复合材料身管的损伤研究
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摘要
复合材料身管在使用过程中,受到高温、高压火药燃气脉冲式高速冲击作用,弹丸的挤进作用,弹带的导转作用,以及反后坐装置的轴向拉伸作用。恶劣的工作环境导致复合材料身管极易因微缺陷扩展、疲劳和过载而破坏失效,造成难以估量的生命财产损失。本文结合国内外复合材料身管的最新研究成果,借助先进的计算技术、分析方法和仿真手段,对复合材料身管的损伤问题进行了全面深入系统的分析研究,并取得一些有用的结论,为复合材料在火炮身管的应用中如何减少损伤、规避风险、预测寿命,提供强有力的理论指导和技术支撑。
本文的研究内容和结论体现在以下方面：
(1)复合材料中的损伤模式主要包括基体开裂、分层损伤、界面脱离、纤维断裂、纤维拔出、基体屈服等几种主要形式,根据材料不同的损伤模式,结合不同的载荷作用,建立相应的强度失效准则；基于连续介质损伤力学的理论和方法,针对复合材料身管的结构和材料组成特点,运用不可逆热力学的观点,引入损伤变量,推导出弹塑性各向同性和各向异性损伤模型；将损伤作为微细观结构属性的一部分,引入到连续介质模型之中,并用损伤演变规律来描述缺陷的形成、扩展和聚合过程。
(2)复合材料身管静、动态力学特性的研究是建立在力学本构模型基础上的,层合复合材料为一种多组分的各向异性材料,文中描述了分布于整个材料介质内部的微细缺陷损伤,用损伤广义力表征微细观缺陷损伤的作用和影响；基于连续损伤介质力学,建立复合材料身管含损本构模型和损伤演化方程；采用能量的方法,推导出损伤函数和疲劳寿命的表达式；采用非线性有限元分析软件ABAQUS分别模拟了带金属内衬的复合身管在静力载荷和疲劳载荷加载下损伤破坏的全过程,分析了复合身管的损伤模式及破坏机理,并阐述了结构损伤过程中的能量耗散规律。
(3)复合材料身管中破坏产生的主要原因是复杂应力作用下微裂纹的萌生和生长、基体开裂和纤维断裂,在后续加载作用下发生损伤扩展。基于断裂力学的概念和基本理论,考虑三种不同的载荷边界条件,采用能量的方法,分别推导出复合身管的裂纹动、静力学扩展模型和疲劳扩展模型,并建立了复合身管的裂纹扩展准则。采用基于线弹性破坏力学的扩展有限元法,通过本构关系预测裂纹的应力强度因子和能量释放率,结合有效应力强度因子同裂纹扩展准则建立位移矢量函数,利用软件ABAQUS进行建模仿真计算,分别研究了静载、冲击载荷和疲劳载荷作用下复合身管内的裂纹扩展问题,对比分析了起始裂纹所处位置的不同对复合材料身管损伤的影响,比较了全金属身管和复合身管破坏特性的优劣,得出复合身管中的裂纹扩展规律。
(4)从应力波的生成和传播机理出发,结合复合身管的正交各向异性和材料多重性的特点,推导出柱坐标系下,复合身管中应力波传播的有限元微分方程和应力波传播速度表达式。采用动力学有限元分析软件LS-DYNA对移动压载作用下复合身管的简化模型进行建模仿真分析,关于复合身管的动载分析揭示了当压力前缘沿身管轴向移动时身管中应力应变幅值的发展规律,以及伴随应力波传播而生的共振效应。由于多重材料层合结构界面处的剪切和拉伸强度较低,高温下材料属性下降较快,且加载速率对复合材料属性影响更大,因此应力波造成的损伤扩展对复合材料身管来说更加致命。
(5)开展了冲击响应实验研究,获得纤维增强复合材料和金属材料的损伤产生、扩展、演化、断裂全过程动力学参量；以复合身管的简化模型复合圆筒为研究对象开展力学仿真实验,研究不同内压冲击载荷与损伤模式、破坏过程之间的影响规律,并验证了数值仿真实验模型的合理性和有效性。
In shot process, Composite barrel comes under propellant gas with high temperature and high pressure pulse style high speed impact, the projectile packed into action, cartridge belt guiding turns action, and axial tension action of the recoil mechanism. Poor working conditions easily lead to a composite barrel failure because of micro defects evolution, fatigue and overload, cause incalculable loss of life and property. This paper combined with the latest research achievements at home and abroad about the composite barrel, by dint of advanced calculation technology, analysis methods and means of simulation, conducted a systematic comprehensive analysis about the damage problem of composite barrel, and acquired some useful conclusions. Above of these provide strong theoretical guidance and technical support for composite materials in the application of gun tube how to reduce injury, avoid risks, life forecast.
