中国东南部晚古生代以来典型盆地沉积构造环境演化特征
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摘要
以中国东南部为研究对象,以“三个典型盆地”为工作区,通过野外地质与构造调查、样品的薄片鉴定、地球化学定量值判识以及室内文献资料整合分析,对金衢盆地、永安盆地及萍乐盆地进行了重点研究,研究内容涉及岩石物性、层序地层、盆地构成要素、主元素与稀土元素特征、有机碳同位素特征等方面；以此为基础,在确定各盆地区沉积构造、沉积中心、岩相变化以及构造环境演化史的前提下,对中国东南部晚古生代-中新生代区域性盆地形态分布格局及构造环境演化进行了对比研究。
金衢盆地是中国东南部晚中生代断陷盆地之一,发育在前中生代变质褶皱基底之上,主要山北部浅凹陷带、中央隆起带以及南部深凹陷带三个构造单.元组成：①以地层岩石所蕴含的物质信息为主线,通过稀土元素、微量元素及同位素地球化学分析,辅以野外地质调查,从垂向深部和横向表层两方面综合考察,研究了该盆地中新生代的地层岩石及构造演化特征。结果表明：a)金衢盆地内部的不整合、向斜等构造现象反映了盆地的动态形成,盆地接受沉积的同时伴随着横向拉张；双峰式火山岩体现为流纹岩与玄武岩的SiO2含量差异超过18%,稀土元素配分曲线展示出玄武岩无铕亏损和流纹岩铕亏损明显,微量元素蛛网图表现出玄武岩和流纹岩的Nb、Ta均为槽,Zr、K较富集,Ti较贫化,据此判断研究样品为地壳部分熔融的产物；b)早白垩世晚期,盆地局段地层中夹有橄榄玄武岩,其岩石地球化学特征表明为板内快速拉张环境的碱性玄武岩,盆地西端的广丰盆地早白垩世晚期至晚白垩世红层中的玄武岩特征基本一致。②运用盆地原型分析方法,对该盆地的构造事件、深部构造、蚀源区、沉降史、沉积中心、盆地边界构造和沉积问断等进行了研究。盆地经历了早期陆内挤压(NW-SE)、早白垩世晚期伸展拉张(NW-SE)、晚白垩世拗陷、白垩世末萎缩以及后期改造几个演化阶段。研究认为：盆地沉积物主要来自于早期褶皱隆升的前中生代地层的剥蚀以及晚期拉张背景的山体风化剥蚀,证实了金衢盆地经历过由挤压向拉张机制转换所致抬升剥蚀事件,这些事件对断陷箕状盆地的形成起了很大作用；盆地沉积沉降中心主要在衢州附近,而在不同的古岩相期又有一定位移的迁移。研究表明,盆地具有良好的含油气前景,钱家、水亭、杨塘和蒋塘4个构造圈闭具有较大的勘探潜力。③进一步综合分析后发现,中新生代金衢盆地的地层岩性特征是其构造环境演化的物质记录,总体呈现“北断南超”,反映了拉张背景下的盆地迁移；根据重力资料及部分钻孔推断的基底形态,按照汤姆逊提出的三角形计算方法估算,金衢盆地在早白垩世晚期至晚白垩世的拉张量大约为2100m,沉降量约为5100m。④鉴于金衢盆地是中国东南部中新生代复杂陆相盆地的一个典型代表,盆地所处构造环境具有横向和纵向应力场相叠合的多阶段复杂演化特征,故这些认识有助于供同类陆相盆地研究时参考。
萍乐盆地沿萍乡至乐平一带出露的晚古生代至早三叠纪地层是原地系统；附近的“板溪群”,既包含有前震旦纪变质岩系,也可能含中生代构造混杂岩的成分,属于外来系统。综合前人研究表明：①萍乐坳陷海相含油气系统的烃源岩包括二叠系、三叠系碳酸盐岩、泥岩和煤,具有有机质丰度高、分布面积广、成熟度适中、油气显示较好的特点；②坳陷具有中白垩统-古近系红色岩系和元古界-三叠系推覆岩系两套区域性盖层；③坳陷内中西部以找气为主,东部以找油为主,勘探有利区为余干区和萍乡区；④具有在推覆体之下寻找油气藏的潜力。
永安盆地发育在前泥盆纪基底之上,位于华夏古陆南缘,沿NE向新元古代政和-大埔断裂带展布,是在其基础上由早寒武世永安-龙岩海湾经伸展作用而成的一个沉积断陷盆地。利用层序地层学方法,辅之以野外调查,研究了永安盆地的地层序列和岩石组合：①对晚古生代至早三叠世地层格架及柱状剖面的分析表明,伴随海平面的升降,海相沉积序列具有旋回性,不同沉积相在盆地东、中、西区段分布不均,盆地沉积沉降中心大致位于龙岩和梅县地区；②对横贯盆区的地质剖面及盆内辅助剖面的研究表明,中新生代,盆内以断块作用为主,改造了晚古生代地层,代之以断褶复合地层；③有机碳质层为盆地的海陆变迁作了时域界定,并且其赋存部位和形态也在空间上表征了盆地构造演化的力学机制。通过分析构造事件、古地理及物源区、深部构造、边界构造等盆地要素,研究了盆地的沉积构造环境演化及其应力机制,结果表明：①盆地具有隆起-伸展构造发育的特点,主要经历了华力西期海陆交互相巨厚沉积阶段,印支期稳定的准地台向活动大陆边缘转变阶段并伴随挤压隆升,以及印支期后中新生代由挤压向拉张机制转换的构造改造阶段。②晚古生代，海进海退的快慢受控于不同时期构造事件的强弱变化，由此产生的沿岸隆起区的剥蚀以及拉张背景的山体风化剥蚀为盆地提供了物源,存在北、南两个物源区。以海侵与海退为标志，晚古生代的古地理环境及各时段沉积相的展布和变化各具特色，沉积相相带分布处于重复变化之中，演化序列比较清晰；海退时期，沿NE-SW方向展布河流相-三角洲相-滨海相-海相，缺少边缘相，海侵时期的盆地沉积环境分为潮坪泻湖、台地边缘浅滩、台地前缘斜坡及陆棚边缘盆地几个沉积相带；中新生代，盆地总体为火山活动背景下的山前及河湖相沉积环境。另外，盆内不同时代含碳层位样品δ13Corg值的变化及其与邻区样品δ13Corg值的对比研究佐证了盆地本身乃至整个中国东南部沉积环境在不同地质时期以及同一时期不同区段沉积相变化的异同特征；永安盆地晚古生代沉积物有机碳δ13Corg值区主要为(-15～-25‰)，与同时期金衢盆地北缘沉积物有机碳δ13Corg值区间(-20～30‰）较为相似，盆地有机碳TOC与同时期萍乐盆地TOC也有相似之处，这些特征表明，永安盆地成盆时期的沉积环境在区域范围内与其它盆地具有相同之处，即海陆过渡环境；同时，又有定的区别，ZM(浙闽沿海)地区含碳层位多为中新生代，分析认为，在晚古生代永安盆地成盆地成盆期，ZM地区为一隆起区，该隆起区和武夷山隆起区共同构成了永安盆地的主要物源区。这一认识与区域古流向调查结果基本一致。对该盆区的认识为中国东南部盆地的薄弱基础研究提供了新的基础参考信息。
