油茶—农作物间作系统生理生态及经济效益评价
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摘要
现代社会的发展进程中，人口与资源、环境之间的矛盾越来越突出。如何更好地协调农业用地与林业用地之间的关系，做到用更少的资源完成更多的事，是每个林业人的共同目标。本论文以江西省宜春市袁州区西村镇速丰林场成年油茶树（2006年定植的1年生苗）为研究对象，于2012年1、4、5、6月分别布置4组试验（试验组I：油茶单作、油茶-油菜间作、油菜单作模式，试验组II：油茶单作、油茶-大豆间作、大豆单作模式，试验组III：油茶单作、油茶-辣椒间作、辣椒单作模式，试验组IV：油茶单作、油茶-红薯间作、红薯单作模式），对每个试验组内不同种植模式的油茶生长特性、农作物光合特性、模式内小气候环境、土壤养分、土壤酶活性、土壤微生物数量以及土地生产力进行比较，采用隶属函数法对各组试验内不同模式的土壤肥力分别进行多指标综合评定，并核算了各经营模式的经济效益，主要研究结果如下：
（l）各模式油茶树高分布范围为1.91~2.38m，油茶-油菜、油茶-大豆、油茶-辣椒、油茶-红薯间作模式油茶树高分别比单作模式降低10.33%、4.51%、5.04%和10.01%。各模式油茶树地径分布范围为5.89~6.88cm，油茶-油菜、油茶-大豆、油茶-辣椒、油茶-红薯间作模式油茶树地径分别比单作模式降低5.94%、5.52%、3.60%和9.81%。各模式油茶南北冠幅分布范围为1.76~2.80m，油茶-油菜间作模式油茶冠幅比单作模式提高7.95%，油茶-大豆、油茶-辣椒、油茶-红薯间作模式分别比单作模式降低3.33%、4.28%和2.98%。各模式油茶树东西冠幅分布范围为1.96~2.48m，油茶-油菜、油茶-大豆、油茶-辣椒、油茶-红薯间作模式油茶树东西冠幅分别比单作模式降低10.09%、4.70%、2.04%和13.31%。
各模式的油茶根系总数在185~248根/株之间，根系在垂直方向上主要分布在0~40cm土层深度，在水平方向上主要分布在距树干0~100cm范围。油茶-油菜、油茶-大豆、油茶-辣椒和油茶-红薯间作模式的油茶根系总数分别比单作模式增加17.31%、11.56%、22.79%和19.36%。
（2）各试验组内，间作模式降低了光照强度和空气温度，提高了空气相对湿度。间作模式内农作物净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度均有不同程度的下降，胞间二氧化碳浓度上升。
（3）垂直方向上，土壤水分含量均随着土层深度的增加而增加；水平方向上，随着采样点离树行距离增大，土壤水分含量增大并趋于稳定。
各试验组内，间作模式土壤含水率均低于农作物单作模式，普遍高于油茶单作模式（油茶-油菜间作模式的土壤含水率略低于油茶单作模式含水率）。
（4）垂直方向上，土壤有机碳及营养元素含量均随着土层深度的增加而减少；水平方向上，有机碳和养分含量随离油茶树行距离增大而呈现上升趋势，至农作物种植区又有所下降。
各试验组内，间作模式土壤中有机碳含量及营养元素含量均低于农作物单作模式，普遍低于油茶单作模式（油茶-大豆间作模式例外，其N、K元素含量高于油茶单作模式），表明间作模式中作物和油茶树间对养分存在普遍竞争。
（5）垂直方向上，土壤酶活性均随着土层深度的增加而减少；水平方向上，随离油茶树行距离的增加各种土壤酶活性总体呈增大趋势并趋于稳定。各试验组内，油茶-农作物间作模式土壤酶活性普遍高于油茶单作模式（油茶-红薯间作模式例外，其脲酶活性低于油茶单作模式）。
土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量均随着土层加深而减少。各试验组内，油茶-农作物间作模式土壤微生物数量均高于油茶单作模式，普遍高于农作物单作模式（油茶-油菜、油茶-红薯间作模式真菌数量低于油菜、红薯单作模式）；油茶-农作物间作模式土壤微生物多样性指数普遍高于油茶单作模式（油茶-辣椒间作模式土壤微生物多样性低于油茶单作模式）。
（6）各试验组内，土壤综合肥力排序：油茶单作＜油茶-油菜间作＜油菜单作，油茶单作＜大豆单作＜油茶-大豆间作，油茶-辣椒间作＜油茶单作＜辣椒单作，油茶-红薯间作＜油茶单作＜红薯单作。
经济效益排序：红薯单作＞辣椒单作＞油茶-红薯间作＞油茶-辣椒间作＞油茶-油菜间作＞油茶-大豆间作＞油茶单作＞大豆单作＞油菜单作。
综上所述，在需要兼顾土壤肥力效益的立地上，适宜推广油茶-大豆间作模式，油茶-大豆间作模式的综合肥力比油茶单作、大豆单作模式分别提高236.36%、34.46%。在以经济利益为主要目标的立地上，适宜推广油茶-红薯间作模式，油茶-红薯间作模式的经济效益比油茶单作模式提高90.61%。同时针对油茶-红薯间作模式水分、养分、光效应较低的实际情况，适当对油茶冗余的枝叶进行修剪，并相应追肥灌溉，可以提高产量，促进复合经营模式可持续发展。
During the process of the development of modern society, the contradiction amongpopulation, resources and environment becomes more prominent. How to coordinate therelationship between the land for agriculture and forestry, and do more things with fewerresources, is the common goal of everyone in forestry.
This paper stated Camellia oleifera(1year seedlings planted in2006) in Sufeng Forest farm,west village town, Yuanzhou district, Yichun, Jiangxi province, as the research object. In January,April, May, June, we respectively arranged four groups of test (group I: Camellia oleiferamonoculture, Rape monoculture, Camellia oleifera-Rape intercropping, group II: Camelliaoleifera monoculture, Soybean monoculture, Camellia oleifera-Soybean intercropping, group III:Camellia oleifera