基于微观组织演变的钛合金本构关系模型及应用
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摘要
钛合金是航空工业中应用广泛的金属结构材料。由于钛合金的组织和性能对变形时的热加工参数比较敏感，使其适合的热加工参数范围较狭隘，用一般的锻造方法难以获得理想的微观组织和性能。研究钛合金在锻造成形过程中的变形规律，对获得理想的锻件性能有重要作用。
建立金属材料的本构关系模型，是运用有限元方法对金属塑性成形过程进行数值模拟的前提条件。在金属材料的热成形中，除了经历应力和应变的变化外，材料的微观组织也经历一系列复杂的变化。本文在TC6合金微观组织实验的基础上，研究了锻造工艺参数对微观组织的影响，提出了基于微观组织演变的本构关系模型，并运用遗传算法求解材料常数。
本文基于微观组织演变的本构关系模型，对不同变形温度、凸模速度和摩擦条件下钛合金盘的等温锻造过程进行了三维数值模拟，研究了变形工艺参数对等效应变、等效应力和晶粒尺寸的影响，计算了各变形条件下的位移—载荷曲线。
Titanium alloy is a structure material of metal widely used in aircraft industry. The microstructure and performance of titanium is relatively sensitive to the process parameters in the hot deformation processes, and the optimal process parameters is in relatively narrow range, and then it is in difficulty to obtain ideal microstructure and performance with the common forging technique. To study the deformation mechanism in forging process of titanium alloy plays an important role in practice.
To establish the constitutive relationship is a precondition to simulate the plastic deformation during the hot plastic deformation of metals. Besides the stress and strain change of metals, microstructure undergoes a series of complicated changes. Based on the experimental results of microstructure of a TC6 alloy, influence of process parameters on microstructure evolution has been studied, the constitutive relationship based on microstructure evolution has been developed, and the material constants have been calculated with the help of evolution programming.
Based on the constitutive relationship coupled microstructure evolution, 3D-FE simulation of isothermal forging process of TC6 titanium alloy disc is performed dealing with different deformation temperature, punch velocity and shear factor of friction, effect of process parameters on equivalent strain, equivalent stress and grain size is calculated, and load-displacement curve is calculated.
建立金属材料的本构关系模型，是运用有限元方法对金属塑性成形过程进行数值模拟的前提条件。在金属材料的热成形中，除了经历应力和应变的变化外，材料的微观组织也经历一系列复杂的变化。本文在TC6合金微观组织实验的基础上，研究了锻造工艺参数对微观组织的影响，提出了基于微观组织演变的本构关系模型，并运用遗传算法求解材料常数。
本文基于微观组织演变的本构关系模型，对不同变形温度、凸模速度和摩擦条件下钛合金盘的等温锻造过程进行了三维数值模拟，研究了变形工艺参数对等效应变、等效应力和晶粒尺寸的影响，计算了各变形条件下的位移—载荷曲线。
Titanium alloy is a structure material of metal widely used in aircraft industry. The microstructure and performance of titanium is relatively sensitive to the process parameters in the hot deformation processes, and the optimal process parameters is in relatively narrow range, and then it is in difficulty to obtain ideal microstructure and performance with the common forging technique. To study the deformation mechanism in forging process of titanium alloy plays an important role in practice.
To establish the constitutive relationship is a precondition to simulate the plastic deformation during the hot plastic deformation of metals. Besides the stress and strain change of metals, microstructure undergoes a series of complicated changes. Based on the experimental results of microstructure of a TC6 alloy, influence of process parameters on microstructure evolution has been studied, the constitutive relationship based on microstructure evolution has been developed, and the material constants have been calculated with the help of evolution programming.
Based on the constitutive relationship coupled microstructure evolution, 3D-FE simulation of isothermal forging process of TC6 titanium alloy disc is performed dealing with different deformation temperature, punch velocity and shear factor of friction, effect of process parameters on equivalent strain, equivalent stress and grain size is calculated, and load-displacement curve is calculated.