鉴于几前述“三个典型盆地”研究内容，可知中国东南部前泥盆纪基底之上发育的晚泥盆世-早中三叠世稳定的海相沉积序列以印支事件为标志经构造改造与中新生代陆相沉积序列复式叠合。为了恢复各阶段海相沉积地层对应的盆地面貌，揭示沉积作用在时空演化上的差异变化特征，以期在中国东南部海相油气勘探的理论和技术层面寻求新思路，通过建立由30个代表性柱状图组成的层序地层格架并形成9个时期地层厚度等值线图(地层年代从晚古生代到早中生代，涉及区域包括广东省、湖南省、浙江省、安徽省、江西省以及福建省)，从地层对比所展示的规律性特征、烃源岩发育的环境及空间分布规律、主要盆地的基本特征与残余露头的分布规律、早古生代以来构造环境演化史与油气关系等方面进行了研究，研究表明：①受江绍、赣江和政和-大埔三大断裂带的控制，中国东南部形成了包括江南盆地区、华南(武夷-南岭)盆地区、东南沿海盆地区、武夷山古隆起、江绍拗陷带、永梅拗陷带在内的盆-隆-拗构造格局；②单位地层具(?)区域连续性,岩石地层厚度大对应区段水体深,生物化含量多对应水体稳定性好,反之则水体浅且活动性强；③石炭系、二叠系及三叠系对于研究中国东南部油气潜力具有重要意义,其中龙潭组(或童子岩组,或茅口组)是最有利的烃源岩层位。
研究取得了有价值的成果和创新认识。包括如下方面：①首次完成晚泥盆世古近纪残余地层露头分布图编制；②建立了晚古生代以来一个古隆起、四个盆地区的构造格局；③特提斯构造域向太平洋构造域的转换对于研究区沉积构造环境的变迁具有标志作用；④龙潭组是最有利的烃源岩层位,次为坂头组；⑤利用层序地层中的生物刘比,反映了区域性沉积特征变化,建立了研究区各剖面岩石地层单位之问的时代对比关系；⑥通过对野外盆区主干剖面、辅助剖面的特征描述,并结合前人成果的综合分析,根据露头层序地层学方法,并结合生物地层、层序的碳同位素特征等,较为清晰地把盆区古环境的变迁与区域性古环境及构造环境有机结合起来;⑦详细阐述了中国东南部石炭系、二叠系和三叠系层序地层特征。⑧金衢盆地是中国东南部典型的中新生代陆相盆地之一,水安盆地则是中国东南部兼具晚古生代海相特征和中新生代陆相特征的典型复合盆地之一,两者在演化过程中所受内驱力和所经历的机制转换具有相似性,即中新生代古亚洲动力学体制向古太平洋体制的转换,晚白垩世之初的由挤压向拉张的机制转换,以及垂向地幔物质的上涌,由此首次提出了能量源团分形设想,即盆地的轮廓是横向与垂向分布不均匀的点能量源团组成的能量源团面传播推进叠合的外在表现；该设想不仅为研究盆地构造环境演化机制提供了新视角,而且对地震灾害预测具有借鉴意义。
Southeast China as a research object and "three representative basins" as working space, Jinhua-Quzhou basin, Yong'an basin and Pingle basin were specifically studied, by means of field survey of geology and structure, thin section analysis of samples, discrimination of geochemical quantification and synthetical analysis of interior references and documents. And there were such research subjects as petrophysics, sequence strata, constituents of basin, features of major elements and REE(rare-earth elements), characteristics of organic carbon isotopes. In view of what was mentioned, and under the prerequisite of recognizing sedimentary structure, depocenter, facies change and tectonic setting evolution of every basinal region, writers had comparatively studied morphological distribution framework of regional basins and structural environment evolution from Late Paleozoic to Meso-Cenozoic in Souteast China.
