]Shah N P. Functional cultures and health benefits [J]. Int Dairy J,2007,17:1262-1277
[4]Piano M D, Morelli L M, Strozzi G P,et.al, Probiotics:from research to consumer [J]. Digest Liver Dis,2006,38 Suppl.2, S248-S255
[5]王桂瑛,刘燕.益生素的研究及应用进展[J].饲料博览,2004,(6)：4-6
[6]何明清,廖德惠,等.猪不同日龄及不同肠段正常菌群的研究[J].畜牧兽医学报,1985
[7]黄庆飞,戴永恒,莫文,等.EM菌技术在奶牛饲养中的应用效果研究[J].广西畜牧兽医,2004,20(3)：118-119
[8]何明清,等.动物微生态学[M].北京：中国农业出版社,1994：137-145
[9]金礼琴,孙玲.动物微生态制剂存在的问题及改进措施[J].中国兽药杂志,2004,38(12)：4547
[10]潘树德,李学俭,边连.益生菌存在的问题及应对策略[J],全中国畜牧兽医,2010,(9)：3-5
[11]Rautio M, Jousimies-Somer H, Kauma H, Pietarinen I, Saxelin M, Tynkkynen S, Koskela M. Liver abscess due to a Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain indistinguishable from L. rhamnosus strain GG[J]. Clin Infect Dis 1999,28:1159-1160
[12]Borriello SP, Hammes WP, Holzapfel W, Marteau P, Schrezenmeir J, Vaara M, Valtonen V. Safety of probiotics that contain lactobacilli or bifi dobacteria [J]. Clin Infect Dis 2003,36: 775-780
[13]Venugopalan V, Shriner KA, Wong-Beringer A, Regulatory oversight and safety of probiotic use [J]. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 16:1661-1665
[14]Klein G. Antibiotic resistance and molecular characterization of probiotic and clinical Lactobacillus strains in relation to safety aspects of probiotics [J]. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:267-281
[15]Cilieborg MS, Thymann T, Siggers R, Boye M, Bering SB, Jensen BB, Sangild PT. The incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis is increased following probiotic administration to preterm pigs [J]. J Nutr 2011; 141:223-230
[16]Isolauri E, Kirjavainen PV, Salminen S. Probiotics:a role in the teratment of infection and inflammation [J].Gut,2002,50:4-9
[17]FAO/WHO. Evaluation of health and nutritional properties of probiotics in food including powder milk with live lactic acid bacteria.2001 Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation. Available at:http://www,fao.org/eg/ESN/food/foodandfooprobio-en, stm[OL].
[18]方立超,魏泓.益生菌的研究进展[J].中国生物制品学杂志,2007,20(6)：463-466
[19]卢静,黄国任,沈雪,几种常用乳制品益生菌的安全性研究[J].职业与健康,2011,27(11)：1216-1219
[20]王晓娜,孙莉.微生态制剂的研究开发和应用中存在的问题[J].山东饲料,2003(12)：14-16
[21]杨媛绚.原生保健性菌种与益菌助生质之应用[J].食品工业,1998,30(2)：11-22
[22]高阳,王海岩,王佳江,等.益生菌的保健作用与研究综述[J].安徽农学通报,2009,15(19)：204.
