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克拉玛依石油城啮齿动物群落结构与环境变迁研究
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摘要
2003 年 4—10 月,在与新疆畜牧厅、新疆林科院的合作和
    配合下,首次对克拉玛依市所属的克拉玛依市区、白碱滩区、乌
    尔禾乡、小拐乡、独山子区啮齿动物群落做了详细的研究。
    位于准噶尔盆地西缘的克拉玛依(84.44’~86.1’E、44.7’~
    46.8’N)是新中国成立后发现的第一个大油田。经过半个多世纪
    的开垦、经营,由原来的砾石荒漠戈壁变为交通便利、楼宇林立
    的现代化城市。环境的巨大变化,啮齿动物群落也呈现出相应的
    变化。我们根据不同环境特征、人类干扰强度和干扰时间等因素,
    确定影响鼠类群落结构变化的关键因素。在野外,采用样方面积
    铗子法,即在 100m×100 m 面积内置铗 100 只, 铗距 5m,铗线
    距 20 m,连续置铗 24h,晚下晨收。鼠铗为 2 号标准板铗,诱饵
    为花生米、黄萝卜和自制面包。在居民区及宾馆等人工环境按房
    屋布铗,采用样地面积铗子法,在离墙边 50cm 的地方置铗,每
    6m2 面积置铗一只。在克拉玛依市所属的五个区设定典型样地 70
    块,面积 36 公顷,布铗 3616 只,捕鼠 298 只。所有的标本均进
    行常规生物学测量。根据各样地优势植物种类分布和环境变化的
    特点,把所选定的典型样地合并为 13 个样地组。本文的研究对其
    鼠类种类组成,鼠类群落构成和特征,鼠类群落相似性、种多样
    性、均匀性、优势度进行了分析,同时对生态环境、人类干扰强
    度、干扰时间长短等对鼠类群落的影响,鼠类群落的空间格局等
    都做了较详细的调查与分析。在内陆干旱荒漠区应用环境变迁与
    人类干扰程度的方法探索鼠类群落的变化,国内外尚未见报道。
     1
    
    
    结果如下:
     (1)捕获鼠类分属 3 科 10 种。家鼠科(Rattus):褐家鼠(Rattus
    norvegicus)、小家鼠(Mus musculus);仓鼠科(Cricetidae):大沙鼠
    (Rhombomys opimus)
     、红尾沙鼠(Meriones erythrourus)、柽柳沙
    鼠(Meriones tamariscinus)、子午沙鼠(Meriones meridianus)、
    灰仓鼠(Cticetulus migratorius)、根田鼠(Microtus oeconomus);
    跳鼠科(Dipodidae):西伯利亚五趾跳鼠(Allactaga sibirica)、小
    五趾跳鼠(Allactaga elate)。
     (2)经 SPSS11.0 多元分析软件聚类分析。在欧氏距离为
    0.970 时,该地区的鼠类可划分为 5 种鼠类群落:① 以西伯利亚
    五趾跳鼠为主的砾石荒漠鼠类群落。群落植被稀少,植物覆盖度
    低于 20%; ②以子午沙鼠 + 大沙鼠 + 红尾沙鼠为主的红柳—
    梭梭荒漠鼠类群落。由于近年来的保护,红柳和梭梭生长旺盛,
    植物覆盖度达 80%; ③以红尾沙鼠 + 柽柳沙鼠为主的农田—荒
    漠—弃耕地鼠类群落; ④ 以根田鼠 + 小家鼠 + 灰仓鼠 + 红
    尾沙鼠为主的农田人工林鼠类群落,开垦的农田和林地为鼠类提
    供了良好的栖息地; ⑤ 以褐家鼠 + 小家鼠 + 灰仓鼠为主的城
    市人工景观鼠类群落。群落环境以旧民房、居民区、宾馆为主。
     (3)人类活动的干扰所引起的环境变化是造成鼠类群落结构变
    化的主要原因。在以砾石戈壁为主的原始景观中,鼠类群落以跳
    鼠、大沙鼠、子午沙鼠、红尾沙鼠、柽柳沙鼠等荒漠鼠类为主;
    在农田、人工林地等人类活动地区,这些荒漠鼠类逐渐退出,被
    喜潮湿环境的根田鼠、灰仓鼠和小家鼠所代替。而在现代化的城
    市景观中,以没有了跳鼠和沙鼠的种类,出现了以褐家鼠、小家
    鼠为主要成分的城市鼠类群落的新格局。
     2
    