Jinhua-Quzhou Basin is one of the late Mesozoic rifted basins in Southeast China. It developed on the Pre-mesozoic metamorphosed fold basement, mainly including three structural units of northern shallow depression zone, central uplift belt and southern hollow zone:①Looking on material information contained in strata rocks as master line, features of the basin's Meso-cenozoic formation-litho and structural evolution had been studied by means of geochemical analysis on rare-earth elements, trace elements and isotopic elements, being supplemented by field investigating and synthetically surveying two aspects of vertical deep position and horizontal surface level. The findings suggest as follows:a) Tectonic phenomena of unconformity, syncline et cetera in the inner Jinhua-Quzhou basin had reflected the dynamic building of the basin, with the basin's receiving deposition accompanied by horizontal pulling; bimodal volcanic rock was displayed by the deviation of SiO2content overtaking18%between rhyolite and basalt, rare-earth element (REE) partitioning curves had exhibited not having europium depletion in basalt and obviously having europium depletion in rhyolite, and trace element cobweb figure had manifested being as trough curves of Nb and Ta, comparatively concentrating of Zr and K and relatively depleting of Ti in basalt and rhyolite, from which could be drawn a judgement that specimen studied were the products of Earth crust melted, b) During the late period of early Cretaceous, in the formations of part of the basin, there was alkaline basalt with the geochemical characteristics showing its being formed within plate environment by fast extension. Those basalts in red layers from late period of early Cretaceous to late Cretaceous in the Guangfeng basin in the western part of Jinhua-Quzhou basin fundamentally had the same features.②Making use of analytic approach of basin prototype, tectonic events, deep seated structure, provenance, subsiding history, depocenter, basin bonndary structure and cessation of deposition, etc were studied. J-Q basin had undergone several evolutionary phases of early intracontinental compressing (NW-SE), late early Crataceous extending and drafting (NW-SE), late Crataceous depression, suppression of last stage of Crataceous and reformation of later stage. From research above, basin filling material was coming from ablation due to incipient fold and uplift of pre-Mesozoic formation and weathering denudation of mountain mass with the background of late period drafting, confirming that J-Q basin had experienced uplifting and denuding events attributing to the mechanism conversion from extruding to pulling. These events had important affection on the shaping of rifting and half graben-like basin. Sedimentation and subsidence center was in the vicinity of Quzhou with more or less translational migration during the three palaeo-lithofacies stages. From the study above, we can see that J-Q basin has favorable oil and gas foreground, and these four structural traps of Qianjia, Shuiting, Yangtang and Jiangtang have major prospecting potentiality.③rom the further multidisciplinary analysis, we can see that the features of formation lithology of Meso-cenozoic Jinhua-Quzhou basin were material records of its tectonic environment evolution, totally presenting "fault structure in the northern part and overlap construction in the southern part", reflecting the basin migration under the background of extension; Based on the deducing morphological feature of the basement of Jinhua-Quzhou Basin by gravity surveying and geological drilling, using trigonometric algorithm method, we have made the extension estimation of Jinhua-Quzhou Basin during late Cretaceous. The quantity of extension is about2100m, and the amount of subsidence is around5100m.④In connection with one typical representative of Meso-cenozoic land facies basins of South-east China, the tectonic setting which J-Q basin had been situated in had complex evolution characteristics of multi-phase with the stress field superimposed by vertical and horizontal stress fields. These cognitions are helpful to provide references for the study of synchronizing continental facies basins.
In the Pingle basin, the formations from Late Paleozoic to Early Triassic outcropping along the zone from Pingxiang to Leping was in-situ system. And Banxi Group of adjacent areas had both Pre-Sinian metamorphics series and probably the composition of Mesozoic tectonic melange, being external system. From synthesizing the research results of predecessors, we could see:①Hydrocarbonaceous mother rocks of oil and gas system in Pingle depression include carbonatite, mudstone, and coal of Permian and Triassic, having the features of high abundance of organic substance, vast distribution area, moderate maturity and preferable show of oil and gas.②There are two kinds of capping formations which are respectively red petrographic series from Middle Crataceous to Paleogene and overriding petrographic series from Proterozoic to Triassic.③The middle-and-western part of Pingle depression has the priority of gas location with the eastern part being preferable for oil detection. The favorable areas for prospecting are Yugan and Pingxiang.④Having the potentiality of prospecting oil and gas reservoir above the nappe.
