黑河下游地下水波动带生态需水量空间分布研究
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摘要
黑河流域是我国西北干旱区第二大内陆河流域。水资源是该区经济和社会可持续发展的主要制约因素。随着经济发展和人口增加,该区水资源需求越来越大。原有的中游经济发展用水与下游生态环境需水间的矛盾进一步恶化。水资源短缺引发的严重生态环境问题已威胁到整个黑河下游,乃至我国西北、华北地区的生态安全。因此,下游区域的生态恢复问题已迫在眉睫。尽管黑河下游地下水位下降已引起该区河岸生态系统的迅速退化,但河岸生态系统仍是该区生态系统的重要支柱。为恢复区域河岸生态系统基本功能,我国实施了黑河下游应急生态输水工程。随着该工程的实施,黑河下游河流来水量增加,依赖于河水补给的区域地下水水位及其辐射范围都发生了明显变化。“黑河下游地下水波动带”随之形成。黑河下游地下水波动带是整个黑河下游植被重建及生态恢复的重点区域。地下水是影响区域植被生长及分布的关键性因素。黑河下游,特别是黑河下游地下水波动带植被恢复规模和地下水位间的关系问题也因此成为人们关注的焦点。而植被需水正是体现这二者关系的纽带。因此,本文针对体现该区生态问题症结所在的环境要素——水与区域生态系统核心要素——植被的关系的生态需水问题进行了深入探讨。旨在为平衡该区人类需水与自然需水及确定流域生态保护目标、措施与方案提供科学支撑。
首先,本文对黑河下游地下水波动带的范围进行了界定;然后借助遥感和GIS技术,结合研究区遥感数据、气象数据、土地利用数据、野外调查数据等对区域地表参数(地表反照率、植被指数、植被盖度、植被高度、地表比辐射率、地表温度)及区域地表能量通量(地表净辐射、土壤热通量、显热通量、潜热通量)进行了反演,进而获取区域蒸散发量;并以此为依据结合区域植被遥感分类结果中提取出的植被分布面积数据直接从“面”尺度计算了区域各类植被的生态需水量。该方法打破了生态需水研究中尺度转换问题的“瓶颈”制约,为区域(植被)生态需水量研究提供了新思路和新方法,对区域生态需水研究中尺度转换科学问题的解决进行了有益尝试,以期通过本研究提出的植被生态需水量计算方法对区域生态需水量研究中的尺度转换问题有所突破。主要研究结论如下:
(1)黑河下游地下水波动带是在黑河下游应急生态输水工程实施背景下产生的地下水水位及其辐射范围变化明显的特殊区域。该区是整个黑河下游天然植被丰度最大的区域,因而成为黑河下游植被重建及生态恢复的重点区域。其植被类型、长势等生态要素对地下水的依赖极强,这使得地下水位及其辐射范围变化成为其生态环境演变的主要驱动因素。通过对黑河下游1990年与2006年地下水位空间分布及其变化的分析,结合2006年7月地下水位野外调查资料,提取黑河下游狼心山以下黑河干流(东河和西河)河道两侧20km范围作为研究区,面积约1.15454×10~4km~2。
(2)区域地表参数反演是进行区域地表蒸散发估算的基础。研究区各地表参数反演结果如下:地表反照率分布在0.08～0.42间,其分布直方图呈单峰型;受研究区大面积分布的沙漠戈壁区影响,全区NDVI均值仅为-0.0686;通过对研究区实测LAI与反演得到的各植被指数(RVI、DVI、GVI、NDVI、SAVI、MSAVI)的相关分析,选取模拟精度高达0.9419的GVI三阶多项式模型对研究区LAI进行反演,反演LAI与实测LAI间的相关系数为0.66;利用相关模型反演出的研究区植被盖度和植被高度结果与野外实测数据的模拟精度分别为84.39%和88.88%;地表比辐射率在裸土区最低而水域最高,均值为0.9744;地表温度是地表热量平衡的结果,对植被生态需水研究至关重要,反演出的卫星过境时刻的地表温度分布在291.03～319.39K间,均值达311.05K。
(3)地表蒸散发是影响区域土壤-植被-大气系统水热平衡的关键环节,可近似理解为植物生态需水量。研究区地表蒸散发参数估算结果如下:地表净辐射在254.08～860.73W/m~2间,均值为553.94W/m~2,最低值在西居延海及东、西河下游局部区域,最高值出现在水域;土壤热通量集中在100～170W/m~2间,均值为142.55W/m~2,低值区为植被盖度最大的绿洲区及西居延海和西河中下游地区,高值区为北部低山区及东部砾漠区;显热通量集中分布在100～300W/m~2,均值为220W/m~2;潜热通量高值区(＞500W/m~2)为水体及其周围水分条件极好的河岸植被带和绿洲,其次为高盖度植被区,西居延海湖盆区局部潜热通量在-95.67～0W/m~2间。研究区2003年9月12日的蒸散发量集中在1～2mm内,均值为1.61mm。经验证,以上估算结果均达到研究精度要求,能满足后续区域生态需水量估算要求。
(4)利用本研究提出的区域(植被)生态需水量估算方法计算出的研究区2003年9月胡杨、柽柳、草地三种植被类型的生态需水量分别为1.32×10~7m~3、2.13×10~7m~3和13.5×10~7m~3,区域植被总生态需水量为1.695×10~8m~3。但利用遥感数据获得的研究区植被分布面积在像元尺度上是被扩大的,因而本研究尝试通过引入各像元植被盖度来解决该问题。引入像元植被盖度后估算出的研究区胡杨、柽柳、草地分布区的月生态需水量分别为11.37×10~7m~3、0.45×10~7m~3和3.24×10~7m~3,区域植被总生态需水量为1.506×10~8m~3,估算结果略有降低。
(5)利用遥感和GIS技术反演区域蒸散发进而估算区域生态需水量的研究方法打破了区域生态需水研究中尺度转换问题的“瓶颈”制约,为区域生态需水量估算提供了新思路和新方法,是对该研究尺度转换问题的一次有益尝试。通过与黑河下游现有生态需水研究成果的比较及分析发现,研究中还存在很多关键性的问题需要解决。首先,高分辨率遥感影像的引入是提高区域植被分布面积估算精度的有效途径;其次,许多生态地理学参数都需要建立大量的观测站点并实时获取数据以验证遥感反演出的主要参数,如地表能量通量和蒸散发量等。
The Heihe River is the second largest inland river in the arid region of northwestern China. Water resources are the primary limiting factor for the sustainable development of economy and society in the Basin.With the development of economy and increase of population,the water is needed more and more in this region.As a result,the already-existing conflict between economic use of the water in the middle reaches and ecological demand of the water in the lower reaches has been recently exacerbated.Water