城市草坪水汽通量与蒸散量的变化特征分析
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摘要
随着城市草坪面积的增加,草坪的蒸散量已成为维持全球生态系统水平衡重要的因素之一,通过长期的观测、统计和分析大尺度范围的草坪绿地的水汽通量,对城市化及全球气候变化都起到重要的作用。本试验通过涡度相关法和蒸渗仪法,对大小两种尺度及不同灌溉条件下植物的水汽通量、光合指标等进行了对比研究,并结合气象因素进行了相关分析。结果表明：
(1)水汽通量与热通量的变化趋势都是倒“U”型,即白天为正,夜间为负,这与CO2通量的变化曲线相反；除3月外,其它月份的水汽通量日变化曲线与潜热通量几乎重合,且两者曲线远高于显热通量；全天蒸腾的时数也随日照时数的缩短而减少,基本表现为夏季最大,春秋季次之,冬季最小；全年中间波文比β较小,冬春两季较大；CO2通量和水汽通量的共同影响导致WUE日变化曲线起伏较大,变化较复杂。
(2)水分条件能显著影响草坪草的蒸散量。蒸散量都遵循“土壤含水量越大蒸散量就越大”的规律,同一时段晴天的远大于阴天的。8月份限制灌溉的草地早熟禾日蒸散量呈双峰型,其它草地早熟禾日蒸散量均呈单峰型,且峰值都出现在当天气温最高值之前；月蒸散量随太阳辐射和气温的减小而逐月减少；草地早熟禾中午即11：00-15：00之间的蒸散量在全天中占的比例较大,约占全天总蒸散量的47%；草坪草的生长速率和地上生物量的积累由大到小几乎都是：F5>F4>F3>F2>F1；各月草地早熟禾净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度的变化大致是一致的,呈倒“U”型。
(3)同种气象因子对不同月份的植物水汽通量、光合指标影响程度是不相等的,且同一月份的水汽通量、光合指标对不同气象因子的响应程度也不一样。水汽通量、光合指标对太阳辐射、气温的响应最显著,风速次之；它们与空气相对湿度一直呈极显著负相关关系,风向次之。
(4)3月～11月的参考作物蒸散量ETo随太阳辐射、气温等气象因子的变化逐月减少；蒸渗仪法测量计算得到的作物系数比涡度相关法的大,且二者总体变化曲线一致；在相同条件下,土壤含水量越大,Ks越大。利用涡度相关法测出的水汽通量推算该试验区草坪草3月～11月的总蒸散量约为560.6mm。
With the area of urban lawn increasing, the lawn ET has become one of the water balance important factor on maintaining the global ecosystem, long-term observations, statistics and analysis the water vapor flux of the turf in large-scale range play an important role on urbanization and global climate change. The test by the eddy covariance method and lysimeter method, comparative studies water vapor flux, photosynthetic indicators of plants in two scales and under different irrigation, and correlation analysis combinated with meteorological factors. The results showed that:
(1) Water vapor flux and heat flux trends are inverted "U" shape, during the day is positive, night is negative, which is contrary to the CO2flux curve; except for March, other water vapor flux curve and the latent heat flux is almost coincident, and both curves is far higher than the sensible heat flux; hours throughout the day transpiration is reduced with the shorter sunshine hours, the basic performance is the summer maximum, spring and autumn, winter minimum; annual intermediate periods Bowen ratioβ smaller, winter and spring larger; the combined effect of the CO2flux and vapor flux causes WUE day dynamic curve up and down, the change is more complex.
(2) Moisture conditions can significantly affect grass ET. ET follow "the greater the soil moisture, the ET is greater" the law, the same period sunny than cloudy. The grass ET of restricted irrigation in August was bimodal, other bluegrass ET showed a single peak and the peak before the day the maximum temperature value; ET reduces with the solar radiation and temperature smaller monthly; The grass ET between11:00～15:00takes a large proportion of the day, about47%; the grass growth rate and all of the above ground biomass accumulation from big to small:F5> F4> F3> F2> F1; the changes of grass net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance each month are generally consistent with U-type.
(3) The influence of the same kind of meteorological factors on different plant water vapor flux, photosynthetic indexes is not equal, and the response of water vapor flux, photosynthetic indexes in the same month to different meteorological factors are not the same. The response of water vapor flux, photosynthetic indexes to solar radiation, temperature is most significant, followed by wind speed; they has shown a highly significant negative correlation with air relative humidity, wind direction followed.