[1]靳涌涛,曲河,陈继军,等.我国益生菌的研究及在动物中的应用现状[J].畜牧兽医科技信息,2008(1)：8-9
[2]魏金涛,齐德生.有生物活性的饲料添加剂[J].兽药与饲料添加剂,2005,10(5)：17-20
[3]邱进杰,熊焰,杨智.健康仔猪肠道内抗逆性乳酸菌的选育[J].中国兽医杂志,2008,44(4)：86-87
[4]张璐,张敏红.饲用益生菌产品评价研究进展[J].中国畜牧兽医,2008,35(3)：21-24
[5]Haberer P, Du Toit M, Dicks L M T, Ahrens F. Effect of potentially probiotic lactobacilli on feacal enzyme activity in minipigs on a high fat, high-cholesterol diet-a preliminary in vivo trial [J]. Int Food Micro,2003,27:1-5
[6]Collington G K., Parker D S., Armstrong D G.The influence ofinclusion of either an antibiotic or a probiotic in the diet on the development of digestive enzyme activity in the pig [J]. Br J Nutr,1990,64:59
[7]Matsuzaki T, Yamazaki R, Hashimoto S, et al The effect of oral feeding of Lactobacillus casei strains Shirota on immunoglobulin E production in mice [J]. J Dairy Sci,1998,81 (1):48-53
[8]FAO/WHO Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food including Power Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria[C]. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultion on Evaluation of Health and Nutritional Propertries of Probiotics in Food Including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria,2001
[9]Simon O, Jadamus A, VahjenW. Probiotic feed additives-effectiveness and expected modes of aetion [J]. Journal of Animal and Feed Seienee,2001,10:51-67
[10]Conway P L, Gorbach S L, Goldin B R. Survival of lactic acid bacteria in the human stomach and adhesion to intestinal cells [J]. Journal of Diary Science,1987,70:1-12
[11]Madden J A J, Plummer S F, Tang J, et al Effect of probiotics on preventing disruption of the intestinal microflora following antibiotic therapy:a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study [J]. International Immunopharmacology,2005,5:1091-1097
[12]Sullivan A, Nord C E. Probiotics and gastrointestinal diseases [J]. Journal of Internal Medicine, 2005,257:78-92
[13]Saarela M, Mogensen G, Fonden R, et al Probiotics bacteria:safety, functional and technological properties [J]. Journal of Biotechnology,2000,84:197-215
[14]张秀珍,主编.当代细菌检验与临床[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,1999
[15]鲁辛辛,刘向玮,李大为.微生物基因分类鉴定的方法学进展[J].中国试验诊断学,2003,7(3)：201-206
[16]洪帮兴,江丽芳,胡玉山,等.基因序列分析及其在细菌鉴别诊断中的应用[J].中华微生物学和免疫学杂志,2004,24(3)：241
[1]杨菲菲,麻丽坤,王增敏,等.断奶仔猪饲料中乳酸菌的应用[J].上海畜牧兽医通讯,2006,(5)：60-61
[2]郭兴华.乳酸菌[M].北京：北京科学技术出版社.2002：1-3
[3]Timmerman H M,Veldman A,E van de Elsen,et al. Mortality and growth performance of broilers given drinking water supplemented with chicken-specific probiotics [J]. Poultry Science,2006, 85:1383-1388
[4]郭志杰,李杰,李鑫,等.猪源乳酸菌的分离、筛选、鉴定及产酸性能的研究[J].饲料工业,2010,31(20)：45-48