monoculture, Pepper monoculture, Camellia oleifera-Pepper intercropping,group IV: Camellia oleifera monoculture, Sweetpotato monoculture, Camellia oleifera-Sweetpotato intercropping), We had done some researches in some aspects about growthcharacteristics, crop photosynthesis characteristic, mode within the microclimate environment,soil nutrient and soil enzyme activity and soil microbial quantity and land productivity ofdifferent planting patterns in each group, do multi-index comprehensive evaluation of soilfertility with Membership function method, and accounted for the business model of economicbenefit. The main results showed that:
(l) The growth condition of Camellia oleifera in different planting patterns
The high of Camellia trees changed from1.91to2.38m in different planting patterns, andthe high of Camellia trees in4kinds of intercropping patterns was lower than monoculturemodes, respectively reduced by10.33%,4.51%,5.04%and10.01%. The diameter of Camelliatrees changed from5.89to6.88cm in different planting patterns, and the diameter of Camelliatrees in4kinds of intercropping patterns was lower than monoculture modes, respectivelyreduced by5.94%,5.52%,3.60%and9.81%. The north-south crown breadth of Camellia treeschanged from1.76to2.80m in different planting patterns, and the north-south crown breadth ofCamellia trees in Camellia oleifera-Rapes pattern was higer than monoculture modes by7.95%,and the north-south crown breadth of Camellia trees in the other3kinds of intercropping patternswas lower than monoculture modes, respectively reduced by3.33%,4.28%and2.98%. Theeast-west crown breadth of Camellia trees changed from1.96to2.48m in different plantingpatterns, and the east-west crown breadth of Camellia trees in4kinds of intercropping patternswas lower than monoculture modes, respectively reduced by10.09%,4.70%,2.04%and13.31%.
The total number of camellia root changed from185to248in different planting patterns,and the roots were mainly distributed in vertical0~40cm, in horizontal0~100cm. In theplanting patterns of Camellia oleifera intercropping with four kinds of crop as rape, soybean, pepper and sweet potato, the total number of camellia root was more than the crop monoculturepatterns respectively, increased by17.31%,11.56%,22.79%and19.36%.
(2)The environmental conditions and crop photosynthesis characteristic in the differentplanting patterns
The light intensity in different measuring points was different. Comparing with themonoculture crop patterns, the intercropping planting patterns reduced the light intensity and airtemperature, but improved the air relative humidity. Comparing with the monoculture croppatterns, the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance of crops in4kindsof intercropping patterns had decreased in different degree, but intercellular CO2concentrationincreased in the intercropping patterns.