    
    (4)人类干扰程度直接影响到鼠类群落结构变化。低强度的人
    类活动干扰,在时间周期上,2-3 年只见到外来物种入侵的迹象,
    原有种群变化不大;5 年以上原有物种开始减少,外来物种明显
    增加;10 年以上时间鼠类群落结构发生明显变化,即原有物种明
    显减少,外来物种占据主导地位。
    (5)高强度的人类干扰活动是鼠类群落发生演替的主导原因。
    我们在不同人类干扰程度的地段的研究结果表明,在高强度干扰
    下,即使只有 1—2 年,当地鼠类群落结构产生明显变化,鼠类的
    演替现象发生的很明显;在低干扰强度下,即使是 10—20 年,鼠
    类群落结构并也未产生明显变化,与干扰前的鼠类结构组成基本
    保持一致。
    本文结果已对当地有关部门开发建设项目的制定、规划及鼠
    害防灭等工作提供了第一手资料。当前,它在指导当地近 100 万
    亩的人工林地和农田规划与建设等方面已有显著的现实意义和应
    用价值。
Cooperating with the Animal Husbandry Institute and Forest
    Scientific Institute of Xinjiang, we investigated the rodents
    community in Karamy Prefecture, including Karamy city, Bai Jiantan,
    Wu erhe, Xiao Guai and Du Shanzi from April to October in 2003.
     Located in the west of Junggar Basin, Karamy (84.44’~86.1’E,
    44.7’~46.8’N) is the first grand oil field found after 1949. With
    people’s efforts in reclaiming and operation for over half a century,
    the gravel desert has changed into a modern city. With the vicissitude
    of environment, rodents community changes accordingly. In wild
    field ,a total of 298 individuals were captured by means of plot area
    trap method, that is, to place 100 2# standard traps per hectare, the
    distance between two traps was 5 meters, the distance between two
    routes was 20 meters, kept 72 hours obviously; checked two times
    each day, in the morning and evening, by using self-made fried
    bread、carrots、fried peanuts, in a region of 36 hectares with traps. In
    the artificial environment of residents and hotels, traps were put up in
    every 6 m2. 3616 traps were distributed on 70 plots, and 298 rodents
    were captured. The number of captured rodents were subjected into
    analysis of normal biology measurement. According to the dominant
    plants and environmental feature, 70 plots were merged to 13
    sampled plots. We studied on composition, characteristics, similarity,
    diversity, evenness and dominance of the rodent communities. We
    also analyze the influence of environment, the intensity and time of
    human being interference at the same time. No report has been seen
    about studying succession of rodent community by means of
    environment and human interference in Arid region inland. Our
    results are as follows:
     4
    
    
    (1) 298 rodents were captured, belonging to 3 families, 10
    species. They were Allactaga sibirica. Allactaga elater, Meriones
    meridianus, Rhombomys opimus, Meriones erythrourus, Meriones
    tamariscinus, Microtus oeconomus, Mus musculus, Cticetulus
    migratorius, Rattus norvegicus.
     (2) When Eucliden Distance coefficient was 0.970, the rodents
    community structure are classified into 5 rodents communities ①
    gravel desert community with Allacga sibiric, with sparse plants and
    plants cover is under 20%. ② T.ramossima-H.persicum deserts
    community by Meriores meridianus,+ Rhomlomys opimus +
    Meriones erythrourus. Being protected in recent years, T.ramossima
    and H.persicum are luxuriant and plant covers over 80%. ③
    farmland-deserts-waste community by Meriones erythrourus +
    Meriones tamariscinus. With reclaimed farmland and planted forest ,
    a favorable habitat is provided with rodents. ④Farmland and
    planted forest community Microtus oeconomus+ Mus musculus+
    Cricetulus migratorius + Meriones erythrouru. .In this area,
    windbreak was planted, and various of crops, fruits and grassland are
    inter-planted. (5) Artificial city landscape community Rattus
    norvegicus,+Mus musculus+Cticetulus migratorius. This community
    characterized by old buildings, resident areas and hotels.
     (3) The change of environment by human interference is the
    major factor in change of rodent community. In the past 50 years,
    Karamy has witnessed a development of gravel desert gradually to
    resident area, and then to a modern city. Changing with environment,
    Allacgasibiric was replaced by Meriones meridianus, Rhombomys
    opimus, Meriones erythrouru. Then with the urbanization they were
    replace by Microtus oeconomus, Cricetulus migratorius, and then by
     5
    
    
    Rattus norvegicus, Mus musculus and Cricetulus migratorius at last.
     (4) Human interference exerts direct influence on changing of
    rodents community structure. In 2 to 3 years, only the invasion of
    peregrine species can be traced, and original species have been seen
    little change. In more than 5 years, original species began to decrease
    and peregrine species increase apparently. In over 10 years, rodents
    community structure changes gr
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