基于多期遥感影像的黄河三角洲湿地动态与湿地补偿标准研究
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摘要
生态补偿作为一种新型的资源、环境管理手段,越来越受到国内外学者的关注。在过去20年里,国内外学者已经在生态补偿的概念、机制与模式、标准、效益评价等方面做了大量的研究工作,但由于生态补偿研究具有很强的学科交叉性和地域差异性,致使上述研究内容尚存在较大的分歧,有待于进一步完善。
生态补偿标准关系到生态补偿的可行性及效果,因此是生态补偿研究的核心。生态补偿标准的制定涉及生态经济学、环境管理学、区域地理学等相关理论和方法,并且与当地的生态环境水平、经济发展水平、公民生态意识等密切相关,所以至今尚没有统一的量化方法。本文试图以黄河三角洲湿地为研究对象,探讨依据生态功能价值损失和市场价值损失来制定生态补偿标准的途径,以期为研究区实施湿地生态补偿提供科学依据,为其他区域相关研究提供方法参考。
文章选取1992年、1995年、2000年、2006年、2010年5期Landsat5TM和Landsat7ETM+遥感影像作为数据源,通过对遥感影像进行几何校正、波段组合、图像增强等处理,识别每种湿地类型的色调、纹理、形状等解译标志。采取面向对象的分类方法,利用Erdas软件对研究区的湿地进行自动分类。为了提高自动分类的精度,又利用人工目视解译的方法通过Arcmap软件对湿地自动分类结果进行修改、细化与补充,从而得到1992年、1995年、2000年、2006年、2010年五期湿地类型、面积、植被类型及其时空变化等数据信息,为湿地生态价值估算和生态补偿标准制定提供了可靠的数据来源。
遥感解译结果表明：①研究区总面积呈波动增加趋势,这主要是由于黄河携带泥沙在河口淤积所致；②总体来看,自1992年至2010年研究区湿地发生了明显的时间和空间变化,总体呈退化趋势；③从一级湿地类型来看,人工湿地呈增加趋势,天然湿地呈减少趋势,非湿地呈基本稳定态势。这主要是由于部分天然的滩涂、芦苇等转化为人工的盐田、养殖水面等,尽管非湿地中大量未利用地转化为建设用地,但非湿地与湿地转化较少所致；④从二级湿地类型来看,河流水面、水用、滩涂、灌草地、翅碱蓬草地、芦苇草地及其他草地,面积总体呈减少趋势。盐田、水库水面、养殖水面,面积总体呈增加趋势。在非湿地中,旱地保持稳定,建筑用地持续增加,未利用地持续减少；⑤从整个区域景观格局来看,变化最明显的区域集中在研究区的北部、东部滨海地区以及中东部平原地区。北部及东部滨海地区景观变化显著的原因是人类对滨海地区草地、滩涂及未利用地的大量开发。中东部平原地区变化显著则是因该区为东营市所在地,城市扩展所致。西部及南部多为耕地,景观变化不明显。
在上述遥感解译结果的基础上,文章首先探讨了依据湿地生态功能价值损失来制定生态补偿标准的途径。①为保证生态价值估算的客观性,作者本着尽量减少各功能之间交织重叠的原则,对研究区湿地的生态服务功能进行了分类和识别,之后依据每种功能的特点分别选择直接市场法(包括市场价值法、费用支出法、机会成本法、影子工程法、人力资本法等)、揭示偏好与替代市场法(包括旅行费用法、防护费用法和享乐价格法等)、模拟市场价值法(包括条件价值法；碳税法和造林成本法)等对湿地的成陆造地、物质生产、气候调节、调洪蓄水、降解污染、生物栖息地、盐碱地改良等生态功能的价值进行了量化,得到黄河三角洲湿地生态服务功能总价值为156.85亿元；②研究区湿地的单位面积生态功能价值略接近全国及全球平均水平。全球湿地单位面积生态服务功能价值为55420元/hm2,中国湿地单位面积生态服务功能价值为55489元/hm2,黄河三角洲湿地单位面积生态服务功能价值58115元/hm2。这说明黄河三角洲湿地生态系统的功能与全国及世界平均水平相当；③不同生态功能具有不同的价值。在评估的10项生态服务功能中,以物质生产功能和降解污染物功能的价值最大,分别占总价值的22.95%和20.36%。其次是蓄水调洪功能和生物栖息地功能,分别占总价值的18.37%和11.27%。说明黄河三角洲湿地的生态服务功能以物质生产、蓄水调洪、降解污染、生物栖息为主,以气候改善、保护土壤、旅游休闲、教育科研及成陆造地功能为辅；④不同湿地类型具有不同的价值。从总价值上来看,自然湿地价值为97.14亿元,远高于人工湿地的价值61.29亿元。从单位面积价值来看,人工湿地的单位面积价值为54172元/hm2低于自然湿地的单位面积价值57963元/hm2；⑤2010年与1992年相比,研究区湿地面积减少74783.85hm2由此带来的生态功能价值损失为43.5亿元,依据生态功能价值制定的生态补偿标准为全区平均58115元/hm2,自然湿地57880元/hm2,人工湿地54172元／hm2。补偿资金分配为滩涂湿地11.6亿元,芦苇湿地8.06亿元,灌草地7.52亿元,其他草地7.75亿元。
