离心泵作透平的理论分析数值计算与实验研究
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摘要
液体压力能是一种无污染、可再生能源。随着能源需求的不断上升和节能意识的不断增强,开发利用小功率液体压力能将对建设资源节约型环境友好型社会将起到重要作用。泵作透平开发利用小功率液体压力能与其他类型的小功率液体压力能开发利用技术相比具有体积小、结构简单、造价低、寿命长、易维修等优势。目前在工业流程、小水电等节能技术领域均有应用。对泵作透平进行研究具有明显的社会和学术价值,本文以泵作透平为研究对象,应用理论分析、数值计算和实验相结合的方法对离心泵作透平的选型、内部流动、高效设计理论和设计方法以及非定常压力脉动等方面进行了研究。本文的主要工作和创造性成果有：
1.系统地总结了国内外泵作透平的研究现状并对泵作透平的发展趋势进行了展望。总结了泵作透平的基础理论,分析了泵作透平的外特性特点,明确了泵作透平外特性曲线的变化与叶轮几何参数之间的关系。
2.研制了泵作透平驱动泵和泵作透平驱动测功机两种形式的实验台。分别对两种形式的实验台进行了实验调试,分析了自主研制实验台和以往实验台的优缺点。编制了泵作透平实验台自动测试系统软件,成功实现了泵作透平外特性的自动测量。
3.研究了较为准确的泵作透平外特性数值预测方法。对数值计算过程中三维造型的简化、网格类型和湍流模型的选择等关键问题进行了研究。数值与实验结果表明：采用全流场、结构化网格和标准k-ε湍流模型能够较准确地预测泵作透平的外特性。
4.对低、中、高三个不同比转数的泵和泵作透平进行了数值与实验研究。对离心泵正反工况的外特性和内部流场的区别与联系进行了分析；研究了泵和泵作透平高效点之间的流量、扬程换算系数,提出了一种较为准确的预测泵作透平高效点的半经验公式,可为泵作透平的选型提供参考；分析了泵作透平内部水力损失分布规律,为泵作透平的进一步优化设计指明了方向。
5.首次对离心泵作透平叶轮高效设计理论和设计方法进行了较为系统的研究。分别研究了叶轮主要几何参数如：叶片包角、叶片数、叶片进口宽度、叶片进口安放角、叶片厚度、分流叶片、叶轮直径、叶片弯曲形状等对泵作透平内部水力损失分布、内部流动和外特性的影响,丰富和完善了泵作透平的设计理论和设计方法。首次提出对于只在透平工况运行的泵作透平,采用具有体积小、效率高等特点的透平专用前弯型叶片叶轮。
6.首次对泵作透平高效蜗壳的设计进行了研究。分别对蜗壳主要几何参数如断面形状、喉部面积、环形部分变化规律和基圆直径等对泵作透平内部水力损失分布和外特性的影响进行了研究,掌握了蜗壳主要几何参数对泵作透平内部水力损失分布和外特性的影响规律。
7.首次对泵作透平内部非定常压力脉动进行了研究。通过对泵作透平主要过流部件如蜗壳、叶轮和尾水管等内部压力脉动的时域和频域图分析,初步掌握了泵作透平内部压力脉动特征。分别研究了叶片数、分流叶片和叶轮外径与蜗壳基圆直径之间的径向间隙等对泵作透平非定常压力脉动的影响,初步掌握了上述几何参数对泵作内部压力脉动的影响规律。
Hydraulic energy is a kind of clean, renewable energy. With the rising energy demand and the enhancement of energy saving awareness, development and utilization of small power hydraulic energy will play an important role in the construction of resource-conserving and environment-friendly society. Compared with other types of small power hydraulic energy exploration devices, pumps as turbines (PAT) have the advantages of small, relatively cheap, long service life, easy to manufacture and maintain et al. At present, PATs are mainly used in industrial processes, small hydropower and other field of energy-saving technologies. Research on PATs apparently has social and academic values; therefore PATs are selected as the research topic of this paper. In this paper, study on the selection method of appropriate pumps as turbines, internal flow field analysis, high efficiency design theory and design method, the unsteady flow fields within PAT et al. were performed using theoretical, numerical and experimental analyses. The main work and creative achievements of this paper were:
1. The current research status of PAT both at home and abroad was systematically summarized; meanwhile its future development trends were forecasted. The basic theories of PAT were summarized. PAT's performance characteristics were analyzed. Besides, the relations between the variations of PAT's performances and their impeller geometric parameters were explored.
