收入差距、偏好差异与环境污染
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摘要
近年来,中国经济快速增长,与此同时,环境污染问题愈发严重,要解决环境污染问题,一是通过产业结构、能源结构和贸易结构的调整从源头减少污染排放；二是强化末端治理,增加投入,强化规制,以减少污染。前者受制于经济成长的内在规律和中国的资源禀赋,调整优化非旦夕可以完成,要经历很长的时间；后者则受到社会经济差别的限制,扩大的个体禀赋差距将降低共同努力程度。
在社会—经济—生态环境这一系统中,广泛存在的贫穷国家(地区)与富裕国家(地区)以及弱势群体与强势群体的二元对立使得污染的转移或者转嫁更多发生,环境污染更加严重。另外,环境污染的控制和治理必然会使部分经济活动受到抑制,考虑到附带污染的经济活动对不同群体经济利益的不同增进和随之而来的环境污染对不同群体的不同负面影响,当这部分经济活动的受益者掌握着经济决策的话语权,而污染的受害者又势单力薄时,环境污染的治理变得更加困难。因此,论文将社会经济体制中的二元对立作为生态环境问题发生的根源,阐释了这种二元对立导致更多环境污染的一般原理。
全文共分八章。第一章提出文章研究的意义、研究方法与角度以及论文的结构。第二章简要回顾既有对环境污染的一般认识,从理论和实证两个方面阐述了环境污染的产生与环境污染治理不足的原因。第三章阐释了由经济社会的不公平导致环境不公平并导致更多的环境污染和生态环境不可持续的一般原理。第四章运用中国社会综合调查的数据考察了中国不同群体间遭受环境污染风险差别的现实并做出了经济学解释。第五章建立了内生的经济增长模型,在经济人追求效用最大化的决策中,引入环境质量的影响,说明收入不平等程度越大,则中间投票人的收入越低,与此对应的环境治理税率也更低,进而收入越不平等则环境质量越差,并以中国省级面板数据验证了经济不平等导致更多环境污染的不平等假说。第六章建立有序响应模型,从个体社会经济特征、社会参与特征和个体人口学特性等角度出发考察影响中国居民环境偏好的决定因素。第七章以厦门反PX事件为案例分析环境邻避问题何以发生,以及政府、企业和公众在其中的角色,探讨居民环境偏好的表达及在减少环境污染中的作用。第八章对全文做一总结,提出以全面的社会经济体制变革来控制和减少环境污染。
本文的主要结论如下：1.不同于环境污染的普遍性,很多时候,环境污染对不同群体的损害风险不同,以中等收入水平、中等教育程度的第二产业的从业人员所受的损害风险最大；2.收入不平等的扩大,会使得中间投票人的收入下降,降低其对环境质量的偏好,造成环境污染更多；3.居民环境偏好受多种社会经济因素的影响,除个人收入水平外,个人受教育程度和居住地区等因素都对其环境偏好有显著影响；4.单纯地依赖政府治理环境污染会形成失衡的治理结构,因此,第三方公众的参与和环境偏好的表达必不可少。
In recent years, China achieved drapid economic growth, at the same time, the environmental pollution problems has become more serious. To solve them:one method is reducing pollution emissions from the source through the adjustment of industrial structure, energy structure and trade structure; another is strengthening the end treatment such as increaseing investment, strengthening the regulation. The former solution subjects to the inherent law of economic growth and domestic resource endowments, the adjustment and optimization cannot be done onenight whereas the later solution is limited by the social and economic disparity, the the expanded individual endowment gap will reduce the degree of joint efforts.
In the society-economy-ecological environment system, if the the rich countries (regions) can displace pollution to poor countries (regions) easily or the advantage group can transfer environmental pollution to disadvantage group easily, the poor countries (regions) or disadvantage group will be the victims of pollution. The paper regards the dual structure as the the source environmental problems and elaborates that widespread environmental inequity make the environmental governance more difficult and thus more environmental pollution.
The paper is divided into eight chapters. The significance, the research methods, the research perspective and the structure of the paper are explained in Chapter I. The reasons of generation of environmental pollution and lack of environmental pollution control from the theoretical and empirical basis are reviewed in the next chapter. The general principle that unfair economic and social institution leads to the unsustainable society-economy and brings more environmental pollution is explaned in the third chapter. Next, the.author uses Chinese General Social Survey data to examine the reality of environmental pollution risk differences between different groups in China and Make an economic explanation in the fourth chapter. An endogenous model of economic growth is established and China's provincial panel data empirical analysis is used to prove the equality hypothesis that the greater the degree of income inequality, the worse the quality of the environment in Chapter V. To study Chinese environmental preferences, an order response model is established to examine the determinants that affect residents' environmental preferences from the individual socio-economic characteristics, social participation characteristics and individual demographic characteristics perspective in Chapter VI. The Xiamen anti-PX incident is taken as a case to study why environmental NIMBY problems occur and analyze the role of government, businesses and the public in Chapter VII. At last, the paper makes a summary and put forward a comprehensive socio-economic change to reduce and control environmental pollution in Chapter Ⅷ.
The main conclusions of this paper are as follows:1. Unlike the universality of environmental pollution, often environmental pollution bring different groups different risk, the groups with the middle-income level, the extent of secondary education and industry practitioners suffer higher damage risk;2. Widen of income inequality will make the decline of middle income voters and thus reduce the preference for environmental quality of whole society, this will leads to more environmental pollution;3. Environmental preference of residents is affected by a variety of socio-economic factors such as the education level of individuals and area of residence except for personal income levels;4. In pollution governance, government and firms constitute imbalance structure, therefore, it is essential for the public to participate environmental policy decision and express their environmental preferences.