(3) The distribution of soil water content in different planting patterns
Vertically, soil moisture contents in different planting patterns were increased with theincrease of soil depth. Horizontally, Soil moisture contents increased with the increase of thedistance from tree line, and then to maintain stability.
Soil moisture of the intercropping patterns was lower than the crop monoculture patterns,and generally higher than the camellia monoculture pattern (Rape intercropping pattern undercamellia monoculture pattern).
(4) The distribution of soil organic carbon and nutrient elements in different plantingpatterns
Vertically, the contents of soil organic carbon and nutrient elements in different plantingpatterns were decreased with the increase of soil depth. Horizontally, the contents of organiccarbon and nutrient closed to camelia line were low, and they had a rising trend far from camelialine, but they would fall in the soil field near the crop root system.
The contents of soil organic carbon and nutrient elements in the intercropping patterns werelower than the contents in the monoculture crop patterns and most of the monoculture camelliapatterns. The results suggested that there were intensive competitions between crops and camelliatrees for nutrients.
(5) The distribution of soil enzyme activity and quality of microbial in different plantingpatterns
Vertically, soil enzyme activity in different planting patterns was decreased with the increaseof soil depth. Horizontally, the change trend was increased with the increase of the distance fromcamellia line increase, and decreased near the crop root system. Soil enzyme activity of cropintercropping patterns was generally higher than camellia monoculture patterns (the ureaseactivity of camellia-sweetpotato intercropping pattern under the camellia monoculture pattern).
The quantity of soil bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in different planting patterns wasdeclined with the increase of soil deepens. The quantity of soil microbial in intercroppingpatterns was higher than camellia monoculture patterns, and generally higher than cropmonoculture patterns (the quantity of fungi in camellia-rape intercropping pattern under the Rapemonoculture pattern).
(6) The land productivity and economic benefits in different planting patterns
Soil comprehensive fertility qualifying: Camellia oleifera monoculture pattern The economic benefit ranks: Sweet potato monoculture pattern>Pepper monoculturepattern>Camellia oleifera-Sweetpotato interplanting pattern>Camellia oleifera-Pepperinterplanting pattern>Camellia oleifera-Rape intercropping pattern>Camellia oleifera-Soybeaninterplanting pattern>Camellia oleifera monoculture pattern>Soybean monoculture pattern>Rape monoculture pattern.
(7) The selection of land productivity and economic benefit based on composite pattern
For the soil comprehensive fertility, Camellia oleifera-Soybean intercropping pattern shouldbe considered suitable. And for the economic benefit, Camellia oleifera-Pepper intercroppingpattern should be considered suitable. At the same time, according to the actual situation of lowwater, nutrient, light effect, we should take measures to clip the long branch and fertilize. In thisway, we can increase production, promote sustainable development of the compound businesspattern.
（l）各模式油茶树高分布范围为1.91~2.38m，油茶-油菜、油茶-大豆、油茶-辣椒、油茶-红薯间作模式油茶树高分别比单作模式降低10.33%、4.51%、5.04%和10.01%。各模式油茶树地径分布范围为5.89~6.88cm，油茶-油菜、油茶-大豆、油茶-辣椒、油茶-红薯间作模式油茶树地径分别比单作模式降低5.94%、5.52%、3.60%和9.81%。各模式油茶南北冠幅分布范围为1.76~2.80m，油茶-油菜间作模式油茶冠幅比单作模式提高7.95%，油茶-大豆、油茶-辣椒、油茶-红薯间作模式分别比单作模式降低3.33%、4.28%和2.98%。各模式油茶树东西冠幅分布范围为1.96~2.48m，油茶-油菜、油茶-大豆、油茶-辣椒、油茶-红薯间作模式油茶树东西冠幅分别比单作模式降低10.09%、4.70%、2.04%和13.31%。
各模式的油茶根系总数在185~248根/株之间，根系在垂直方向上主要分布在0~40cm土层深度，在水平方向上主要分布在距树干0~100cm范围。油茶-油菜、油茶-大豆、油茶-辣椒和油茶-红薯间作模式的油茶根系总数分别比单作模式增加17.31%、11.56%、22.79%和19.36%。
