环境导向的城市交通分区聚类方法研究
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摘要
随着城市化进程的加快,机动车持有量的快速增长,城市主城区交通拥堵成为困扰国际众多大城市的严重问题,除此之外交通噪声、机动车尾气排放成为影响城市环境质量的主要污染源,严重影响人们生活水平的提高。构建生态化的城市交通系统(简称城市交通环境系统)成了未来交通发展的必然趋势。
城市交通环境系统由交通、社会、经济、环境等子系统构成,具有较高的开放性和复杂性,不同区位的土地利用结构分布、居住人口和工作岗位分布、社会经济发展状况等与交通发展息息相关的因素存在很大的差异性,导致交通环境系统供需状况存在很大的空间差异性。因此城市交通系统要实现可持续发展,必须制定区域差别化的交通环境政策。
本文旨在研究一种环境导向的城市交通环境分区方法,主要研究内容如下：
1)在对城市交通环境系统解析的基础上,明确城市交通环境分区的必要性,并借鉴网格化管理的思想,探讨基于网格聚类的城市交通环境分区方法基本思路。
2)构建环境导向的城市交通环境分区指标体系。结合传统的交通系统评价模型和DPSIR生态交通系统框架模型,从社会经济指标、交通基础设施指标、交通状态指标、环境影响指标四个方面,分析不同指标对研究对象的影响,选取具有代表性、可操作性、独立性、实用性的指标,构建城市交通分区指标体系。
3)基于分区的聚类方法的设计。城市交通环境分区设计因素众多,不同的指标数据没有固定的分布规律,导致很多常规的聚类算法的不适应性。而基于生物体免疫系统的聚类算法具有较强的数据处理、模式识别、快速记忆、学习的能力,因此本文基于人工免疫网络的思想,构建一套适用于分区的聚类方案。
4)交通环境分区系统的软件系统设计。利用ArcEngine组件库,将ArcGIS提供的空间分析、数据显示等功能集成到Visual C#.NET编程环境中,结合前面设计的免疫聚类算法,进行分区系统的设计。
5)利用交通环境分区系统软件进行北京市环境导向的交通分区分析。分区结果与北京市城市空间布局具有一致性,提出了改善北京市交通环境状况的措施,并重点对北京市核心分区进行了交通拥挤收费政策分析。
With the acceleration of urbanization and the rapid increasing number of motor vehicles, traffic congestion has become one of the most serious problems that hinder the development of numerous big cities in the world. Additionally, traffic voice and vehicle emission are regarded as the main source of city environmental pollutants, and have great adverse impacts on the life standards of modern citizens. Ecological urban transport system is the evitable direction of future transportation system.
Urban transport environment system is a complex unit, performing integrated functions of transportation, social, economical, environmental services. Coupled with its complexity and openness, such elements as land use, habitant, working place, and socio-economical conditions are highly related to transport system, and showing high degree of spatial imbalance and spatial difference. This situation determines that, the traffic conditions and key problems at one place may be quite different from other place. In this mean, the improvement of urban transport environment should be region-oriented, highly depended on the specific and regional conditions. Effectively dividing whole city into different parts, should be the first step of figure out region specific measurement.
This study focuses on the zoning method of urban environment-oriented transport system, the main contents are as follows:
At first, the necessity of urban transport environment zoning is discussed based on the characteristics of urban transport system. Zone management applications in different fields are studied and compared. It is concluded that grid management is a good way of complex system management. Based on the concept of grid management, a new method for urban transport environment zoning is brought forward in the use of grid clustering.
Secondly, an environment-oriented urban traffic zoning index system is established. The impact of different elements on the whole urban traffic system, traditional traffic system evaluation models, and the ecological transport system study framework of Driving-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) are the main considered perspectives. The final zoning index system contains four types of indices: geographical indices, transportation facility indices, dynamic traffic parameters, and environment indices.
Thirdly, a zoning-fitted clustering algorithm is designed. Since a large number of indices are involved, and various indices follow no fixed distribution characteristic, many traditional clustering methods are not good choices. However, clustering algorithm enlightened from biological immune system has great advantages at data processing, pattern recognition, fast memory and learning. In this study, a clustering method is designed to realize the transport zoning.
Fourthly, a software system of urban transport environment zoning is designed. The component library of ArcGIS Engine and designed immune clustering method are integrated into the same system to realize the automatical zoning of urban transport environment system.
At last, the zoning software system is applied in the case study of Beijing. The zoning results are analyzed. On the other hand, the congestion pricing policy in the central zone is tested. And the further measurements to improve the condition of Beijing transport environment are discussed.