在社会—经济—生态环境这一系统中,广泛存在的贫穷国家(地区)与富裕国家(地区)以及弱势群体与强势群体的二元对立使得污染的转移或者转嫁更多发生,环境污染更加严重。另外,环境污染的控制和治理必然会使部分经济活动受到抑制,考虑到附带污染的经济活动对不同群体经济利益的不同增进和随之而来的环境污染对不同群体的不同负面影响,当这部分经济活动的受益者掌握着经济决策的话语权,而污染的受害者又势单力薄时,环境污染的治理变得更加困难。因此,论文将社会经济体制中的二元对立作为生态环境问题发生的根源,阐释了这种二元对立导致更多环境污染的一般原理。
全文共分八章。第一章提出文章研究的意义、研究方法与角度以及论文的结构。第二章简要回顾既有对环境污染的一般认识,从理论和实证两个方面阐述了环境污染的产生与环境污染治理不足的原因。第三章阐释了由经济社会的不公平导致环境不公平并导致更多的环境污染和生态环境不可持续的一般原理。第四章运用中国社会综合调查的数据考察了中国不同群体间遭受环境污染风险差别的现实并做出了经济学解释。第五章建立了内生的经济增长模型,在经济人追求效用最大化的决策中,引入环境质量的影响,说明收入不平等程度越大,则中间投票人的收入越低,与此对应的环境治理税率也更低,进而收入越不平等则环境质量越差,并以中国省级面板数据验证了经济不平等导致更多环境污染的不平等假说。第六章建立有序响应模型,从个体社会经济特征、社会参与特征和个体人口学特性等角度出发考察影响中国居民环境偏好的决定因素。第七章以厦门反PX事件为案例分析环境邻避问题何以发生,以及政府、企业和公众在其中的角色,探讨居民环境偏好的表达及在减少环境污染中的作用。第八章对全文做一总结,提出以全面的社会经济体制变革来控制和减少环境污染。
本文的主要结论如下：1.不同于环境污染的普遍性,很多时候,环境污染对不同群体的损害风险不同,以中等收入水平、中等教育程度的第二产业的从业人员所受的损害风险最大；2.收入不平等的扩大,会使得中间投票人的收入下降,降低其对环境质量的偏好,造成环境污染更多；3.居民环境偏好受多种社会经济因素的影响,除个人收入水平外,个人受教育程度和居住地区等因素都对其环境偏好有显著影响；4.单纯地依赖政府治理环境污染会形成失衡的治理结构,因此,第三方公众的参与和环境偏好的表达必不可少。
In recent years, China achieved drapid economic growth, at the same time, the environmental pollution problems has become more serious. To solve them:one method is reducing pollution emissions from the source through the adjustment of industrial structure, energy structure and trade structure; another is strengthening the end treatment such as increaseing investment, strengthening the regulation. The former solution subjects to the inherent law of economic growth and domestic resource endowments, the adjustment and optimization cannot be done onenight whereas the later solution is limited by the social and economic disparity, the the expanded individual endowment gap will reduce the degree of joint efforts.
In the society-economy-ecological environment system, if the the rich countries (regions) can displace pollution to poor countries (regions) easily or the advantage group can transfer environmental pollution to disadvantage group easily, the poor countries (regions) or disadvantage group will be the victims of pollution. The paper regards the dual structure as the the source environmental problems and elaborates that widespread environmental inequity make the environmental governance more difficult and thus more environmental pollution.
The paper is divided into eight chapters. The significance, the research methods, the research perspective and the structure of the paper are explained in Chapter I. The reasons of generation of environmental pollution and lack of environmental pollution control from the theoretical and empirical basis are reviewed in the next chapter. The general principle that unfair economic and social institution leads to the unsustainable society-economy and brings more environmental pollution is explaned in the third chapter. Next, the.author uses Chinese General Social Survey data to examine the reality of environmental pollution risk differences between different groups in China and Make an economic explanation in the fourth chapter. An endogenous model of economic growth is established and China's provincial panel data empirical analysis is used to prove the equality hypothesis that the greater the degree of income inequality, the worse the quality of the environment in Chapter V. To study Chinese environmental preferences, an order response model is established to examine the determinants that affect residents' environmental preferences from the individual socio-economic characteristics, social participation characteristics and individual demographic characteristics perspective in Chapter VI. The Xiamen anti-PX incident is taken as a case to study why environmental NIMBY problems occur and analyze the role of government, businesses and the public in Chapter VII. At last, the paper makes a summary and put forward a comprehensive socio-economic change to reduce and control environmental pollution in Chapter Ⅷ.
The main conclusions of this paper are as follows:1. Unlike the universality of environmental pollution, often environmental pollution bring different groups different risk, the groups with the middle-income level, the extent of secondary education and industry practitioners suffer higher damage risk;2. Widen of income inequality will make the decline of middle income voters and thus reduce the preference for environmental quality of whole society, this will leads to more environmental pollution;3. Environmental preference of residents is affected by a variety of socio-economic factors such as the education level of individuals and area of residence except for personal income levels;4. In pollution governance, government and firms constitute imbalance structure, therefore, it is essential for the public to participate environmental policy decision and express their environmental preferences.
引文
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