引文
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2 彭艳萍，曾凡昌，王俊杰等．国外航空钛合金的发展应用及其特点分析．材料工程．1997，10：3～6
3 刘静安，周昆．航空航天用铝合金材料的开发与应用趋势．铝加工．1997，6：51～59
4 娄贯涛．钛合金的研究应用现状及发展方向．钛工业进展．2003，2：9～13
5 O.索朗宁娜．热强钛合金．张志方，葛志明译．北京：第三机械工业部第六二一研究所．
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20 H. Kim, K. Sweeney, T. Altan. Application of Computer Aided Simulation to Investigate Metal Flow in Selected Forging Operations. J. Mater Process Technol. 1994, 46: 127～154
21 M. C. Rodriques Jorge, A. F. Martins Paulo, J. M. Barata Marques. The PLAST3 System and its Application of an Open Die Forging Operation. J. Mater Process Technol. 1994, 47: 111～125
22 A. G. Mamalis, D. E. Manolakos. Simulation of the Precision Forging of Bevel Gears Using Implicit and Explicit FE Techniques. J. Mater Process Technol. 1996, 57: 164～171
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27 王忠金．模锻过程的三维模拟及连杆终锻成形规律的研究．长春：吉林工业大学博士论文．1995
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30 单德彬．机匣挤压的三维数值模拟．哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学博士论文．1996
31 童隆长．用混合的欧拉—拉格朗日有限元法模拟体积塑性成形过程．塑性工程学报．1996，3：1923
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36 H. Yada, T. Senuma. Resistance to Hot Deformation of Steel. J. Jstp. 1986, 27: 34～44
37 Y. S. Jang, etc. Application of the Finite Element Method to Predict Microstructure Evolution in the Hot Forging of Steel. J. Mater Process Technol. 2000, 101: 85～94
38 R. Kopp, K. Karnhausen, M. M. de Souza. Numerical Simulation Method for Designing Thermomechanical Treatment, Ⅲustrated by Bar Rolling Scand. J.
Metal. 1991, 20: 351～363
39 R. Shivpuri, P. Pauskar. Computer Aided Prediction of Properties in Forging of Microalloy Steels. Proc. 5th ICTP, 1996, 1: 281～286
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41 W. G. Frazier, J. C. Malas. Application of Control Theory Principles to Optimization of Grain Size During Hot Extrusion. Mater. Sci. Tech. 1998, 14: 25～31
42 A. J. Brand, K. Karhausen, R. Kopp. Microstructural Simulation of Nickel Base Alloy Inconel 718 in Production of Turbine Discs. Materials Science and Technology. 1996, 12: 963～969
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2 彭艳萍，曾凡昌，王俊杰等．国外航空钛合金的发展应用及其特点分析．材料工程．1997，10：3～6
3 刘静安，周昆．航空航天用铝合金材料的开发与应用趋势．铝加工．1997，6：51～59
4 娄贯涛．钛合金的研究应用现状及发展方向．钛工业进展．2003，2：9～13
5 O.索朗宁娜．热强钛合金．张志方，葛志明译．北京：第三机械工业部第六二一研究所．
6 R. W. Clough. The Finite Element Method in Plane Stress Analysis. J. Struct. Pic, ASCE, Proc. 2nd Conf. Electronic Computation, 1960: 345
7 R. D. Cook. Concepts and Application of Finite Element Analysis. John Wiley & Sons, 1981
8 龙驭球．有限元法概论．北京：人民教育出版社，1979
9 P. V. Marcal, I. D. King. Elastic-Plastic Analysis of Two-Dimensional Stress System by the Finite Element Method. Int. J. Meth. Sci. 1967, 9: 143～155
10 C. H. Lee, S. Kobayashi. New Solutions to Rigid-Plastic Deformation Problems Using a Matrix Method. Trans. ASME. J. Engr. Ind. 1973, 95: 865～873
11 O. C. Zienkiewicz, P. N. Godbole. A Penalty Function Approach to Problems of Plastic Flow of Metals with Large Surface Deformations. J. Strain Analysis. 1975, 10: 180～196
12 K. Osakada, J. Nakano, K. Mori. Finite Element Method for Rigid-Plastic Analysis of Metal Forming-Formulation for Finite Deformations. Int. J. Mech. Sci. 1982, 24(8): 459
13 P. Perzyna. Fundamental Problems in Viscoplasticity. Adv. App. Meth. 1969, 9: 243
14 O. C. Zienkiewicz, P. N. Godbole. Flow of Plastic and Visco-Plastic Solids with Special Reference to Extrusion and Forming Processes. Int. J. Num. Meth. Engng. 1974, 8: 3～15
15 S. I. Oh, N. M. Rebelo, S. Kobayashi. Finite-Element Formulation for the Analysis of Plastic Deformation of Rate-Sensitive Materials in Metal Forming. IUTAM Symposium, Tutzing/Germany, 1978: 273
16 J. P. Tang, W. T. Wu, John Walters. Recent Development and Application of Finite Element Method in Metal Forming. J. Mater Process Technol. 1994, 46: 117～126
17 J. H. Yoon, D. Y. Yang. A Three-Dimensional Rigid-Plastic Finite Element Analysis of Bevel Gear Forging by Using a Remeshing Techniques. J. Mech Sci. 1990, 32(4): 277～291