探讨了依据湿地市场价值的损失量来制定生态补偿标准的途径。由遥感解译结果和实际调查可知,由于受油田开发、环境污染、滩涂围垦、黄河断流、风暴潮灾、海岸侵蚀等自然和人为因素的影响,黄河三角洲湿地出现了面积减少、湿地类型转化、环境污染、生态功能退化等问题,由此造成了生态价值的严重损失。湿地面积减少带来的损失包括直接损失和间接损失,直接损失采用市场价值法计算,就是利用因湿地面积变化引起的产值和利润的变化来计量经济损益,间接损失由恢复生态环境的费用来确定。环境污染造成的价值损失量主要采取环境保护投入费用评价法计算。计算所得的湿地生态价值总损失量及单位面积价值损失量即为湿地生态的总补偿量和补偿标准。2010年与1992年相比,因湿地面积减少带来的直接市场价值损失为11.94亿元,生态间接损失为2.19亿元。油田环境污染带来的市场价值损失为2.28亿元,湿地市场价值总损失16.41亿元。根据市场价值损失量计算的补偿标准为2194元／hm2-a。
由上述研究结果可见,依据生态功能价值损失制定的补偿标准远高于依据市场价值损失制定的补偿标准。这主要是由于前者充分考虑了湿地的各种生态功能价值,而后者只考虑了湿地的直接市场价值损失,未考虑湿地的非市场价值损失(如调节气候价值的损失、保护生物多样性价值的损失等)所致。
依据生态功能价值损失制定的补偿标准付诸实施的可行性较差。因为有些生态功能比较抽象,如气候调节、生物多样性保护等,目前很难被广大群众所接受。同时,由于该标准包括了湿地的各项功能价值,高出了当地的经济发展水平和人们的支付能力和意愿。依据市场价值损失制定的补偿标准,考虑的是因湿地面积变化引起的产值和利润的损失,因此更直观,更容易被群众接受,也比较符合当地的经济发展水平和人们的支付能力和意愿,所以操作性更强。
由于受资料、估算方法等方面的限制,本文的估算结果与实际价值还存在误差,只能在一定程度上反映研究区湿地的生态价值和补偿标准。在今后研究中,还应不断完善研究方法,形成合理可行的评估体系。
As a new mean of resource and environmental management, ecological compensation has increasingly become a concern between Chinese and international scholars. In the past20years, many domestic and foreign scholars have studied a lot of work on the concept, mechanism and mode, standard, and benefit evaluation of ecological compensation. However, the study on eco-compensation has significant discipline overlapping and regional differences, causing some divergences in the above mentioned study contents, so it needs further improved.
The eco-compensation standard concerns its feasibility and effect and it is the core of the research on eco-compensation. Formulating the eco-compensation standard involves ecological economics, environmental management science, regional geography and some other related theories and methods, and it is closely related to the level of local ecological environment and economic development as well as citizen's ecological consciousness. Therefore, there are no consolidated quantitative methods so far. This paper tries to explore the way of making the eco-compensation standard based on the loss of ecological function value and the loss of marketable value with the hope of supplying scientific evidences for the researched areas' carrying out the eco-compensation as well as methods' reference for the related research of other areas.