（2）各试验组内，间作模式降低了光照强度和空气温度，提高了空气相对湿度。间作模式内农作物净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度均有不同程度的下降，胞间二氧化碳浓度上升。
（3）垂直方向上，土壤水分含量均随着土层深度的增加而增加；水平方向上，随着采样点离树行距离增大，土壤水分含量增大并趋于稳定。
各试验组内，间作模式土壤含水率均低于农作物单作模式，普遍高于油茶单作模式（油茶-油菜间作模式的土壤含水率略低于油茶单作模式含水率）。
（4）垂直方向上，土壤有机碳及营养元素含量均随着土层深度的增加而减少；水平方向上，有机碳和养分含量随离油茶树行距离增大而呈现上升趋势，至农作物种植区又有所下降。
各试验组内，间作模式土壤中有机碳含量及营养元素含量均低于农作物单作模式，普遍低于油茶单作模式（油茶-大豆间作模式例外，其N、K元素含量高于油茶单作模式），表明间作模式中作物和油茶树间对养分存在普遍竞争。
（5）垂直方向上，土壤酶活性均随着土层深度的增加而减少；水平方向上，随离油茶树行距离的增加各种土壤酶活性总体呈增大趋势并趋于稳定。各试验组内，油茶-农作物间作模式土壤酶活性普遍高于油茶单作模式（油茶-红薯间作模式例外，其脲酶活性低于油茶单作模式）。
土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量均随着土层加深而减少。各试验组内，油茶-农作物间作模式土壤微生物数量均高于油茶单作模式，普遍高于农作物单作模式（油茶-油菜、油茶-红薯间作模式真菌数量低于油菜、红薯单作模式）；油茶-农作物间作模式土壤微生物多样性指数普遍高于油茶单作模式（油茶-辣椒间作模式土壤微生物多样性低于油茶单作模式）。
（6）各试验组内，土壤综合肥力排序：油茶单作＜油茶-油菜间作＜油菜单作，油茶单作＜大豆单作＜油茶-大豆间作，油茶-辣椒间作＜油茶单作＜辣椒单作，油茶-红薯间作＜油茶单作＜红薯单作。
经济效益排序：红薯单作＞辣椒单作＞油茶-红薯间作＞油茶-辣椒间作＞油茶-油菜间作＞油茶-大豆间作＞油茶单作＞大豆单作＞油菜单作。
综上所述，在需要兼顾土壤肥力效益的立地上，适宜推广油茶-大豆间作模式，油茶-大豆间作模式的综合肥力比油茶单作、大豆单作模式分别提高236.36%、34.46%。在以经济利益为主要目标的立地上，适宜推广油茶-红薯间作模式，油茶-红薯间作模式的经济效益比油茶单作模式提高90.61%。同时针对油茶-红薯间作模式水分、养分、光效应较低的实际情况，适当对油茶冗余的枝叶进行修剪，并相应追肥灌溉，可以提高产量，促进复合经营模式可持续发展。
During the process of the development of modern society, the contradiction amongpopulation, resources and environment becomes more prominent. How to coordinate therelationship between the land for agriculture and forestry, and do more things with fewerresources, is the common goal of everyone in forestry.
This paper stated Camellia oleifera(1year seedlings planted in2006) in Sufeng Forest farm,west village town, Yuanzhou district, Yichun, Jiangxi province, as the research object. In January,April, May, June, we respectively arranged four groups of test (group I: Camellia oleiferamonoculture, Rape monoculture, Camellia oleifera-Rape intercropping, group II: Camelliaoleifera monoculture, Soybean monoculture, Camellia oleifera-Soybean intercropping, group III:Camellia oleifera monoculture, Pepper monoculture, Camellia oleifera-Pepper intercropping,group IV: Camellia oleifera monoculture, Sweetpotato monoculture, Camellia oleifera-Sweetpotato intercropping), We had done some researches in some aspects about growthcharacteristics, crop photosynthesis characteristic, mode within the microclimate environment,soil nutrient and soil enzyme activity and soil microbial quantity and land productivity ofdifferent planting patterns in each group, do multi-index comprehensive evaluation of soilfertility with Membership function method, and accounted for the business model of economicbenefit. The main results showed that:
(l) The growth condition of Camellia oleifera in different planting patterns
The high of Camellia trees changed from1.91to2.38m in different planting patterns, andthe high of Camellia trees in4kinds of intercropping patterns was lower than monoculturemodes, respectively reduced by10.33%,4.51%,5.04%and10.01%. The diameter of Camelliatrees changed from5.89to6.88cm in different planting patterns, and the diameter of Camelliatrees in4kinds of intercropping patterns was lower than monoculture modes, respectivelyreduced by5.94%,5.52%,3.60%and9.81%. The north-south crown breadth of Camellia treeschanged from1.76to2.80m in different planting patterns, and the north-south crown breadth ofCamellia trees in Camellia oleifera-Rapes pattern was higer than monoculture modes by7.95%,and the north-south crown breadth of Camellia trees in the other3kinds of intercropping patternswas lower than monoculture modes, respectively reduced by3.33%,4.28%and2.98%. Theeast-west crown breadth of Camellia trees changed from1.96to2.48m in different plantingpatterns, and the east-west crown breadth of Camellia trees in4kinds of intercropping patternswas lower than monoculture modes, respectively reduced by10.09%,4.70%,2.04%and13.31%.