resources shortage had caused severe deterioration of the eco-environment in the lower reaches and threatened the ecological security of entire Heihe River Basin,even northwestern and northern China.So the ecological restoration has become urgent affair in the lower reaches.Riparian ecosystem has played an important role in stabilizing regional ecosystem.Though,it has degenerated gradually because groundwater level fell down. To restore the major riparian ecosystem in the region,stream water transport from the middle reaches of the river was implemented.The implementation of ecological water transport is bringing the changes of groundwater level,especially in the groundwater-fluctuating belt,which is the core region of the lower reaches of Heihe River in the course of vegetation rebuild and ecology restore.Groundwater is key factor to affect growth and distribution of vegetation.The relationship between the status of natural vegetation and the groundwater level becomes the attention-getting focus in the lower reaches of Heihe River,especially in the groundwater-fluctuating belt.Therefore the objective of this thesis is to study the relationship. The water requirement of vegetation is the link of the relationship.The focalization in the study is ecological water requirement.The purpose is to provide scientific support for balancing the water requirement from human being and natural ecosystem,and confirming the target,measure and project of ecosystem protected.
First,the range of the groundwater-fluctuating belt was confirmed.Then simulation of the surface flux and the evapotranspiration were conducted using the technology of Remote Sensing and GIS,combining the basic data such as meteorological data,Landsat TM images,current land use maps and the data from field investigate.And then the quantity of ecological water requirement was estimated based on the simulated evapotranspiration and the distributional area of vegetation in the study area.This method to estimate ecological water requirement in the study afforded the new idea and method for the study of regional ecological water requirement. Conclusions could be drawn as follows:
(1)The groundwater-fluctuating belt of the lower reaches of Heihe River is a special region where the groundwater level varies markedly under the influence of ecological water transport.The natural vegetation is the important underpinning in the riparian ecosystem. As a result,this region is the core region of the lower reaches of Heihe River during the vegetation rebuilt and the ecology restored.The groundwater level influences the type, distribution patterns and abundance of the natural vegetation species.Thus,the change of groundwater level is primary drive factor of environment evolution in this region.By analyzing the data of groundwater level came from the observation in the lower reaches of Heihe River in 1990 and 2006,the range of the groundwater-fluctuating belt was confirmed,which lies about 20km buffer zone of the Heihe River,covering area of 1.15454×10~4km~2.