This paper selects Landsat-5TM and Landsat-7ETM+remote sensing images in1992,1995,2000,2006and2010as the date source, based on geometric correction, band combination and image enhancement of remote sensing images to identify each wetland types' tone, texture, shape and other interpreting signs. Meanwhile it takes the object-oriented classification method and uses ERDAS software to classify wetlands of the study area automatically. Additionally, in order to improve the accuracy of automatic classification, using artificial methods of visual interpretation, through the ARCMAP software to modify, refine and supplement the wetlands automatic classification results, resulting in getting the data of types of wetlands, an area, vegetation types, and their spatial and temporal changes in1992,1995,2000,2006and2010, which provides a reliable data resources to estimate wetland ecological value and to formulate ecological compensation standard.
The results of remote sensing interpretation show that:①The total study area increases in a fluctuating tendency, which is mainly due to the Yellow River carrying sediment deposited in the estuary.②The wetland of study area display obvious changes in time and space and the general trend is degenerated and decreased from1992to2010.③From the first stage of wetland styles, artificial wetlands tend to increase, and natural wetlands tend to decrease, while non-wetland is basically in the stable situation. This is mainly due to that the part of the natural beach, reed and so on transform into artificial salt pan, breed surface, etc. Although a lot of unused land transform into construction land in the non-wetland, the transformation between non-wetland and wetland is less.④From the second stage of wetland styles, the areas of surface of river, mudflats, lands of shrub and grass, reed, meadow, paddy field and other grasses totally reduce. The areas of breed surface, salt pan and reservoir increase. In the non-wetland, the dry lands remain stable, and the construction lands increase continually while the unused lands continue to decrease.⑤From the whole area landscape pattern, the most obvious changed regions concentrate on the northern, eastern coastal areas and middle plain region in the study area. The landscape of northern and eastern coastal area changes significantly because human beings largely develop grassland, beaches and unused land of coastal area. The central and east flat area changes significantly because of the urban sprawl of the locating Dongying city. The western and southern area is mainly cultivated land, whose landscape changes not obviously.
Based on the above interpretation results of remote sensing, this article first discusses the approach of formulating the ecological compensation standard according to wetland ecological function value loss.①In order to ensure the objectivity of ecological value estimation, based on the principle of minimizing the overlap between each function, the author classifies and recognizes the wetland ecological service function of the study area, then according to the characteristics of each function, respectively selecting direct market method (including market value method, expense payment method, opportunity cost method, shadow engineering method, human capital method, etc.), revealed preference and alternative market method (travel cost method, prevention cost method and hedonic price method, etc.), simulation market value method(including contingent valuation method, carbon tax method and reforestation cost method)etc., has quantified the value of ecological function, such as epeirogenetic function, climatic regulation, flood regulating and water storage, degradation pollution, biological habitat, saline-alkali soil reclamation, at last it gets that the total value of Yellow River delta wetland ecological service function is15.685billion yuan.②Ecological function value of wetland unit area in the study area is higher than the national and global average level. The ecological service function value of global wetland unit area is55,420yuan per square hectares. The ecological service function value of Chinese wetland unit area is55,489yuan per square hectares. The ecological service function value of Yellow River delta wetland unit area is58,115yuan per square hectares. This is mainly because that the Yellow River delta wetland has relatively small human interference, large area of natural wetlands, stable ecological system, and it plays a good ecological function.③Different ecological functions have different value. In the evaluation of the ten ecological service functions, the material production function and the degradation pollutants function have the maximum value, respectively accounted for22.95%and20.36%of the total value. The second is water storage and flood regulating function and biological habitat function, respectively accounted for18.37%and11.27%of the total value. This shows the Yellow River delta wetland ecological service function takes material production, storage flood regulating, degradation pollution, biological habitat as primary, and takes climate improvement, protection in soil, leisure and travel, education and research and epeirogenetic function as secondary.④ Different wetland types have different value. From the total value, natural wetlands value is9.714billion yuan, much higher than the6.129billion yuan worth of artificial wetlands. From the unit area value, unit area value of artificial wetlands is54,172yuan per square hectares, lower than that of natural wetlands of57,963yuan per square hectares.⑤Compared with1992, in2010, wetland area of the study area decreased74,783.85hectares, which brought losses of ecological function value for4.35billion yuan, and pursuant to which formulate ecological compensation standard for the region's average for58,115yuan per square hectares, natural wetland for57,880yuan per square hectares, constructed wetland for60,191yuan per square hectares. Compensation funds allocate for the beach wetland1.16billion yuan, reed wetland806million yuan, shrub and grassland752million yuan and others775million yuan.