2. Two types of test rigs namely pump driven by PAT and dynamometer driven by PAT were developed. After experimental research on the two test rigs, the advantages and drawbacks of the two test rigs and other test rigs were found and presented. PAT's automatic test system software was programmed and the automatic measurement of PAT's external characteristics was realized.
3. Research on the accurate numerical prediction method of PAT's external performances was performed. Some of the key issues, including three dimensional model simplifications, mesh type and turbulence model selection et al. were studied. Numerical and experimental results showed that PAT's external performances could be accurately predicted when the complete domain within PAT was modeled, structured grid and standard k-ε turbulence model were selected.
4. Numerical and experimental research on both pump and turbine modes of three pumps covering low, medium and high specific speeds were carried out. The differences and correlations between external performances and internal flow fields of the pumps in positive and reverse modes were analyzed. A more accurate half-empirical formula of PAT's BEP prediction method which could be a helpful guidance in the selection of appropriate pumps as turbines was developed, through detailed investigation into the head and flow conversion factors between pumps and PATs. Besides, hydraulic loss distribution analysis within PATs which could provide a direction for further optimization was performed.
5. High efficient impeller design theory and design method of centrifugal PAT was systematically studied for the first time. Impeller main geometric parameters such as blade wrap angle, blade number, blade inlet width, blade inlet angle, blade thickness, splitter blades, impeller diameter, blade swept shape et al. to the influence of PAT's internal hydraulic loss distributions, internal flow fields and external performances were carried out, therefore the design theory and design method of PAT was enriched. Impeller with forward swept blades which apparently has smaller size and higher efficiency compared with conventional back swept blades was proposed for pump operated in turbine mode only for the first time.
6. The high efficiency volute design method of PAT was studied for the first time. Effects of PAT's volute main geometric parameters such as cross section shape, throat area, spiral development area and volute base circle diameter et al. influencing PAT's internal hydraulic loss distributions and external performances were acquired through investigations into these geometric parameters to the influence of PAT.
7. The unsteady pressure fields within PAT were studied for the first time. Through time domain and frequency domain analyses of the unsteady pressure pulsations within PAT's main flow components such as volute, impeller and outlet pipe, the unsteady pressure characteristics within PAT were obtained. Effects of blade number, splitter blades and volute base circle diameter influencing PAT's unsteady flow fields were performed; laws of the above stated parameters to the influence of PAT's unsteady flow fields were acquired.
1.系统地总结了国内外泵作透平的研究现状并对泵作透平的发展趋势进行了展望。总结了泵作透平的基础理论,分析了泵作透平的外特性特点,明确了泵作透平外特性曲线的变化与叶轮几何参数之间的关系。
2.研制了泵作透平驱动泵和泵作透平驱动测功机两种形式的实验台。分别对两种形式的实验台进行了实验调试,分析了自主研制实验台和以往实验台的优缺点。编制了泵作透平实验台自动测试系统软件,成功实现了泵作透平外特性的自动测量。
3.研究了较为准确的泵作透平外特性数值预测方法。对数值计算过程中三维造型的简化、网格类型和湍流模型的选择等关键问题进行了研究。数值与实验结果表明：采用全流场、结构化网格和标准k-ε湍流模型能够较准确地预测泵作透平的外特性。
4.对低、中、高三个不同比转数的泵和泵作透平进行了数值与实验研究。对离心泵正反工况的外特性和内部流场的区别与联系进行了分析；研究了泵和泵作透平高效点之间的流量、扬程换算系数,提出了一种较为准确的预测泵作透平高效点的半经验公式,可为泵作透平的选型提供参考；分析了泵作透平内部水力损失分布规律,为泵作透平的进一步优化设计指明了方向。
5.首次对离心泵作透平叶轮高效设计理论和设计方法进行了较为系统的研究。分别研究了叶轮主要几何参数如：叶片包角、叶片数、叶片进口宽度、叶片进口安放角、叶片厚度、分流叶片、叶轮直径、叶片弯曲形状等对泵作透平内部水力损失分布、内部流动和外特性的影响,丰富和完善了泵作透平的设计理论和设计方法。首次提出对于只在透平工况运行的泵作透平,采用具有体积小、效率高等特点的透平专用前弯型叶片叶轮。
6.首次对泵作透平高效蜗壳的设计进行了研究。分别对蜗壳主要几何参数如断面形状、喉部面积、环形部分变化规律和基圆直径等对泵作透平内部水力损失分布和外特性的影响进行了研究,掌握了蜗壳主要几何参数对泵作透平内部水力损失分布和外特性的影响规律。
7.首次对泵作透平内部非定常压力脉动进行了研究。通过对泵作透平主要过流部件如蜗壳、叶轮和尾水管等内部压力脉动的时域和频域图分析,初步掌握了泵作透平内部压力脉动特征。分别研究了叶片数、分流叶片和叶轮外径与蜗壳基圆直径之间的径向间隙等对泵作透平非定常压力脉动的影响,初步掌握了上述几何参数对泵作内部压力脉动的影响规律。