(2)The simulation of the land surface parameters is foundation to estimate the evapotranspiration.The simulated parameters of land surface as follows:The surface albedo is changing from 0.08 to 0.42.Its histogram presents single peak.The mean of NDVI is only -0.0686 which effected by Gobi and desert.By analyzing the correlativity of LAI from measure in field and RVI,DVI,GVI,NDVI,SAVI and MSAVI,the polynomial model of GVI was selected for the precision of simulation is 0.9419.The precision of estimation is 84.39%and 88.88%for the height vegetation and the vegetation fraction,respectively.The mean of land surface emissivity is 0.9744.The land surface temperature is the result from the balance of the quantity of heat in land surface.It is very important for ecological water requirement of vegetation.The land surface temperature is fluctuant from 291.03K to 319.39K and its mean is 311.05K.
(3)The evapotranspiration will affect the balance of water and heat in the system of soil, vegetation and atmosphere.The evapotranspiration equaled to the ecological water requirement of vegetation in a way approximatively.The net radiation flux is changing from 254.08 to 860.73W/m~2 with a mean of 553.94W/m~2 in study area.The minimum net radiation flux appeared in the some area of Xi Juyan Lake,the water area has maximum net radiation flux.The soil heat flux was converged from 100 to 170W/m~2 and the mean is 142.55W/m~2.The soil heat flux is smaller in the inner of oasis and the lower reaches of Xihe River.The mean of sensible heat flux is 220W/m~2.The maximum latent heat flux present to the water area and its surrounding,for example the distributional area of riparian vegetation and oasis.The latent heat flux is minus(-95.67～0W/m~2)in Xi Juyan Lake.The mean of evapotranspiration is 1.61mm in Sept.12,2003 in study area.The validations of estimated results about the parameter of evapotranspiration indicate the simulated results are reasonable and enough for the estimation of ecological water requirement.
(4)The quantity of ecological water requirement of Populus euphratica,Tamarix ramosissima and grassland is 1.32×10~7m~3,2.13×10~7m~3 and 13.5×10~7m~3 in September, 2003,respectively.The total ecological water requirement of vegetation is 1.695×10~8m~3. But the area is extended from the data of remote sensing in the pixel scale.The problem was resolved by introducing the vegetation fraction in this study.Corresponding,the quantity of water requirement of Populus euphratica,Tamarix ramosissima and grassland become 11.37×10~7m~3,0.45×10~7m~3 and 3.24×10~7m~3 by introducing vegetation fraction,respectively.The total ecological water requirement of vegetation also diminished to 1.506×10~8m~3.
(5)This method estimates the quantity of ecological water requirement from the scale of surface directly which had broken the restriction from scale transform in the course of the ecological water requirement study,and afford the new idea and method for the study of regional ecological water requirement.By comparing the results from this study with other previous research about ecological water requirement in the lower reaches of Heihe River,we found there was a little difference.We will face many challenges in the further study.The high resolution remote sensing image will be needed to improve the estimation precision of vegetation area.Many ecogeographical variables will be required to monitor for validating estimation of important parameters, such as surface flux and the evapotranspiration
首先,本文对黑河下游地下水波动带的范围进行了界定;然后借助遥感和GIS技术,结合研究区遥感数据、气象数据、土地利用数据、野外调查数据等对区域地表参数(地表反照率、植被指数、植被盖度、植被高度、地表比辐射率、地表温度)及区域地表能量通量(地表净辐射、土壤热通量、显热通量、潜热通量)进行了反演,进而获取区域蒸散发量;并以此为依据结合区域植被遥感分类结果中提取出的植被分布面积数据直接从“面”尺度计算了区域各类植被的生态需水量。该方法打破了生态需水研究中尺度转换问题的“瓶颈”制约,为区域(植被)生态需水量研究提供了新思路和新方法,对区域生态需水研究中尺度转换科学问题的解决进行了有益尝试,以期通过本研究提出的植被生态需水量计算方法对区域生态需水量研究中的尺度转换问题有所突破。主要研究结论如下:
(1)黑河下游地下水波动带是在黑河下游应急生态输水工程实施背景下产生的地下水水位及其辐射范围变化明显的特殊区域。该区是整个黑河下游天然植被丰度最大的区域,因而成为黑河下游植被重建及生态恢复的重点区域。其植被类型、长势等生态要素对地下水的依赖极强,这使得地下水位及其辐射范围变化成为其生态环境演变的主要驱动因素。通过对黑河下游1990年与2006年地下水位空间分布及其变化的分析,结合2006年7月地下水位野外调查资料,提取黑河下游狼心山以下黑河干流(东河和西河)河道两侧20km范围作为研究区,面积约1.15454×10~4km~2。
(2)区域地表参数反演是进行区域地表蒸散发估算的基础。研究区各地表参数反演结果如下:地表反照率分布在0.08～0.42间,其分布直方图呈单峰型;受研究区大面积分布的沙漠戈壁区影响,全区NDVI均值仅为-0.0686;通过对研究区实测LAI与反演得到的各植被指数(RVI、DVI、GVI、NDVI、SAVI、MSAVI)的相关分析,选取模拟精度高达0.9419的GVI三阶多项式模型对研究区LAI进行反演,反演LAI与实测LAI间的相关系数为0.66;利用相关模型反演出的研究区植被盖度和植被高度结果与野外实测数据的模拟精度分别为84.39%和88.88%;地表比辐射率在裸土区最低而水域最高,均值为0.9744;地表温度是地表热量平衡的结果,对植被生态需水研究至关重要,反演出的卫星过境时刻的地表温度分布在291.03～319.39K间,均值达311.05K。
(3)地表蒸散发是影响区域土壤-植被-大气系统水热平衡的关键环节,可近似理解为植物生态需水量。研究区地表蒸散发参数估算结果如下:地表净辐射在254.08～860.73W/m~2间,均值为553.94W/m~2,最低值在西居延海及东、西河下游局部区域,最高值出现在水域;土壤热通量集中在100～170W/m~2间,均值为142.55W/m~2,低值区为植被盖度最大的绿洲区及西居延海和西河中下游地区,高值区为北部低山区及东部砾漠区;显热通量集中分布在100～300W/m~2,均值为220W/m~2;潜热通量高值区(＞500W/m~2)为水体及其周围水分条件极好的河岸植被带和绿洲,其次为高盖度植被区,西居延海湖盆区局部潜热通量在-95.67～0W/m~2间。研究区2003年9月12日的蒸散发量集中在1～2mm内,均值为1.61mm。经验证,以上估算结果均达到研究精度要求,能满足后续区域生态需水量估算要求。
(4)利用本研究提出的区域(植被)生态需水量估算方法计算出的研究区2003年9月胡杨、柽柳、草地三种植被类型的生态需水量分别为1.32×10~7m~3、2.13×10~7m~3和13.5×10~7m~3,区域植被总生态需水量为1.695×10~8m~3。但利用遥感数据获得的研究区植被分布面积在像元尺度上是被扩大的,因而本研究尝试通过引入各像元植被盖度来解决该问题。引入像元植被盖度后估算出的研究区胡杨、柽柳、草地分布区的月生态需水量分别为11.37×10~7m~3、0.45×10~7m~3和3.24×10~7m~3,区域植被总生态需水量为1.506×10~8m~3,估算结果略有降低。
(5)利用遥感和GIS技术反演区域蒸散发进而估算区域生态需水量的研究方法打破了区域生态需水研究中尺度转换问题的“瓶颈”制约,为区域生态需水量估算提供了新思路和新方法,是对该研究尺度转换问题的一次有益尝试。通过与黑河下游现有生态需水研究成果的比较及分析发现,研究中还存在很多关键性的问题需要解决。首先,高分辨率遥感影像的引入是提高区域植被分布面积估算精度的有效途径;其次,许多生态地理学参数都需要建立大量的观测站点并实时获取数据以验证遥感反演出的主要参数,如地表能量通量和蒸散发量等。
The Heihe River is the second largest inland river in the arid region of northwestern China. Water resources are the primary limiting factor for the sustainable development of economy and society in the Basin.With the development of economy and increase of population,the water is needed more and more in this region.As a result,the already-existing conflict between economic use of the water in the middle reaches and ecological demand of the water in the lower reaches has been recently exacerbated.Water resources shortage had caused severe deterioration of the eco-environment in the lower reaches and threatened the ecological security of entire Heihe River Basin,even northwestern and northern China.So the ecological restoration has become urgent affair in the lower reaches.Riparian ecosystem has played an important role in stabilizing regional ecosystem.Though,it has degenerated gradually because groundwater level fell down. To restore the major riparian ecosystem in the region,stream water transport from the middle reaches of the river was implemented.The implementation of ecological water transport is bringing the changes of groundwater level,especially in the groundwater-fluctuating belt,which is the core region of the lower reaches of Heihe River in the course of vegetation rebuild and ecology restore.Groundwater is key factor to affect growth and distribution of vegetation.The relationship between the status of natural vegetation and the groundwater level becomes the attention-getting focus in the lower reaches of Heihe River,especially in the groundwater-fluctuating belt.Therefore the objective of this thesis is to study the relationship. The water requirement of vegetation is the link of the relationship.The focalization in the study is ecological water requirement.The purpose is to provide scientific support for balancing the water requirement from human being and natural ecosystem,and confirming the target,measure and project of ecosystem protected.