[5]吕利军,季海峰,杨英,等.乳酸菌微胶囊及其合生素对仔猪生产性能和免疫力的影响[J].畜牧与兽医,2009,41(2)：35-37
[6]De Boever P, Verstraete W. Bile salt deconjugation by Lactobacillus Plantarum 80 and its implication for bacterial toxicity [J]. J Appl Microbiol,1999,87(3):345-352
[7]王玉华,张桂荣,刘景圣.2株耐酸及耐胆盐嗜酸乳杆菌的分离筛选及其发酵特性研究[J].东北师大学报,2006,38(3)：15-118
[8]Makras L, Vuys L D. The in vitro inhibition of Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria by bifidobacteria is caused by the production of organic acids [J].International Dairy Journal,2006, 16:1049-1057
[9]Turner M S, Waldherrb F, Loess M J, et al. Antimicrobial activity of lysostaphin and a Listeria monocytogenes bacteriophage endolysin produced and secreted by lactic acid bacteria [J]. Systematic and Applied Microbiology,2007,30:58-67
[10]吴惠芬,毛胜勇,姚文,等.猪源乳酸菌产乳酸及其抑菌特性研究[J].微生物学通报,2005,32(1)：79-84
[11]Vandenbergh P A. Lactic acid bacteria, their metabolic products and interference with microbial growth [J]. FEMS Microbiol. Rev,1993,12(1/3):221-237
[1]Sande-Bruinsma N.Antimicrobial Drug Use and Resistance in Europe [J].Emerg Infect Dis,2008, 14(11):1722-1730
[2]刘辉.绿色饲料添加剂的研究与应用[J].饲料研究,2002,(7)：18-21
[3]于宁,等.新型绿色饲料添加剂的研究进展[J].兽药与饲料添加剂,2008,13(3)：16-18
[4]Lalles J P, Bosi P, Smidt H, et al.Nutritional management of gut health in pigs around weaning [J]. Proc Nutr Soc,2007,66 (2):260-268
[5]王士长,等.益生素(活菌和死菌)防治哺乳仔猪下痢[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2000,(1)：23-24
[6]李春丽,等.微生态制剂对哺乳仔猪生长及免疫机能的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医,200532(5)：14-15
[7]Pollmann M. Effects of a Probiotic Strain of Enterococcus faecium on the Rate of Natural Chlamydia Infection in Swine [J].Infect Immun,2005,73(7):4346-4353
[8]Wierup M,Wold-Troell M,Nurmi E,et al.Epidemiological evaluation of the Salmonella-controlling effect of a nationwide use of a competitive exclusion culture in poultry[J].Poultry Science,1988,67:1026-1033
[9]张茂华,孔云松,朱汉静.低聚木糖与产酶益生菌合用对生长猪生长性能的影响研究[J].养殖与饲料,2006,(3)：25-27
[10]黄俊文,冯定远,谢启宇.益生菌与抗生素对断奶仔猪生长与营养物质消化率的影响[J].兽药与饲料添加剂,2004,9(2)：6-8
[11]潘宝海,张建东,石现瑞,等.仔猪日粮中合生素替代抗生素的研究[J].饲料研究,2007,(3)：58—60
[12]吕利军,季海峰,杨英,等.乳酸菌微胶囊及其合生素对仔猪生产性能和免疫力的影响[J].畜牧与兽医,2009,41(2)：35-37
[13]黄俊文,林映才,冯定远,等.益生菌、甘露寡糖对早期断奶仔猪生长、免疫和抗氧化功能的影响[J].动物营养学报,2005,17(4)：16-20
[14]Freeman B A, Crapo J D. Biology of disease:Free radicals and tissue injury [J]. Lab Invest, 1982,47(5):412-416
[15]徐建雄,陈小连.自由基对动物机体的氧化损伤与抗氧化剂的修复作用研究[A]. 王康宁.动物营养研究进展[C]. 北京：中国农业科学出版社,2008：162-169
[1]Sande-Bruinsma N.Antimicrobial Drug Use and Resistance in Europe [J].Emerg Infect Dis,2008, 14(11):1722-1730
[2]刘辉.绿色饲料添加剂的研究与应用[J].饲料研究,2002,(7)：18-21
[3]于宁,等.新型绿色饲料添加剂的研究进展[J].兽药与饲料添加剂,2008,13(3)：16-18