The Yong'an basin developed on the Pre-Devonian basement, locating on the southern margin of the Cathaysian block, distributing along the NE-SW and Neoproterozoic Zhenghe-Dapu fault zone which was the background of the deposition-rifted basin formed from early Cambrian Yong'an-Longyan gulf by extending action. Making use of the method of sequence stratigraphy and being supplemented by field investigation, writers studied the stratigraphic sequences and rock assemblages of the basin:①An analysis on the stratigraphic framework and geological column from Late Paleozoic to Early Triassic shows that marine deposit sequence is episodic with the fluctuation of sea level, and different sedimentary facies have disproportion in the eastern part, central part and western part of the basin. The center of deposition and subsidence is approximately in the areas of Longyan and Meixian.②A research on the cross sections traversing the basin and the intrabasinal auxiliary sections shows that the block faulting has played a main part during Meso—Cenozoic, reformed the Late Paleozoic strata and formed compound fault—fold strata.③The layers with organic carbon provide the time limits for the land—sea changes in the basin, and their locations and shapes can demonstrate the dynamic mechanism of the tectonic evolution in the basin. Based on analyzing tectonic events, paleogeography and provenances, deep seated structures, boundary structures, and so on, studying the tectonic setting evolution and its stress mechanism, we can get the conclusions as follows:①The basin is characterized by devoloping uplift—extension structures, and it has mainly undergone phases of Variscan paralic tremendous thick deposition, Indosinian transition from sustained platform to active continental margin accompanied by compressing and uplifting and Meso—Cenzoic tectonic reworking with the conversion from compressing to pulling after Indosinian.②During Late Paleozoic, the speed of incursion and regression of the sea was controlled by the strong and weak alternation of tectonic events in different time, for this reason, the ablation of coastal uplifting areas and weathering denudation of mountain mass with the drafting background provided sedimentary source materials for the basin, and there were two provenance areas in the north and south of the basin. Taking marine ingression and recession as a label, the paleo-geographic environment of late Paleozoic and the spreading and changing of sedimentary facies of every stage had their own special characteristics. The distribution of sedimentary facies belts was in repeated change. The evolutionary series was obvious. During the period of marine regression, the sequence of river-facies, delta-facies, offshore-facies,marine-facies was along NE-SW direction, with the absence of marginal facies. The basin's depositional environment of ingression period was divided into several sedimentary facies belts of tidal flat lagoon, platform edge shallow, platform foreslope, continental shelf peripheral basin. During Meso—Cenozoic, the basin had totally the piedmont and river—lake sedimentary facies on volcanic environment. In addition, during different geologic epoch and in distinct districts of the same period, the features of similiarities and differences of facies transition of the basin itself and even the whole depositional environment of southeast China are proved by δ13Corg. value alternation of samples from these stratigraphic positions of different era in the basin and the comparative study of δ13Corg. value between the basin and its neighborhood areas. The δ13Corg. value interval of Yong-an basin's palaeozoic sediment is mainly (-15～-25‰), relatively having similarities compared with the δ13Corg.value interval (-20～-30‰) of Jinhua-Quzhou basin's northern margin sediment; and the organic carbon TOC value of Yong-an basin also has similar points with the synchronous Ping-Le basin; these features demonstrate that the sedimentary environment of Yong-an Basin's forming phase had the same points as other basins to the regional extent, being the environment of land-and-sea transition;at the same time, to some extent, there are differences that stratigraphic positions containing carbon are far more Meso-Cenozoic in ZM (Zhejiang-Fujian coast) area; analyses have made it known that ZM area had been one uplifted area, constituting the main provenance of Yong-an Basin together with Wuyi Mt. upwelling area. This cognition is fundamentally unanimous with the findings of regional palaeocurrent direction. The knowledge from above could provide new fundamental referential information for the weak basic research of the basins in southeast China.
On the basis of the above research content of "three representative basins", we know that, in Southeast China, sustained Marine depositional sequence from Late Devonian to Early-Middle Triassic developed above the pre-Devonian basement; and after tectonically reworked, it was complexly folded with Meso-cenozoic land depositional sequence, looking on Indosinian event as a symbol. By means of building up sequence strata framework made up of thirty representative columnar sections with nine contour maps made from them (chronologic age from Neopalaeozoic to Early Mesozoic, related areas including provinces of Guangdong, Hunan, Zhejiang, Anhui, and Fujian), to reconstitute the basin shape correspondent with the Marine depositional formation of every stage, describe the features of difference and change about the time and space evolution due to deposition, and explore new thinking on the aspect of theory and technique in the marine oil and gas prospecting of Southeast China, could be realized in the research work including such aspects as regular characteristics showing by strata correlation, distribution regularities of the environment and space developing hydrocarbon source rocks, essential characteristics of the main basins and the distribution regularities of residual outcrops, the relation between structural environment evolution history since Eopaleozoic and oil-gas, and so on. From the study we can see:①Controlled by three major fault zones of Jiangshan-Shaoxing, Ganjiang and Zhenghe-Dapu, the Southeast China Block has the basin-uplift-depression framework consisting of basin districts of south of the River, South China (Wuyi to Nanling), and southeast coast, palaeohigh of Wuyi Mountain, depression zones of Jiangshan-Shaoxing and Yong'an-Meixian.②Unit formation has regional continuance, with the high lithologic stratum depth matching deep water district, the much content of fossil organisms matching good water stability, and on the contrary, matching shallow and strongly active water.③Carboniferous System, Permian System and Triassic System have significant denotation for researching the oil-gas potentiality in Southeast China, among which Longtan Group (or Tongziyan Group, or Maokou Group) is the most optimal hydrocarbon source rock formation.
From above research, valuable fruits and innovative recognitions have been acquired, including as follows:①elic basset map from Late Devonian to Paleogene have been first completed;②The structure framework of one paleohigh and four basin areas since Late Paleozoic have been built;③The transformation from Thetis structural domain to Pacific structural domain has labeling function for the changing of sedimentary and structural environment in the interest region;④Longtan Group is the most optimum formation of hydrocarbon source rock, while Bantou Group is secondary;⑤Making use of biology comparison in the sequence strata, the change of regional sedimentary features have been made known, and the relation of time correlation between rock stratigraphic units of different sections in the interest areas has been built up;⑥By means of describing the features of field primary and auxiliary cross profiles and referring to multidisciplinary analysis of predecessors' fruits, and according to the method of outcrop sequence stratigraphy and referring to the features of biostratum, sequence carbon isotopes, et cetera, paleo-environmental change of the basin domain and regional paleo-environment and tectonic setting have been relatively and obviously combined together;⑦The sequence formation features of Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic in Southeast China has been represented in detail.⑧Jinhua-Quzhou (JQ) basin is one of the typical Meso-cenozoic land facies basins in Southeast China, Meanwhile, Yong'an (YA) basin is one of the representative composite basins not only having the features of Late Palaeozoic marine facies but also having the features of Meso-cenozoic land facies in Southeast China. During the evolutionary process, there are similarities between the two basins about the inner driving force and mechanism transition undergone by them including the conversion from Meso-cenozoic paleo-Asian kinetics framework to paleo-Pacific system, the mechanism transition from compressing to pulling at the early stage of Late Crataceous and the upwelling of mantle materials in the vertical direction. Thus the fractal assumption of energy source mass has come out, that is to say, basin's outline is the extrincic display of propagating, advancing and folding of the energy source mass surface made up by spot energy source masses distributing with nonhomogeneity along horizontal and vertical direction. The idea has provided not only for the research on the basin structural environment evolution mechanism with new visual angle but also for the prediction of earthquake catastrophe with significant references.