This paper also discusses the way to formulate eco-compensation standard according to the losses of wetland market value. According the results of remote sensing interpretation and actual survey, we know that there are all kinds of natural and anthropogenic factors, such as oilfield exploitation, environmental pollution, enclose shoals, Yellow River cutoff, storm tide disaster, coastal erosion and so on, which produced a number of problems and made a large loss in ecological value. As a result, the gradually reduced area, the transform of wetland, environmental pollution and the decrease of ecological functions are apparent in Yellow River delta wetland. There are two aspects losses in the decrease of wetland. One is direct loss which counts by marketable value. Another is called indirect loss which is confined by the cost of recover ecological environment. The loss of environmental pollution is calculated by the investment of environmental protection. The total compensation is calculated by the total loss of wetland ecological value, while the compensatory standard is established by the loss of value in unit area. Compared with1992, in2010, because of the wetland area decreased, the direct market value lose is1.194billion yuan, and the ecological indirect loss is219million yuan. Oil field environment pollution brought market value loss for228million yuan and wetland market value total loss for1.641billion yuan. The compensation standard of the market value loss calculation is2194yuan per square hectares per annum.
Seen from the results of the above studies, compensation standard according to the wetland ecological function value loss is much higher than that according to the market value loss. This is mainly due to that the former fully considers the various kinds of wetland ecological functions value,the latter only considers the direct market value loss of wetland without the non-market value loss of wetland, such as climatic regulation value loss and biodiversity conservation value loss, etc.
The feasibility is poor to put compensation standard formulated into practice according to the ecological function value loss. Because some ecological functions are abstract, such as climatic regulation, biodiversity conservation, etc., it is hard to be accepted by the masses at present. Meanwhile, as the standard consists of each function value of wetland, its results tower above the local economic development level and people's ability and willingness to pay. The compensation standard formulated according to the market value loss, taking the loss of output value and profit caused by changes of wetland area into consideration. Therefore, it is more intuitive, and easier to be accepted by the masses, also conforms with the local economic development level and people's ability and willingness to pay, so its operability is better.
Because of the limit of material and the estimation methods, there are still errors between the actual value and the estimation results which can only reflect the ecological value and the compensation standard of the wetland in the research area to some extent. In the future study, we should constantly improve research methods to form a reasonable and feasible evaluation system.