[4]李春丽,等.微生态制剂对哺乳仔猪生长及免疫机能的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医,2005,32(5)：14-15
[5]Pollmann M. Effects of a Probiotic Strain of Enterococcus faecium on the Rate of Natural Chlamydia Infection in Swine [J].Infect Immun,2005,73(7):4346-4353
[6]Lalles J P, Bosi P, Smidt H, et al. Nutritional management of gut health in pigs around weaning [J]. Proc Nutr Soc,2007,66 (2):260-268
[7]戴国俊,段忠进,谢恺舟,等.不同剂量地衣芽孢杆菌对断奶仔猪腹泻的影响[J].上海畜牧兽医通讯,2007(3)：40-41
[8]胡文锋,曹永长,毕英佐,等.益生素与免疫刺激作用[J].饲料研究,2003,(4)：23-24
[9]郭云霞,王树香,郝庆红,等.动物肠道微生态系统及益生菌的营养功能[J].饲料研究,2009,6：24-25
[10]孟泽,李晓军.免疫学检验的热点与难点[J].临床检验杂志,2000,18(1)：60
[11]周光炎.免疫学原理[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社,2007：3
[12]金伯泉.细胞和分子免疫学[M].北京：科学出版社,2001：133-178
[13]宋勤叶,郭鑫,杨汉春.猪细胞因子[J].中国兽医杂志,2005,41(4)：33-38
[14]Corr SC, Li Y, Riedel C U. Bacteriocin production as a mechanism for the anti-infective activity of Lactobacillus salivarius UCC118[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2007,104(18):7617-7621
[15]Scharek L, Altherr B J, Tolke C, et al. Influence of the probiotic Bacillus cereus var toyoi on the intestinal immunity of piglets [J]. Vet Immunol Immunopathol,2007,120 (3-4):136-147
[1]Shah N P. Functional cultures and health benefits [J]. Int Dairy J,2007,17:1262-1277
[2]张董燕,季海峰,徐炜玲.益生菌对动物肠道微生物生态学影响的研究进展[J].中国畜牧兽医,2007,34(3)：15-17
[3]Guarner F, Malagelada J R..Gut flora in health and disease [J].The Lancet,2003,360:512-519
[4]任贵强.乳酸菌抗感染与影响肠道菌群的研究[D].内蒙古：内蒙古农业大学,2006
[5]郭本恒.益生菌[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2004,124-126
[6]Kedia G, Wang R H, Patel H, et al. Use of mixed cultures for the fermentation of cereal-based substrates with potential probiotic properties [J]. Process Biochem,2007,42:65-70
[7]Simon O.用作饲料添加剂的微生物——益生菌[J].饲料科技,2006,12(1)：42-44
[8]霍贵成.乳酸菌的研究与应用[M].北京：中国轻工业出版社,2007,18-23
[9]郝生宏,杨荣芳.国内外益生菌生产应用现状[J].2004(06)：19-21
[10]白天红,孟祥晨.益生菌制剂及其发酵性乳制品[J].中国乳品工业,2004,32(8)：32-34
[11]陈萍,张灿权,张春.益生菌的应用及其发展前景[J].江西农业学报,2008,20(9)：118-120
[12]曾子丹,姚朔.益生菌的研究前景及国内外发展状况[J].食品工业科技,2007,28(8)：251-254
[13]赵景阳,何丹霞.益生菌的健康功效及其发展前景[J].广州食品科技,2003(3)：73-74
[14]万荣峰.新型复合乳酸菌制剂的初步研究[D].南京,南京农业大学,2006
[15]陈亚非,罗绮珊.益生菌粉剂产品的稳定性研究[J].食品研究与开发,2008,29(1)：144-146
[16]赵建国,袁身淑,时彦炜.固态发酵井冈霉素废渣生产饲料蛋白的研究[J].粮食与饲料工业,1999,10：30-31
[17]王镜岩,朱圣庚,徐长法.生物化学[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2001,16
[18]Fuller, R. Probiotics in man and animals [J]. Appl Bacterial,1989,66:365-378
[19]Anukam K C, MHPM, Reid G, et al. Probiotics:100 years (1907-2007) after Elie Metchnikoff s Observation [J]. Appl Microbiol Biot,2007,61:466-474
[20]郭本恒.功能性乳制品[M].北京：中国轻工业出版社,2001
[21]胡敏,朱明军,刘功良.甘蔗糖蜜废水生产饲料蛋白质的研究[J].中国饲料,2006,17：36-39
[22]诸葛健,李华钟.微生物学[M].北京：科学出版社,2003,179-188