金衢盆地是中国东南部晚中生代断陷盆地之一,发育在前中生代变质褶皱基底之上,主要山北部浅凹陷带、中央隆起带以及南部深凹陷带三个构造单.元组成：①以地层岩石所蕴含的物质信息为主线,通过稀土元素、微量元素及同位素地球化学分析,辅以野外地质调查,从垂向深部和横向表层两方面综合考察,研究了该盆地中新生代的地层岩石及构造演化特征。结果表明：a)金衢盆地内部的不整合、向斜等构造现象反映了盆地的动态形成,盆地接受沉积的同时伴随着横向拉张；双峰式火山岩体现为流纹岩与玄武岩的SiO2含量差异超过18%,稀土元素配分曲线展示出玄武岩无铕亏损和流纹岩铕亏损明显,微量元素蛛网图表现出玄武岩和流纹岩的Nb、Ta均为槽,Zr、K较富集,Ti较贫化,据此判断研究样品为地壳部分熔融的产物；b)早白垩世晚期,盆地局段地层中夹有橄榄玄武岩,其岩石地球化学特征表明为板内快速拉张环境的碱性玄武岩,盆地西端的广丰盆地早白垩世晚期至晚白垩世红层中的玄武岩特征基本一致。②运用盆地原型分析方法,对该盆地的构造事件、深部构造、蚀源区、沉降史、沉积中心、盆地边界构造和沉积问断等进行了研究。盆地经历了早期陆内挤压(NW-SE)、早白垩世晚期伸展拉张(NW-SE)、晚白垩世拗陷、白垩世末萎缩以及后期改造几个演化阶段。研究认为：盆地沉积物主要来自于早期褶皱隆升的前中生代地层的剥蚀以及晚期拉张背景的山体风化剥蚀,证实了金衢盆地经历过由挤压向拉张机制转换所致抬升剥蚀事件,这些事件对断陷箕状盆地的形成起了很大作用；盆地沉积沉降中心主要在衢州附近,而在不同的古岩相期又有一定位移的迁移。研究表明,盆地具有良好的含油气前景,钱家、水亭、杨塘和蒋塘4个构造圈闭具有较大的勘探潜力。③进一步综合分析后发现,中新生代金衢盆地的地层岩性特征是其构造环境演化的物质记录,总体呈现“北断南超”,反映了拉张背景下的盆地迁移；根据重力资料及部分钻孔推断的基底形态,按照汤姆逊提出的三角形计算方法估算,金衢盆地在早白垩世晚期至晚白垩世的拉张量大约为2100m,沉降量约为5100m。④鉴于金衢盆地是中国东南部中新生代复杂陆相盆地的一个典型代表,盆地所处构造环境具有横向和纵向应力场相叠合的多阶段复杂演化特征,故这些认识有助于供同类陆相盆地研究时参考。
萍乐盆地沿萍乡至乐平一带出露的晚古生代至早三叠纪地层是原地系统；附近的“板溪群”,既包含有前震旦纪变质岩系,也可能含中生代构造混杂岩的成分,属于外来系统。综合前人研究表明：①萍乐坳陷海相含油气系统的烃源岩包括二叠系、三叠系碳酸盐岩、泥岩和煤,具有有机质丰度高、分布面积广、成熟度适中、油气显示较好的特点；②坳陷具有中白垩统-古近系红色岩系和元古界-三叠系推覆岩系两套区域性盖层；③坳陷内中西部以找气为主,东部以找油为主,勘探有利区为余干区和萍乡区；④具有在推覆体之下寻找油气藏的潜力。
永安盆地发育在前泥盆纪基底之上,位于华夏古陆南缘,沿NE向新元古代政和-大埔断裂带展布,是在其基础上由早寒武世永安-龙岩海湾经伸展作用而成的一个沉积断陷盆地。利用层序地层学方法,辅之以野外调查,研究了永安盆地的地层序列和岩石组合：①对晚古生代至早三叠世地层格架及柱状剖面的分析表明,伴随海平面的升降,海相沉积序列具有旋回性,不同沉积相在盆地东、中、西区段分布不均,盆地沉积沉降中心大致位于龙岩和梅县地区；②对横贯盆区的地质剖面及盆内辅助剖面的研究表明,中新生代,盆内以断块作用为主,改造了晚古生代地层,代之以断褶复合地层；③有机碳质层为盆地的海陆变迁作了时域界定,并且其赋存部位和形态也在空间上表征了盆地构造演化的力学机制。通过分析构造事件、古地理及物源区、深部构造、边界构造等盆地要素,研究了盆地的沉积构造环境演化及其应力机制,结果表明：①盆地具有隆起-伸展构造发育的特点,主要经历了华力西期海陆交互相巨厚沉积阶段,印支期稳定的准地台向活动大陆边缘转变阶段并伴随挤压隆升,以及印支期后中新生代由挤压向拉张机制转换的构造改造阶段。②晚古生代，海进海退的快慢受控于不同时期构造事件的强弱变化，由此产生的沿岸隆起区的剥蚀以及拉张背景的山体风化剥蚀为盆地提供了物源,存在北、南两个物源区。以海侵与海退为标志，晚古生代的古地理环境及各时段沉积相的展布和变化各具特色，沉积相相带分布处于重复变化之中，演化序列比较清晰；海退时期，沿NE-SW方向展布河流相-三角洲相-滨海相-海相，缺少边缘相，海侵时期的盆地沉积环境分为潮坪泻湖、台地边缘浅滩、台地前缘斜坡及陆棚边缘盆地几个沉积相带；中新生代，盆地总体为火山活动背景下的山前及河湖相沉积环境。另外，盆内不同时代含碳层位样品δ13Corg值的变化及其与邻区样品δ13Corg值的对比研究佐证了盆地本身乃至整个中国东南部沉积环境在不同地质时期以及同一时期不同区段沉积相变化的异同特征；永安盆地晚古生代沉积物有机碳δ13Corg值区主要为(-15～-25‰)，与同时期金衢盆地北缘沉积物有机碳δ13Corg值区间(-20～30‰）较为相似，盆地有机碳TOC与同时期萍乐盆地TOC也有相似之处，这些特征表明，永安盆地成盆时期的沉积环境在区域范围内与其它盆地具有相同之处，即海陆过渡环境；同时，又有定的区别，ZM(浙闽沿海)地区含碳层位多为中新生代，分析认为，在晚古生代永安盆地成盆地成盆期，ZM地区为一隆起区，该隆起区和武夷山隆起区共同构成了永安盆地的主要物源区。这一认识与区域古流向调查结果基本一致。对该盆区的认识为中国东南部盆地的薄弱基础研究提供了新的基础参考信息。