生态补偿标准关系到生态补偿的可行性及效果,因此是生态补偿研究的核心。生态补偿标准的制定涉及生态经济学、环境管理学、区域地理学等相关理论和方法,并且与当地的生态环境水平、经济发展水平、公民生态意识等密切相关,所以至今尚没有统一的量化方法。本文试图以黄河三角洲湿地为研究对象,探讨依据生态功能价值损失和市场价值损失来制定生态补偿标准的途径,以期为研究区实施湿地生态补偿提供科学依据,为其他区域相关研究提供方法参考。
文章选取1992年、1995年、2000年、2006年、2010年5期Landsat5TM和Landsat7ETM+遥感影像作为数据源,通过对遥感影像进行几何校正、波段组合、图像增强等处理,识别每种湿地类型的色调、纹理、形状等解译标志。采取面向对象的分类方法,利用Erdas软件对研究区的湿地进行自动分类。为了提高自动分类的精度,又利用人工目视解译的方法通过Arcmap软件对湿地自动分类结果进行修改、细化与补充,从而得到1992年、1995年、2000年、2006年、2010年五期湿地类型、面积、植被类型及其时空变化等数据信息,为湿地生态价值估算和生态补偿标准制定提供了可靠的数据来源。
遥感解译结果表明：①研究区总面积呈波动增加趋势,这主要是由于黄河携带泥沙在河口淤积所致；②总体来看,自1992年至2010年研究区湿地发生了明显的时间和空间变化,总体呈退化趋势；③从一级湿地类型来看,人工湿地呈增加趋势,天然湿地呈减少趋势,非湿地呈基本稳定态势。这主要是由于部分天然的滩涂、芦苇等转化为人工的盐田、养殖水面等,尽管非湿地中大量未利用地转化为建设用地,但非湿地与湿地转化较少所致；④从二级湿地类型来看,河流水面、水用、滩涂、灌草地、翅碱蓬草地、芦苇草地及其他草地,面积总体呈减少趋势。盐田、水库水面、养殖水面,面积总体呈增加趋势。在非湿地中,旱地保持稳定,建筑用地持续增加,未利用地持续减少；⑤从整个区域景观格局来看,变化最明显的区域集中在研究区的北部、东部滨海地区以及中东部平原地区。北部及东部滨海地区景观变化显著的原因是人类对滨海地区草地、滩涂及未利用地的大量开发。中东部平原地区变化显著则是因该区为东营市所在地,城市扩展所致。西部及南部多为耕地,景观变化不明显。
在上述遥感解译结果的基础上,文章首先探讨了依据湿地生态功能价值损失来制定生态补偿标准的途径。①为保证生态价值估算的客观性,作者本着尽量减少各功能之间交织重叠的原则,对研究区湿地的生态服务功能进行了分类和识别,之后依据每种功能的特点分别选择直接市场法(包括市场价值法、费用支出法、机会成本法、影子工程法、人力资本法等)、揭示偏好与替代市场法(包括旅行费用法、防护费用法和享乐价格法等)、模拟市场价值法(包括条件价值法；碳税法和造林成本法)等对湿地的成陆造地、物质生产、气候调节、调洪蓄水、降解污染、生物栖息地、盐碱地改良等生态功能的价值进行了量化,得到黄河三角洲湿地生态服务功能总价值为156.85亿元；②研究区湿地的单位面积生态功能价值略接近全国及全球平均水平。全球湿地单位面积生态服务功能价值为55420元/hm2,中国湿地单位面积生态服务功能价值为55489元/hm2,黄河三角洲湿地单位面积生态服务功能价值58115元/hm2。这说明黄河三角洲湿地生态系统的功能与全国及世界平均水平相当；③不同生态功能具有不同的价值。在评估的10项生态服务功能中,以物质生产功能和降解污染物功能的价值最大,分别占总价值的22.95%和20.36%。其次是蓄水调洪功能和生物栖息地功能,分别占总价值的18.37%和11.27%。说明黄河三角洲湿地的生态服务功能以物质生产、蓄水调洪、降解污染、生物栖息为主,以气候改善、保护土壤、旅游休闲、教育科研及成陆造地功能为辅；④不同湿地类型具有不同的价值。从总价值上来看,自然湿地价值为97.14亿元,远高于人工湿地的价值61.29亿元。从单位面积价值来看,人工湿地的单位面积价值为54172元/hm2低于自然湿地的单位面积价值57963元/hm2；⑤2010年与1992年相比,研究区湿地面积减少74783.85hm2由此带来的生态功能价值损失为43.5亿元,依据生态功能价值制定的生态补偿标准为全区平均58115元/hm2,自然湿地57880元/hm2,人工湿地54172元／hm2。补偿资金分配为滩涂湿地11.6亿元,芦苇湿地8.06亿元,灌草地7.52亿元,其他草地7.75亿元。
探讨了依据湿地市场价值的损失量来制定生态补偿标准的途径。由遥感解译结果和实际调查可知,由于受油田开发、环境污染、滩涂围垦、黄河断流、风暴潮灾、海岸侵蚀等自然和人为因素的影响,黄河三角洲湿地出现了面积减少、湿地类型转化、环境污染、生态功能退化等问题,由此造成了生态价值的严重损失。湿地面积减少带来的损失包括直接损失和间接损失,直接损失采用市场价值法计算,就是利用因湿地面积变化引起的产值和利润的变化来计量经济损益,间接损失由恢复生态环境的费用来确定。环境污染造成的价值损失量主要采取环境保护投入费用评价法计算。计算所得的湿地生态价值总损失量及单位面积价值损失量即为湿地生态的总补偿量和补偿标准。2010年与1992年相比,因湿地面积减少带来的直接市场价值损失为11.94亿元,生态间接损失为2.19亿元。油田环境污染带来的市场价值损失为2.28亿元,湿地市场价值总损失16.41亿元。根据市场价值损失量计算的补偿标准为2194元／hm2-a。
由上述研究结果可见,依据生态功能价值损失制定的补偿标准远高于依据市场价值损失制定的补偿标准。这主要是由于前者充分考虑了湿地的各种生态功能价值,而后者只考虑了湿地的直接市场价值损失,未考虑湿地的非市场价值损失(如调节气候价值的损失、保护生物多样性价值的损失等)所致。
依据生态功能价值损失制定的补偿标准付诸实施的可行性较差。因为有些生态功能比较抽象,如气候调节、生物多样性保护等,目前很难被广大群众所接受。同时,由于该标准包括了湿地的各项功能价值,高出了当地的经济发展水平和人们的支付能力和意愿。依据市场价值损失制定的补偿标准,考虑的是因湿地面积变化引起的产值和利润的损失,因此更直观,更容易被群众接受,也比较符合当地的经济发展水平和人们的支付能力和意愿,所以操作性更强。
由于受资料、估算方法等方面的限制,本文的估算结果与实际价值还存在误差,只能在一定程度上反映研究区湿地的生态价值和补偿标准。在今后研究中,还应不断完善研究方法,形成合理可行的评估体系。
As a new mean of resource and environmental management, ecological compensation has increasingly become a concern between Chinese and international scholars. In the past20years, many domestic and foreign scholars have studied a lot of work on the concept, mechanism and mode, standard, and benefit evaluation of ecological compensation. However, the study on eco-compensation has significant discipline overlapping and regional differences, causing some divergences in the above mentioned study contents, so it needs further improved.