城市交通环境系统由交通、社会、经济、环境等子系统构成,具有较高的开放性和复杂性,不同区位的土地利用结构分布、居住人口和工作岗位分布、社会经济发展状况等与交通发展息息相关的因素存在很大的差异性,导致交通环境系统供需状况存在很大的空间差异性。因此城市交通系统要实现可持续发展,必须制定区域差别化的交通环境政策。
本文旨在研究一种环境导向的城市交通环境分区方法,主要研究内容如下：
1)在对城市交通环境系统解析的基础上,明确城市交通环境分区的必要性,并借鉴网格化管理的思想,探讨基于网格聚类的城市交通环境分区方法基本思路。
2)构建环境导向的城市交通环境分区指标体系。结合传统的交通系统评价模型和DPSIR生态交通系统框架模型,从社会经济指标、交通基础设施指标、交通状态指标、环境影响指标四个方面,分析不同指标对研究对象的影响,选取具有代表性、可操作性、独立性、实用性的指标,构建城市交通分区指标体系。
3)基于分区的聚类方法的设计。城市交通环境分区设计因素众多,不同的指标数据没有固定的分布规律,导致很多常规的聚类算法的不适应性。而基于生物体免疫系统的聚类算法具有较强的数据处理、模式识别、快速记忆、学习的能力,因此本文基于人工免疫网络的思想,构建一套适用于分区的聚类方案。
4)交通环境分区系统的软件系统设计。利用ArcEngine组件库,将ArcGIS提供的空间分析、数据显示等功能集成到Visual C#.NET编程环境中,结合前面设计的免疫聚类算法,进行分区系统的设计。
5)利用交通环境分区系统软件进行北京市环境导向的交通分区分析。分区结果与北京市城市空间布局具有一致性,提出了改善北京市交通环境状况的措施,并重点对北京市核心分区进行了交通拥挤收费政策分析。
With the acceleration of urbanization and the rapid increasing number of motor vehicles, traffic congestion has become one of the most serious problems that hinder the development of numerous big cities in the world. Additionally, traffic voice and vehicle emission are regarded as the main source of city environmental pollutants, and have great adverse impacts on the life standards of modern citizens. Ecological urban transport system is the evitable direction of future transportation system.
Urban transport environment system is a complex unit, performing integrated functions of transportation, social, economical, environmental services. Coupled with its complexity and openness, such elements as land use, habitant, working place, and socio-economical conditions are highly related to transport system, and showing high degree of spatial imbalance and spatial difference. This situation determines that, the traffic conditions and key problems at one place may be quite different from other place. In this mean, the improvement of urban transport environment should be region-oriented, highly depended on the specific and regional conditions. Effectively dividing whole city into different parts, should be the first step of figure out region specific measurement.
This study focuses on the zoning method of urban environment-oriented transport system, the main contents are as follows:
At first, the necessity of urban transport environment zoning is discussed based on the characteristics of urban transport system. Zone management applications in different fields are studied and compared. It is concluded that grid management is a good way of complex system management. Based on the concept of grid management, a new method for urban transport environment zoning is brought forward in the use of grid clustering.
Secondly, an environment-oriented urban traffic zoning index system is established. The impact of different elements on the whole urban traffic system, traditional traffic system evaluation models, and the ecological transport system study framework of Driving-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) are the main considered perspectives. The final zoning index system contains four types of indices: geographical indices, transportation facility indices, dynamic traffic parameters, and environment indices.
Thirdly, a zoning-fitted clustering algorithm is designed. Since a large number of indices are involved, and various indices follow no fixed distribution characteristic, many traditional clustering methods are not good choices. However, clustering algorithm enlightened from biological immune system has great advantages at data processing, pattern recognition, fast memory and learning. In this study, a clustering method is designed to realize the transport zoning.
Fourthly, a software system of urban transport environment zoning is designed. The component library of ArcGIS Engine and designed immune clustering method are integrated into the same system to realize the automatical zoning of urban transport environment system.
At last, the zoning software system is applied in the case study of Beijing. The zoning results are analyzed. On the other hand, the congestion pricing policy in the central zone is tested. And the further measurements to improve the condition of Beijing transport environment are discussed.
引文
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[2]王钊.城市生态交通系统综合评价方法研究[J].2008城市发展与规划国际论坛论文集,2008：81-85.
[3]冯相昭,邹骥,郭光明.城市交通拥堵的外部成本估算[J].环境与可持续发展,2009(03)：64-67.
[4]张瑶.驾车上班的美国人每年因堵车浪费一星期[N].《华盛顿观察》周刊,2007(35)
[5]李国明,孟现红,徐志强,等.浅谈城市网格化管理,测绘与空间地理信息[J],2009,32(6)：141-145.
[6]Zerbe R.O, Croke K.. Urban Transportion for the Environment[M]. Cambridge, Mass,U.S.A., Ballinger Publishing Company: 25-34.
[7]Kageson. Control Techniques and Stratrgies for Regional Air Pollution form the Transport Sector the European[J]. Water, Air and Pollution,1995 (1):89-94.
[8]Chen C., Xu Y., Shang J.C., Gorden Huang. Alternatives of Strategic Environmental Assessment for Road Traffic Development Planning: Case of Changchun City[J], China. Chin. Geogra. Sci.2009,19 (1):025-036.
[9]邱荣祖,张东水,余德志.基于GIS的城市交通噪声环境影响评价系统[J].应用技术,2005(2)：29-32.
[10]金国平,徐鹤,刘梦,等.基于GIS的城市综合交通规划环境影响评价支持系统初探[C].2008城市发展与规划国际论坛论文集,2008.
[11]杨兆升,王淼.城市交通系统的灰色统计评估[J].公路交通科技,1999,16(2)：49-52.
[12]尹春娥,马艳,万国华.可持续发展的城市交通系统评价指标体系[J].山西建筑,2005,31(7)：20-21.
[13]MCQUEEN J. Some Methods for Classification and Analysis of Multivariate Observations [C]. Proeeedings of the Fifth Berkeley SymPosiumon Mathematical Statisties and Probability,1967:281-297.
[14]李智,鞠美庭,史聆聆,陈敏,李珀松.交通规划环境影响评价的指标体系探讨[J].交通环保,2004,25(6)：16-26.
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