鉴于几前述“三个典型盆地”研究内容，可知中国东南部前泥盆纪基底之上发育的晚泥盆世-早中三叠世稳定的海相沉积序列以印支事件为标志经构造改造与中新生代陆相沉积序列复式叠合。为了恢复各阶段海相沉积地层对应的盆地面貌，揭示沉积作用在时空演化上的差异变化特征，以期在中国东南部海相油气勘探的理论和技术层面寻求新思路，通过建立由30个代表性柱状图组成的层序地层格架并形成9个时期地层厚度等值线图(地层年代从晚古生代到早中生代，涉及区域包括广东省、湖南省、浙江省、安徽省、江西省以及福建省)，从地层对比所展示的规律性特征、烃源岩发育的环境及空间分布规律、主要盆地的基本特征与残余露头的分布规律、早古生代以来构造环境演化史与油气关系等方面进行了研究，研究表明：①受江绍、赣江和政和-大埔三大断裂带的控制，中国东南部形成了包括江南盆地区、华南(武夷-南岭)盆地区、东南沿海盆地区、武夷山古隆起、江绍拗陷带、永梅拗陷带在内的盆-隆-拗构造格局；②单位地层具(?)区域连续性,岩石地层厚度大对应区段水体深,生物化含量多对应水体稳定性好,反之则水体浅且活动性强；③石炭系、二叠系及三叠系对于研究中国东南部油气潜力具有重要意义,其中龙潭组(或童子岩组,或茅口组)是最有利的烃源岩层位。
研究取得了有价值的成果和创新认识。包括如下方面：①首次完成晚泥盆世古近纪残余地层露头分布图编制；②建立了晚古生代以来一个古隆起、四个盆地区的构造格局；③特提斯构造域向太平洋构造域的转换对于研究区沉积构造环境的变迁具有标志作用；④龙潭组是最有利的烃源岩层位,次为坂头组；⑤利用层序地层中的生物刘比,反映了区域性沉积特征变化,建立了研究区各剖面岩石地层单位之问的时代对比关系；⑥通过对野外盆区主干剖面、辅助剖面的特征描述,并结合前人成果的综合分析,根据露头层序地层学方法,并结合生物地层、层序的碳同位素特征等,较为清晰地把盆区古环境的变迁与区域性古环境及构造环境有机结合起来;⑦详细阐述了中国东南部石炭系、二叠系和三叠系层序地层特征。⑧金衢盆地是中国东南部典型的中新生代陆相盆地之一,水安盆地则是中国东南部兼具晚古生代海相特征和中新生代陆相特征的典型复合盆地之一,两者在演化过程中所受内驱力和所经历的机制转换具有相似性,即中新生代古亚洲动力学体制向古太平洋体制的转换,晚白垩世之初的由挤压向拉张的机制转换,以及垂向地幔物质的上涌,由此首次提出了能量源团分形设想,即盆地的轮廓是横向与垂向分布不均匀的点能量源团组成的能量源团面传播推进叠合的外在表现；该设想不仅为研究盆地构造环境演化机制提供了新视角,而且对地震灾害预测具有借鉴意义。
Southeast China as a research object and "three representative basins" as working space, Jinhua-Quzhou basin, Yong'an basin and Pingle basin were specifically studied, by means of field survey of geology and structure, thin section analysis of samples, discrimination of geochemical quantification and synthetical analysis of interior references and documents. And there were such research subjects as petrophysics, sequence strata, constituents of basin, features of major elements and REE(rare-earth elements), characteristics of organic carbon isotopes. In view of what was mentioned, and under the prerequisite of recognizing sedimentary structure, depocenter, facies change and tectonic setting evolution of every basinal region, writers had comparatively studied morphological distribution framework of regional basins and structural environment evolution from Late Paleozoic to Meso-Cenozoic in Souteast China.