First,the range of the groundwater-fluctuating belt was confirmed.Then simulation of the surface flux and the evapotranspiration were conducted using the technology of Remote Sensing and GIS,combining the basic data such as meteorological data,Landsat TM images,current land use maps and the data from field investigate.And then the quantity of ecological water requirement was estimated based on the simulated evapotranspiration and the distributional area of vegetation in the study area.This method to estimate ecological water requirement in the study afforded the new idea and method for the study of regional ecological water requirement. Conclusions could be drawn as follows:
(1)The groundwater-fluctuating belt of the lower reaches of Heihe River is a special region where the groundwater level varies markedly under the influence of ecological water transport.The natural vegetation is the important underpinning in the riparian ecosystem. As a result,this region is the core region of the lower reaches of Heihe River during the vegetation rebuilt and the ecology restored.The groundwater level influences the type, distribution patterns and abundance of the natural vegetation species.Thus,the change of groundwater level is primary drive factor of environment evolution in this region.By analyzing the data of groundwater level came from the observation in the lower reaches of Heihe River in 1990 and 2006,the range of the groundwater-fluctuating belt was confirmed,which lies about 20km buffer zone of the Heihe River,covering area of 1.15454×10~4km~2.
(2)The simulation of the land surface parameters is foundation to estimate the evapotranspiration.The simulated parameters of land surface as follows:The surface albedo is changing from 0.08 to 0.42.Its histogram presents single peak.The mean of NDVI is only -0.0686 which effected by Gobi and desert.By analyzing the correlativity of LAI from measure in field and RVI,DVI,GVI,NDVI,SAVI and MSAVI,the polynomial model of GVI was selected for the precision of simulation is 0.9419.The precision of estimation is 84.39%and 88.88%for the height vegetation and the vegetation fraction,respectively.The mean of land surface emissivity is 0.9744.The land surface temperature is the result from the balance of the quantity of heat in land surface.It is very important for ecological water requirement of vegetation.The land surface temperature is fluctuant from 291.03K to 319.39K and its mean is 311.05K.
(3)The evapotranspiration will affect the balance of water and heat in the system of soil, vegetation and atmosphere.The evapotranspiration equaled to the ecological water requirement of vegetation in a way approximatively.The net radiation flux is changing from 254.08 to 860.73W/m~2 with a mean of 553.94W/m~2 in study area.The minimum net radiation flux appeared in the some area of Xi Juyan Lake,the water area has maximum net radiation flux.The soil heat flux was converged from 100 to 170W/m~2 and the mean is 142.55W/m~2.The soil heat flux is smaller in the inner of oasis and the lower reaches of Xihe River.The mean of sensible heat flux is 220W/m~2.The maximum latent heat flux present to the water area and its surrounding,for example the distributional area of riparian vegetation and oasis.The latent heat flux is minus(-95.67～0W/m~2)in Xi Juyan Lake.The mean of evapotranspiration is 1.61mm in Sept.12,2003 in study area.The validations of estimated results about the parameter of evapotranspiration indicate the simulated results are reasonable and enough for the estimation of ecological water requirement.
(4)The quantity of ecological water requirement of Populus euphratica,Tamarix ramosissima and grassland is 1.32×10~7m~3,2.13×10~7m~3 and 13.5×10~7m~3 in September, 2003,respectively.The total ecological water requirement of vegetation is 1.695×10~8m~3. But the area is extended from the data of remote sensing in the pixel scale.The problem was resolved by introducing the vegetation fraction in this study.Corresponding,the quantity of water requirement of Populus euphratica,Tamarix ramosissima and grassland become 11.37×10~7m~3,0.45×10~7m~3 and 3.24×10~7m~3 by introducing vegetation fraction,respectively.The total ecological water requirement of vegetation also diminished to 1.506×10~8m~3.
(5)This method estimates the quantity of ecological water requirement from the scale of surface directly which had broken the restriction from scale transform in the course of the ecological water requirement study,and afford the new idea and method for the study of regional ecological water requirement.By comparing the results from this study with other previous research about ecological water requirement in the lower reaches of Heihe River,we found there was a little difference.We will face many challenges in the further study.The high resolution remote sensing image will be needed to improve the estimation precision of vegetation area.Many ecogeographical variables will be required to monitor for validating estimation of important parameters, such as surface flux and the evapotranspiration
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