18 J. L. Chenot, F. Bay, L. Fourrnent. Finite Element Simulation of Metal Powder Forming. Int. Num, MethEngin. 1990, 30: 1649～1674
19 A. F. Martins Paulo, J. M. Barata Marques Manuel. Analysis of Three-Dimensional Hexagonal Closed-Die Heading by the Finite Element Flow Formulation. J. Mater Process Technol. 1993, 38: 553～566
20 H. Kim, K. Sweeney, T. Altan. Application of Computer Aided Simulation to Investigate Metal Flow in Selected Forging Operations. J. Mater Process Technol. 1994, 46: 127～154
21 M. C. Rodriques Jorge, A. F. Martins Paulo, J. M. Barata Marques. The PLAST3 System and its Application of an Open Die Forging Operation. J. Mater Process Technol. 1994, 47: 111～125
22 A. G. Mamalis, D. E. Manolakos. Simulation of the Precision Forging of Bevel Gears Using Implicit and Explicit FE Techniques. J. Mater Process Technol. 1996, 57: 164～171
23 V. Szentmihali, V. K. Lange, Y. Tronel, etc. 3-D Finite-Element Simulation of the Cold Forging of Helical Gears. J. Mate Process Technol. 1994, 43: 279～291
24 T. Coupez, S. Nathalie, C. J. Loup. 3D Finite Element Modelling of the Forging Process with Automatic Remeshing. J. Mater Process Technol. 1991, 27: 119～133
25 I. Pillinge, P. Hartley, C. E. N. Sturgess, etc. Finite-Element Modelling of Metal Flow in Three-Dimensional Forming. Int J. Num Meth Engin. 1988, 25: 87～97
26 H. W. Shin, D. W. Kim, N. Kim. A Simpled Three-Dimensional Finite-Element Analysis of the Non-Axisymmetric Extrusion Processes. J. Mater Process Technol. 1993, 38: 567～587
27 王忠金．模锻过程的三维模拟及连杆终锻成形规律的研究．长春：吉林工业大学博士论文．1995
28 陈军．虚拟模具制造及金属成形过程三维仿真技术研究．上海：上海交通大学博士论文．1996
29 王广春．三维摆碾过程的刚塑性有限元模拟．哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学博士论文，1995
30 单德彬．机匣挤压的三维数值模拟．哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学博士论文．1996
31 童隆长．用混合的欧拉—拉格朗日有限元法模拟体积塑性成形过程．塑性工程学报．1996，3：1923
32 C. M. Sellars, J. A. Whiteman. Computer Modeling of Hot Working Processes. Mater. Sci. Tech. 1955, 1: 325～332
33 C. M. Sellars, J. A. Whiteman. Recrystallization and Grain Growth in Hot Rolling. Mater. Sci. 1978, 13(3): 187～194
34 H. J. McQueen, J. J. Jonas. Recent Advances in Hot Working: Fundamental Dynamic Softening Mechanics. J. Appl. Metal working. 1984, 3(3): 233～241
35 H. J. McQueen, J. J. Jonas. Role of the Dynamic and Static Softening Mechanisms in Multistage Hot Working. J. Appl. Metal working. 1985, 3(4): 410～420
36 H. Yada, T. Senuma. Resistance to Hot Deformation of Steel. J. Jstp. 1986, 27: 34～44
37 Y. S. Jang, etc. Application of the Finite Element Method to Predict Microstructure Evolution in the Hot Forging of Steel. J. Mater Process Technol. 2000, 101: 85～94
38 R. Kopp, K. Karnhausen, M. M. de Souza. Numerical Simulation Method for Designing Thermomechanical Treatment, Ⅲustrated by Bar Rolling Scand. J.
Metal. 1991, 20: 351～363
39 R. Shivpuri, P. Pauskar. Computer Aided Prediction of Properties in Forging of Microalloy Steels. Proc. 5th ICTP, 1996, 1: 281～286
40 G. S. Shen, S. L. Semiatin, R. Shivpuri. Modeling Microstructural Development During the Forging of Waspaloy. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 1995, 26A: 1795～1803
41 W. G. Frazier, J. C. Malas. Application of Control Theory Principles to Optimization of Grain Size During Hot Extrusion. Mater. Sci. Tech. 1998, 14: 25～31
42 A. J. Brand, K. Karhausen, R. Kopp. Microstructural Simulation of Nickel Base Alloy Inconel 718 in Production of Turbine Discs. Materials Science and Technology. 1996, 12: 963～969
43 Z. M. Hu, J. W. Brooks, T. A. Dean. Experimental and Theoretical Analysis of Deformation and Microstructural Evolution in the Hot-Die Forging of Titanium Alloy Aerofoil Sections. J. Mater Process Technol. 1999, 88: 251～265
44 T. Ishikawa. Modeling the Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Forged Parts. Casting, Forging and Heat Treatment. 1995, 4: 29～35
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