Jinhua-Quzhou Basin is one of the late Mesozoic rifted basins in Southeast China. It developed on the Pre-mesozoic metamorphosed fold basement, mainly including three structural units of northern shallow depression zone, central uplift belt and southern hollow zone:①Looking on material information contained in strata rocks as master line, features of the basin's Meso-cenozoic formation-litho and structural evolution had been studied by means of geochemical analysis on rare-earth elements, trace elements and isotopic elements, being supplemented by field investigating and synthetically surveying two aspects of vertical deep position and horizontal surface level. The findings suggest as follows:a) Tectonic phenomena of unconformity, syncline et cetera in the inner Jinhua-Quzhou basin had reflected the dynamic building of the basin, with the basin's receiving deposition accompanied by horizontal pulling; bimodal volcanic rock was displayed by the deviation of SiO2content overtaking18%between rhyolite and basalt, rare-earth element (REE) partitioning curves had exhibited not having europium depletion in basalt and obviously having europium depletion in rhyolite, and trace element cobweb figure had manifested being as trough curves of Nb and Ta, comparatively concentrating of Zr and K and relatively depleting of Ti in basalt and rhyolite, from which could be drawn a judgement that specimen studied were the products of Earth crust melted, b) During the late period of early Cretaceous, in the formations of part of the basin, there was alkaline basalt with the geochemical characteristics showing its being formed within plate environment by fast extension. Those basalts in red layers from late period of early Cretaceous to late Cretaceous in the Guangfeng basin in the western part of Jinhua-Quzhou basin fundamentally had the same features.②Making use of analytic approach of basin prototype, tectonic events, deep seated structure, provenance, subsiding history, depocenter, basin bonndary structure and cessation of deposition, etc were studied. J-Q basin had undergone several evolutionary phases of early intracontinental compressing (NW-SE), late early Crataceous extending and drafting (NW-SE), late Crataceous depression, suppression of last stage of Crataceous and reformation of later stage. From research above, basin filling material was coming from ablation due to incipient fold and uplift of pre-Mesozoic formation and weathering denudation of mountain mass with the background of late period drafting, confirming that J-Q basin had experienced uplifting and denuding events attributing to the mechanism conversion from extruding to pulling. These events had important affection on the shaping of rifting and half graben-like basin. Sedimentation and subsidence center was in the vicinity of Quzhou with more or less translational migration during the three palaeo-lithofacies stages. From the study above, we can see that J-Q basin has favorable oil and gas foreground, and these four structural traps of Qianjia, Shuiting, Yangtang and Jiangtang have major prospecting potentiality.③rom the further multidisciplinary analysis, we can see that the features of formation lithology of Meso-cenozoic Jinhua-Quzhou basin were material records of its tectonic environment evolution, totally presenting "fault structure in the northern part and overlap construction in the southern part", reflecting the basin migration under the background of extension; Based on the deducing morphological feature of the basement of Jinhua-Quzhou Basin by gravity surveying and geological drilling, using trigonometric algorithm method, we have made the extension estimation of Jinhua-Quzhou Basin during late Cretaceous. The quantity of extension is about2100m, and the amount of subsidence is around5100m.④In connection with one typical representative of Meso-cenozoic land facies basins of South-east China, the tectonic setting which J-Q basin had been situated in had complex evolution characteristics of multi-phase with the stress field superimposed by vertical and horizontal stress fields. These cognitions are helpful to provide references for the study of synchronizing continental facies basins.
In the Pingle basin, the formations from Late Paleozoic to Early Triassic outcropping along the zone from Pingxiang to Leping was in-situ system. And Banxi Group of adjacent areas had both Pre-Sinian metamorphics series and probably the composition of Mesozoic tectonic melange, being external system. From synthesizing the research results of predecessors, we could see:①Hydrocarbonaceous mother rocks of oil and gas system in Pingle depression include carbonatite, mudstone, and coal of Permian and Triassic, having the features of high abundance of organic substance, vast distribution area, moderate maturity and preferable show of oil and gas.②There are two kinds of capping formations which are respectively red petrographic series from Middle Crataceous to Paleogene and overriding petrographic series from Proterozoic to Triassic.③The middle-and-western part of Pingle depression has the priority of gas location with the eastern part being preferable for oil detection. The favorable areas for prospecting are Yugan and Pingxiang.④Having the potentiality of prospecting oil and gas reservoir above the nappe.
The Yong'an basin developed on the Pre-Devonian basement, locating on the southern margin of the Cathaysian block, distributing along the NE-SW and Neoproterozoic Zhenghe-Dapu fault zone which was the background of the deposition-rifted basin formed from early Cambrian Yong'an-Longyan gulf by extending action. Making use of the method of sequence stratigraphy and being supplemented by field investigation, writers studied the stratigraphic sequences and rock assemblages of the basin:①An analysis on the stratigraphic framework and geological column from Late Paleozoic to Early Triassic shows that marine deposit sequence is episodic with the fluctuation of sea level, and different sedimentary facies have disproportion in the eastern part, central part and western part of the basin. The center of deposition and subsidence is approximately in the areas of Longyan and Meixian.②A research on the cross sections traversing the basin and the intrabasinal auxiliary sections shows that the block faulting has played a main part during Meso—Cenozoic, reformed the Late Paleozoic strata and formed compound fault—fold strata.③The layers with organic carbon provide the time limits for the land—sea changes in the basin, and their locations and shapes can demonstrate the dynamic mechanism of the tectonic evolution in the basin. Based on analyzing tectonic events, paleogeography and provenances, deep seated structures, boundary structures, and so on, studying the tectonic setting evolution and its stress mechanism, we can get the conclusions as follows:①The basin is characterized by devoloping uplift—extension structures, and it has mainly undergone phases of Variscan paralic tremendous thick deposition, Indosinian transition from sustained platform to active continental margin accompanied by compressing and uplifting and Meso—Cenzoic tectonic reworking with the conversion from compressing to pulling after Indosinian.