The total number of camellia root changed from185to248in different planting patterns,and the roots were mainly distributed in vertical0~40cm, in horizontal0~100cm. In theplanting patterns of Camellia oleifera intercropping with four kinds of crop as rape, soybean, pepper and sweet potato, the total number of camellia root was more than the crop monoculturepatterns respectively, increased by17.31%,11.56%,22.79%and19.36%.
(2)The environmental conditions and crop photosynthesis characteristic in the differentplanting patterns
The light intensity in different measuring points was different. Comparing with themonoculture crop patterns, the intercropping planting patterns reduced the light intensity and airtemperature, but improved the air relative humidity. Comparing with the monoculture croppatterns, the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance of crops in4kindsof intercropping patterns had decreased in different degree, but intercellular CO2concentrationincreased in the intercropping patterns.
(3) The distribution of soil water content in different planting patterns
Vertically, soil moisture contents in different planting patterns were increased with theincrease of soil depth. Horizontally, Soil moisture contents increased with the increase of thedistance from tree line, and then to maintain stability.
Soil moisture of the intercropping patterns was lower than the crop monoculture patterns,and generally higher than the camellia monoculture pattern (Rape intercropping pattern undercamellia monoculture pattern).
(4) The distribution of soil organic carbon and nutrient elements in different plantingpatterns
Vertically, the contents of soil organic carbon and nutrient elements in different plantingpatterns were decreased with the increase of soil depth. Horizontally, the contents of organiccarbon and nutrient closed to camelia line were low, and they had a rising trend far from camelialine, but they would fall in the soil field near the crop root system.
The contents of soil organic carbon and nutrient elements in the intercropping patterns werelower than the contents in the monoculture crop patterns and most of the monoculture camelliapatterns. The results suggested that there were intensive competitions between crops and camelliatrees for nutrients.
(5) The distribution of soil enzyme activity and quality of microbial in different plantingpatterns
Vertically, soil enzyme activity in different planting patterns was decreased with the increaseof soil depth. Horizontally, the change trend was increased with the increase of the distance fromcamellia line increase, and decreased near the crop root system. Soil enzyme activity of cropintercropping patterns was generally higher than camellia monoculture patterns (the ureaseactivity of camellia-sweetpotato intercropping pattern under the camellia monoculture pattern).
The quantity of soil bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in different planting patterns wasdeclined with the increase of soil deepens. The quantity of soil microbial in intercroppingpatterns was higher than camellia monoculture patterns, and generally higher than cropmonoculture patterns (the quantity of fungi in camellia-rape intercropping pattern under the Rapemonoculture pattern).
(6) The land productivity and economic benefits in different planting patterns
Soil comprehensive fertility qualifying: Camellia oleifera monoculture pattern
(7) The selection of land productivity and economic benefit based on composite pattern
For the soil comprehensive fertility, Camellia oleifera-Soybean intercropping pattern shouldbe considered suitable. And for the economic benefit, Camellia oleifera-Pepper intercroppingpattern should be considered suitable. At the same time, according to the actual situation of lowwater, nutrient, light effect, we should take measures to clip the long branch and fertilize. In thisway, we can increase production, promote sustainable development of the compound businesspattern.
引文
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