The contents and conclusions of this paper are embodied in the following aspects:
(1) Damage modes in composite materials including matrix cracking, delamination, interface debonding, fiber fracture, fiber pullout, matrix yielding and so on, according to the different damage mode of materials, combining different loads, corresponding strength failure criterion is established; Based on continuum damage mechanics theory and method, according to the characteristics of structure and material composition in the composite barrel, using irreversible thermodynamics, introducing damage variable, the elastic-plastic isotropic and anisotropic damage model are proposed to predict the progressive failure properties of the carbon fiber reinforced composite material barrel; Damage as part of a micro structure property is introduced to the continuous medium model and the damage evolution law is used to describe defect's formation, expansion and the polymerization process.
(2) Study on the static, dynamic mechanical properties of the composite barrel is based on the mechanical constitutive model, laminated composite is a multicomponent anisotropic materials, this paper describes the micro damage distribution inside the materials, generalized damage force is used to describe the distinctive nature of the impact of micro defects; Based on continuum damage mechanics, damage constitutive model and damage evolution equation of the composite barrel are established; by using the energy method, function of damage and fatigue life is derived; by using nonlinear finite element analysis software ABQUS, the whole damage process of the composite tube with a metal liner under static load and fatigue load loading are simulated separately, damage mode and damage mechanism of the composite tube is analyzed, and the law of energy dissipation in the process of structure damage is expounded.
(3) Damage initiation in the composite barrel under complex stress state mainly is the crack initiation and growth, matrix cracking and fiber breakage, then damage extension in the subsequent loading. Based on the theory and concept of fracture mechanics, considering three different load boundary conditions, using the energy method, crack dynamic, static expansion model and the fatigue propagation model of the composite tube are respectively deduced, and the crack propagation criterion of the composite tube is upbuilt. Using extended finite element method (XFEM) which is based on linear elastic fracture mechanics, the crack stress intensity factors and the energy release rate are predicted by the constitutive relation, combined with the effective stress intensity factor and crack propagation criterion the crack displacement vector function is established, modeling and simulation calculation are implemented by using software ABAQUS, crack propagation problem in the tube under static loading, impact loading and fatigue loading were studied separately, the different effects on the composite barrel damage about the initial crack location have been compared and studied, the damage characteristics quality about the all steel barrel and composite barrel have been compared, propagation law of crack in the composite barrel is acquired.
(4) Starting from the generation and propagation mechanism of stress wave, combined with the orthotropic materials and multiple characteristics of the composite barrel, the finite element differential equations for the propagation of stress wave and the expression of stress wave propagation velocity in the composite barrel of are deduced within the cylindrical coordinate system. By using dynamic finite element analysis software LS-DYNA, modeling and simulation analysis of the simplified model of composite barrel under mobile inner pressure load is carried out, the dynamic analysis about composite barrel reveals the law of stress and strain amplitude development when the pressure front move along the axial of the barrel, and the resonance effect come with propagation of stress wave. The material properties at high temperature decrease rapidly because of the low shear and tensile strength at the interface of multi-material laminated structure and loading rate dependence in polymer on composite material properties, so the damage propagation of composite barrel caused by the stress wave is more deadly.
(5) The impact response of experimental research is implemented, dynamic fracture parameters of the fiber reinforced composite material and steel material in the damage initiation, evolution, expansion whole process are obtained; Taking the simplified model of composite barrel as the object of study to carry out mechanical simulation experiment, the interactive law of damage process between different internal pressure impact load and damage mode is studied, and the rationality and validity of the numerical simulation model is verified.