②During Late Paleozoic, the speed of incursion and regression of the sea was controlled by the strong and weak alternation of tectonic events in different time, for this reason, the ablation of coastal uplifting areas and weathering denudation of mountain mass with the drafting background provided sedimentary source materials for the basin, and there were two provenance areas in the north and south of the basin. Taking marine ingression and recession as a label, the paleo-geographic environment of late Paleozoic and the spreading and changing of sedimentary facies of every stage had their own special characteristics. The distribution of sedimentary facies belts was in repeated change. The evolutionary series was obvious. During the period of marine regression, the sequence of river-facies, delta-facies, offshore-facies,marine-facies was along NE-SW direction, with the absence of marginal facies. The basin's depositional environment of ingression period was divided into several sedimentary facies belts of tidal flat lagoon, platform edge shallow, platform foreslope, continental shelf peripheral basin. During Meso—Cenozoic, the basin had totally the piedmont and river—lake sedimentary facies on volcanic environment. In addition, during different geologic epoch and in distinct districts of the same period, the features of similiarities and differences of facies transition of the basin itself and even the whole depositional environment of southeast China are proved by δ13Corg. value alternation of samples from these stratigraphic positions of different era in the basin and the comparative study of δ13Corg. value between the basin and its neighborhood areas. The δ13Corg. value interval of Yong-an basin's palaeozoic sediment is mainly (-15～-25‰), relatively having similarities compared with the δ13Corg.value interval (-20～-30‰) of Jinhua-Quzhou basin's northern margin sediment; and the organic carbon TOC value of Yong-an basin also has similar points with the synchronous Ping-Le basin; these features demonstrate that the sedimentary environment of Yong-an Basin's forming phase had the same points as other basins to the regional extent, being the environment of land-and-sea transition;at the same time, to some extent, there are differences that stratigraphic positions containing carbon are far more Meso-Cenozoic in ZM (Zhejiang-Fujian coast) area; analyses have made it known that ZM area had been one uplifted area, constituting the main provenance of Yong-an Basin together with Wuyi Mt. upwelling area. This cognition is fundamentally unanimous with the findings of regional palaeocurrent direction. The knowledge from above could provide new fundamental referential information for the weak basic research of the basins in southeast China.
On the basis of the above research content of "three representative basins", we know that, in Southeast China, sustained Marine depositional sequence from Late Devonian to Early-Middle Triassic developed above the pre-Devonian basement; and after tectonically reworked, it was complexly folded with Meso-cenozoic land depositional sequence, looking on Indosinian event as a symbol. By means of building up sequence strata framework made up of thirty representative columnar sections with nine contour maps made from them (chronologic age from Neopalaeozoic to Early Mesozoic, related areas including provinces of Guangdong, Hunan, Zhejiang, Anhui, and Fujian), to reconstitute the basin shape correspondent with the Marine depositional formation of every stage, describe the features of difference and change about the time and space evolution due to deposition, and explore new thinking on the aspect of theory and technique in the marine oil and gas prospecting of Southeast China, could be realized in the research work including such aspects as regular characteristics showing by strata correlation, distribution regularities of the environment and space developing hydrocarbon source rocks, essential characteristics of the main basins and the distribution regularities of residual outcrops, the relation between structural environment evolution history since Eopaleozoic and oil-gas, and so on. From the study we can see:①Controlled by three major fault zones of Jiangshan-Shaoxing, Ganjiang and Zhenghe-Dapu, the Southeast China Block has the basin-uplift-depression framework consisting of basin districts of south of the River, South China (Wuyi to Nanling), and southeast coast, palaeohigh of Wuyi Mountain, depression zones of Jiangshan-Shaoxing and Yong'an-Meixian.②Unit formation has regional continuance, with the high lithologic stratum depth matching deep water district, the much content of fossil organisms matching good water stability, and on the contrary, matching shallow and strongly active water.③Carboniferous System, Permian System and Triassic System have significant denotation for researching the oil-gas potentiality in Southeast China, among which Longtan Group (or Tongziyan Group, or Maokou Group) is the most optimal hydrocarbon source rock formation.
From above research, valuable fruits and innovative recognitions have been acquired, including as follows:①elic basset map from Late Devonian to Paleogene have been first completed;②The structure framework of one paleohigh and four basin areas since Late Paleozoic have been built;③The transformation from Thetis structural domain to Pacific structural domain has labeling function for the changing of sedimentary and structural environment in the interest region;④Longtan Group is the most optimum formation of hydrocarbon source rock, while Bantou Group is secondary;⑤Making use of biology comparison in the sequence strata, the change of regional sedimentary features have been made known, and the relation of time correlation between rock stratigraphic units of different sections in the interest areas has been built up;⑥By means of describing the features of field primary and auxiliary cross profiles and referring to multidisciplinary analysis of predecessors' fruits, and according to the method of outcrop sequence stratigraphy and referring to the features of biostratum, sequence carbon isotopes, et cetera, paleo-environmental change of the basin domain and regional paleo-environment and tectonic setting have been relatively and obviously combined together;⑦The sequence formation features of Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic in Southeast China has been represented in detail.⑧Jinhua-Quzhou (JQ) basin is one of the typical Meso-cenozoic land facies basins in Southeast China, Meanwhile, Yong'an (YA) basin is one of the representative composite basins not only having the features of Late Palaeozoic marine facies but also having the features of Meso-cenozoic land facies in Southeast China. During the evolutionary process, there are similarities between the two basins about the inner driving force and mechanism transition undergone by them including the conversion from Meso-cenozoic paleo-Asian kinetics framework to paleo-Pacific system, the mechanism transition from compressing to pulling at the early stage of Late Crataceous and the upwelling of mantle materials in the vertical direction. Thus the fractal assumption of energy source mass has come out, that is to say, basin's outline is the extrincic display of propagating, advancing and folding of the energy source mass surface made up by spot energy source masses distributing with nonhomogeneity along horizontal and vertical direction. The idea has provided not only for the research on the basin structural environment evolution mechanism with new visual angle but also for the prediction of earthquake catastrophe with significant references.
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