The eco-compensation standard concerns its feasibility and effect and it is the core of the research on eco-compensation. Formulating the eco-compensation standard involves ecological economics, environmental management science, regional geography and some other related theories and methods, and it is closely related to the level of local ecological environment and economic development as well as citizen's ecological consciousness. Therefore, there are no consolidated quantitative methods so far. This paper tries to explore the way of making the eco-compensation standard based on the loss of ecological function value and the loss of marketable value with the hope of supplying scientific evidences for the researched areas' carrying out the eco-compensation as well as methods' reference for the related research of other areas.
This paper selects Landsat-5TM and Landsat-7ETM+remote sensing images in1992,1995,2000,2006and2010as the date source, based on geometric correction, band combination and image enhancement of remote sensing images to identify each wetland types' tone, texture, shape and other interpreting signs. Meanwhile it takes the object-oriented classification method and uses ERDAS software to classify wetlands of the study area automatically. Additionally, in order to improve the accuracy of automatic classification, using artificial methods of visual interpretation, through the ARCMAP software to modify, refine and supplement the wetlands automatic classification results, resulting in getting the data of types of wetlands, an area, vegetation types, and their spatial and temporal changes in1992,1995,2000,2006and2010, which provides a reliable data resources to estimate wetland ecological value and to formulate ecological compensation standard.
The results of remote sensing interpretation show that:①The total study area increases in a fluctuating tendency, which is mainly due to the Yellow River carrying sediment deposited in the estuary.②The wetland of study area display obvious changes in time and space and the general trend is degenerated and decreased from1992to2010.③From the first stage of wetland styles, artificial wetlands tend to increase, and natural wetlands tend to decrease, while non-wetland is basically in the stable situation. This is mainly due to that the part of the natural beach, reed and so on transform into artificial salt pan, breed surface, etc. Although a lot of unused land transform into construction land in the non-wetland, the transformation between non-wetland and wetland is less.④From the second stage of wetland styles, the areas of surface of river, mudflats, lands of shrub and grass, reed, meadow, paddy field and other grasses totally reduce. The areas of breed surface, salt pan and reservoir increase. In the non-wetland, the dry lands remain stable, and the construction lands increase continually while the unused lands continue to decrease.⑤From the whole area landscape pattern, the most obvious changed regions concentrate on the northern, eastern coastal areas and middle plain region in the study area. The landscape of northern and eastern coastal area changes significantly because human beings largely develop grassland, beaches and unused land of coastal area. The central and east flat area changes significantly because of the urban sprawl of the locating Dongying city. The western and southern area is mainly cultivated land, whose landscape changes not obviously.