(4) The ET0in March to November changes with solar radiation, temperature and other meteorological factors reduced monthly; the crop coefficient measured by lysimeter method is larger than the eddy covariance method, under the same conditions, the greater the soil moisture content, the larger the Ks. The water flux using the eddy covariance method can calculate all of the experimental lawn grass evapotranspiration about560.6mm from March to November.
(1)水汽通量与热通量的变化趋势都是倒“U”型,即白天为正,夜间为负,这与CO2通量的变化曲线相反；除3月外,其它月份的水汽通量日变化曲线与潜热通量几乎重合,且两者曲线远高于显热通量；全天蒸腾的时数也随日照时数的缩短而减少,基本表现为夏季最大,春秋季次之,冬季最小；全年中间波文比β较小,冬春两季较大；CO2通量和水汽通量的共同影响导致WUE日变化曲线起伏较大,变化较复杂。
(2)水分条件能显著影响草坪草的蒸散量。蒸散量都遵循“土壤含水量越大蒸散量就越大”的规律,同一时段晴天的远大于阴天的。8月份限制灌溉的草地早熟禾日蒸散量呈双峰型,其它草地早熟禾日蒸散量均呈单峰型,且峰值都出现在当天气温最高值之前；月蒸散量随太阳辐射和气温的减小而逐月减少；草地早熟禾中午即11：00-15：00之间的蒸散量在全天中占的比例较大,约占全天总蒸散量的47%；草坪草的生长速率和地上生物量的积累由大到小几乎都是：F5>F4>F3>F2>F1；各月草地早熟禾净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度的变化大致是一致的,呈倒“U”型。
(3)同种气象因子对不同月份的植物水汽通量、光合指标影响程度是不相等的,且同一月份的水汽通量、光合指标对不同气象因子的响应程度也不一样。水汽通量、光合指标对太阳辐射、气温的响应最显著,风速次之；它们与空气相对湿度一直呈极显著负相关关系,风向次之。
(4)3月～11月的参考作物蒸散量ETo随太阳辐射、气温等气象因子的变化逐月减少；蒸渗仪法测量计算得到的作物系数比涡度相关法的大,且二者总体变化曲线一致；在相同条件下,土壤含水量越大,Ks越大。利用涡度相关法测出的水汽通量推算该试验区草坪草3月～11月的总蒸散量约为560.6mm。
With the area of urban lawn increasing, the lawn ET has become one of the water balance important factor on maintaining the global ecosystem, long-term observations, statistics and analysis the water vapor flux of the turf in large-scale range play an important role on urbanization and global climate change. The test by the eddy covariance method and lysimeter method, comparative studies water vapor flux, photosynthetic indicators of plants in two scales and under different irrigation, and correlation analysis combinated with meteorological factors. The results showed that:
(1) Water vapor flux and heat flux trends are inverted "U" shape, during the day is positive, night is negative, which is contrary to the CO2flux curve; except for March, other water vapor flux curve and the latent heat flux is almost coincident, and both curves is far higher than the sensible heat flux; hours throughout the day transpiration is reduced with the shorter sunshine hours, the basic performance is the summer maximum, spring and autumn, winter minimum; annual intermediate periods Bowen ratioβ smaller, winter and spring larger; the combined effect of the CO2flux and vapor flux causes WUE day dynamic curve up and down, the change is more complex.
(2) Moisture conditions can significantly affect grass ET. ET follow "the greater the soil moisture, the ET is greater" the law, the same period sunny than cloudy. The grass ET of restricted irrigation in August was bimodal, other bluegrass ET showed a single peak and the peak before the day the maximum temperature value; ET reduces with the solar radiation and temperature smaller monthly; The grass ET between11:00～15:00takes a large proportion of the day, about47%; the grass growth rate and all of the above ground biomass accumulation from big to small:F5> F4> F3> F2> F1; the changes of grass net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance each month are generally consistent with U-type.
(3) The influence of the same kind of meteorological factors on different plant water vapor flux, photosynthetic indexes is not equal, and the response of water vapor flux, photosynthetic indexes in the same month to different meteorological factors are not the same. The response of water vapor flux, photosynthetic indexes to solar radiation, temperature is most significant, followed by wind speed; they has shown a highly significant negative correlation with air relative humidity, wind direction followed.
(4) The ET0in March to November changes with solar radiation, temperature and other meteorological factors reduced monthly; the crop coefficient measured by lysimeter method is larger than the eddy covariance method, under the same conditions, the greater the soil moisture content, the larger the Ks. The water flux using the eddy covariance method can calculate all of the experimental lawn grass evapotranspiration about560.6mm from March to November.
引文
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