Hydraulic energy is a kind of clean, renewable energy. With the rising energy demand and the enhancement of energy saving awareness, development and utilization of small power hydraulic energy will play an important role in the construction of resource-conserving and environment-friendly society. Compared with other types of small power hydraulic energy exploration devices, pumps as turbines (PAT) have the advantages of small, relatively cheap, long service life, easy to manufacture and maintain et al. At present, PATs are mainly used in industrial processes, small hydropower and other field of energy-saving technologies. Research on PATs apparently has social and academic values; therefore PATs are selected as the research topic of this paper. In this paper, study on the selection method of appropriate pumps as turbines, internal flow field analysis, high efficiency design theory and design method, the unsteady flow fields within PAT et al. were performed using theoretical, numerical and experimental analyses. The main work and creative achievements of this paper were:
1. The current research status of PAT both at home and abroad was systematically summarized; meanwhile its future development trends were forecasted. The basic theories of PAT were summarized. PAT's performance characteristics were analyzed. Besides, the relations between the variations of PAT's performances and their impeller geometric parameters were explored.
2. Two types of test rigs namely pump driven by PAT and dynamometer driven by PAT were developed. After experimental research on the two test rigs, the advantages and drawbacks of the two test rigs and other test rigs were found and presented. PAT's automatic test system software was programmed and the automatic measurement of PAT's external characteristics was realized.
3. Research on the accurate numerical prediction method of PAT's external performances was performed. Some of the key issues, including three dimensional model simplifications, mesh type and turbulence model selection et al. were studied. Numerical and experimental results showed that PAT's external performances could be accurately predicted when the complete domain within PAT was modeled, structured grid and standard k-ε turbulence model were selected.
4. Numerical and experimental research on both pump and turbine modes of three pumps covering low, medium and high specific speeds were carried out. The differences and correlations between external performances and internal flow fields of the pumps in positive and reverse modes were analyzed. A more accurate half-empirical formula of PAT's BEP prediction method which could be a helpful guidance in the selection of appropriate pumps as turbines was developed, through detailed investigation into the head and flow conversion factors between pumps and PATs. Besides, hydraulic loss distribution analysis within PATs which could provide a direction for further optimization was performed.
5. High efficient impeller design theory and design method of centrifugal PAT was systematically studied for the first time. Impeller main geometric parameters such as blade wrap angle, blade number, blade inlet width, blade inlet angle, blade thickness, splitter blades, impeller diameter, blade swept shape et al. to the influence of PAT's internal hydraulic loss distributions, internal flow fields and external performances were carried out, therefore the design theory and design method of PAT was enriched. Impeller with forward swept blades which apparently has smaller size and higher efficiency compared with conventional back swept blades was proposed for pump operated in turbine mode only for the first time.
6. The high efficiency volute design method of PAT was studied for the first time. Effects of PAT's volute main geometric parameters such as cross section shape, throat area, spiral development area and volute base circle diameter et al. influencing PAT's internal hydraulic loss distributions and external performances were acquired through investigations into these geometric parameters to the influence of PAT.
7. The unsteady pressure fields within PAT were studied for the first time. Through time domain and frequency domain analyses of the unsteady pressure pulsations within PAT's main flow components such as volute, impeller and outlet pipe, the unsteady pressure characteristics within PAT were obtained. Effects of blade number, splitter blades and volute base circle diameter influencing PAT's unsteady flow fields were performed; laws of the above stated parameters to the influence of PAT's unsteady flow fields were acquired.
引文
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