Based on the above interpretation results of remote sensing, this article first discusses the approach of formulating the ecological compensation standard according to wetland ecological function value loss.①In order to ensure the objectivity of ecological value estimation, based on the principle of minimizing the overlap between each function, the author classifies and recognizes the wetland ecological service function of the study area, then according to the characteristics of each function, respectively selecting direct market method (including market value method, expense payment method, opportunity cost method, shadow engineering method, human capital method, etc.), revealed preference and alternative market method (travel cost method, prevention cost method and hedonic price method, etc.), simulation market value method(including contingent valuation method, carbon tax method and reforestation cost method)etc., has quantified the value of ecological function, such as epeirogenetic function, climatic regulation, flood regulating and water storage, degradation pollution, biological habitat, saline-alkali soil reclamation, at last it gets that the total value of Yellow River delta wetland ecological service function is15.685billion yuan.②Ecological function value of wetland unit area in the study area is higher than the national and global average level. The ecological service function value of global wetland unit area is55,420yuan per square hectares. The ecological service function value of Chinese wetland unit area is55,489yuan per square hectares. The ecological service function value of Yellow River delta wetland unit area is58,115yuan per square hectares. This is mainly because that the Yellow River delta wetland has relatively small human interference, large area of natural wetlands, stable ecological system, and it plays a good ecological function.③Different ecological functions have different value. In the evaluation of the ten ecological service functions, the material production function and the degradation pollutants function have the maximum value, respectively accounted for22.95%and20.36%of the total value. The second is water storage and flood regulating function and biological habitat function, respectively accounted for18.37%and11.27%of the total value. This shows the Yellow River delta wetland ecological service function takes material production, storage flood regulating, degradation pollution, biological habitat as primary, and takes climate improvement, protection in soil, leisure and travel, education and research and epeirogenetic function as secondary.④ Different wetland types have different value. From the total value, natural wetlands value is9.714billion yuan, much higher than the6.129billion yuan worth of artificial wetlands. From the unit area value, unit area value of artificial wetlands is54,172yuan per square hectares, lower than that of natural wetlands of57,963yuan per square hectares.⑤Compared with1992, in2010, wetland area of the study area decreased74,783.85hectares, which brought losses of ecological function value for4.35billion yuan, and pursuant to which formulate ecological compensation standard for the region's average for58,115yuan per square hectares, natural wetland for57,880yuan per square hectares, constructed wetland for60,191yuan per square hectares. Compensation funds allocate for the beach wetland1.16billion yuan, reed wetland806million yuan, shrub and grassland752million yuan and others775million yuan.
This paper also discusses the way to formulate eco-compensation standard according to the losses of wetland market value. According the results of remote sensing interpretation and actual survey, we know that there are all kinds of natural and anthropogenic factors, such as oilfield exploitation, environmental pollution, enclose shoals, Yellow River cutoff, storm tide disaster, coastal erosion and so on, which produced a number of problems and made a large loss in ecological value. As a result, the gradually reduced area, the transform of wetland, environmental pollution and the decrease of ecological functions are apparent in Yellow River delta wetland. There are two aspects losses in the decrease of wetland. One is direct loss which counts by marketable value. Another is called indirect loss which is confined by the cost of recover ecological environment. The loss of environmental pollution is calculated by the investment of environmental protection. The total compensation is calculated by the total loss of wetland ecological value, while the compensatory standard is established by the loss of value in unit area. Compared with1992, in2010, because of the wetland area decreased, the direct market value lose is1.194billion yuan, and the ecological indirect loss is219million yuan. Oil field environment pollution brought market value loss for228million yuan and wetland market value total loss for1.641billion yuan. The compensation standard of the market value loss calculation is2194yuan per square hectares per annum.
Seen from the results of the above studies, compensation standard according to the wetland ecological function value loss is much higher than that according to the market value loss. This is mainly due to that the former fully considers the various kinds of wetland ecological functions value,the latter only considers the direct market value loss of wetland without the non-market value loss of wetland, such as climatic regulation value loss and biodiversity conservation value loss, etc.
The feasibility is poor to put compensation standard formulated into practice according to the ecological function value loss. Because some ecological functions are abstract, such as climatic regulation, biodiversity conservation, etc., it is hard to be accepted by the masses at present. Meanwhile, as the standard consists of each function value of wetland, its results tower above the local economic development level and people's ability and willingness to pay. The compensation standard formulated according to the market value loss, taking the loss of output value and profit caused by changes of wetland area into consideration. Therefore, it is more intuitive, and easier to be accepted by the masses, also conforms with the local economic development level and people's ability and willingness to pay, so its operability is better.
Because of the limit of material and the estimation methods, there are still errors between the actual value and the estimation results which can only reflect the ecological value and the compensation standard of the wetland in the research area to some extent. In the future study, we should constantly improve research methods to form a reasonable and feasible evaluation system.
引文
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