本文的研究内容和结论体现在以下方面：
(1)复合材料中的损伤模式主要包括基体开裂、分层损伤、界面脱离、纤维断裂、纤维拔出、基体屈服等几种主要形式,根据材料不同的损伤模式,结合不同的载荷作用,建立相应的强度失效准则；基于连续介质损伤力学的理论和方法,针对复合材料身管的结构和材料组成特点,运用不可逆热力学的观点,引入损伤变量,推导出弹塑性各向同性和各向异性损伤模型；将损伤作为微细观结构属性的一部分,引入到连续介质模型之中,并用损伤演变规律来描述缺陷的形成、扩展和聚合过程。
(2)复合材料身管静、动态力学特性的研究是建立在力学本构模型基础上的,层合复合材料为一种多组分的各向异性材料,文中描述了分布于整个材料介质内部的微细缺陷损伤,用损伤广义力表征微细观缺陷损伤的作用和影响；基于连续损伤介质力学,建立复合材料身管含损本构模型和损伤演化方程；采用能量的方法,推导出损伤函数和疲劳寿命的表达式；采用非线性有限元分析软件ABAQUS分别模拟了带金属内衬的复合身管在静力载荷和疲劳载荷加载下损伤破坏的全过程,分析了复合身管的损伤模式及破坏机理,并阐述了结构损伤过程中的能量耗散规律。
(3)复合材料身管中破坏产生的主要原因是复杂应力作用下微裂纹的萌生和生长、基体开裂和纤维断裂,在后续加载作用下发生损伤扩展。基于断裂力学的概念和基本理论,考虑三种不同的载荷边界条件,采用能量的方法,分别推导出复合身管的裂纹动、静力学扩展模型和疲劳扩展模型,并建立了复合身管的裂纹扩展准则。采用基于线弹性破坏力学的扩展有限元法,通过本构关系预测裂纹的应力强度因子和能量释放率,结合有效应力强度因子同裂纹扩展准则建立位移矢量函数,利用软件ABAQUS进行建模仿真计算,分别研究了静载、冲击载荷和疲劳载荷作用下复合身管内的裂纹扩展问题,对比分析了起始裂纹所处位置的不同对复合材料身管损伤的影响,比较了全金属身管和复合身管破坏特性的优劣,得出复合身管中的裂纹扩展规律。
(4)从应力波的生成和传播机理出发,结合复合身管的正交各向异性和材料多重性的特点,推导出柱坐标系下,复合身管中应力波传播的有限元微分方程和应力波传播速度表达式。采用动力学有限元分析软件LS-DYNA对移动压载作用下复合身管的简化模型进行建模仿真分析,关于复合身管的动载分析揭示了当压力前缘沿身管轴向移动时身管中应力应变幅值的发展规律,以及伴随应力波传播而生的共振效应。由于多重材料层合结构界面处的剪切和拉伸强度较低,高温下材料属性下降较快,且加载速率对复合材料属性影响更大,因此应力波造成的损伤扩展对复合材料身管来说更加致命。
(5)开展了冲击响应实验研究,获得纤维增强复合材料和金属材料的损伤产生、扩展、演化、断裂全过程动力学参量；以复合身管的简化模型复合圆筒为研究对象开展力学仿真实验,研究不同内压冲击载荷与损伤模式、破坏过程之间的影响规律,并验证了数值仿真实验模型的合理性和有效性。
In shot process, Composite barrel comes under propellant gas with high temperature and high pressure pulse style high speed impact, the projectile packed into action, cartridge belt guiding turns action, and axial tension action of the recoil mechanism. Poor working conditions easily lead to a composite barrel failure because of micro defects evolution, fatigue and overload, cause incalculable loss of life and property. This paper combined with the latest research achievements at home and abroad about the composite barrel, by dint of advanced calculation technology, analysis methods and means of simulation, conducted a systematic comprehensive analysis about the damage problem of composite barrel, and acquired some useful conclusions. Above of these provide strong theoretical guidance and technical support for composite materials in the application of gun tube how to reduce injury, avoid risks, life forecast.
The contents and conclusions of this paper are embodied in the following aspects:
(1) Damage modes in composite materials including matrix cracking, delamination, interface debonding, fiber fracture, fiber pullout, matrix yielding and so on, according to the different damage mode of materials, combining different loads, corresponding strength failure criterion is established; Based on continuum damage mechanics theory and method, according to the characteristics of structure and material composition in the composite barrel, using irreversible thermodynamics, introducing damage variable, the elastic-plastic isotropic and anisotropic damage model are proposed to predict the progressive failure properties of the carbon fiber reinforced composite material barrel; Damage as part of a micro structure property is introduced to the continuous medium model and the damage evolution law is used to describe defect's formation, expansion and the polymerization process.
(2) Study on the static, dynamic mechanical properties of the composite barrel is based on the mechanical constitutive model, laminated composite is a multicomponent anisotropic materials, this paper describes the micro damage distribution inside the materials, generalized damage force is used to describe the distinctive nature of the impact of micro defects; Based on continuum damage mechanics, damage constitutive model and damage evolution equation of the composite barrel are established; by using the energy method, function of damage and fatigue life is derived; by using nonlinear finite element analysis software ABQUS, the whole damage process of the composite tube with a metal liner under static load and fatigue load loading are simulated separately, damage mode and damage mechanism of the composite tube is analyzed, and the law of energy dissipation in the process of structure damage is expounded.
(3) Damage initiation in the composite barrel under complex stress state mainly is the crack initiation and growth, matrix cracking and fiber breakage, then damage extension in the subsequent loading. Based on the theory and concept of fracture mechanics, considering three different load boundary conditions, using the energy method, crack dynamic, static expansion model and the fatigue propagation model of the composite tube are respectively deduced, and the crack propagation criterion of the composite tube is upbuilt. Using extended finite element method (XFEM) which is based on linear elastic fracture mechanics, the crack stress intensity factors and the energy release rate are predicted by the constitutive relation, combined with the effective stress intensity factor and crack propagation criterion the crack displacement vector function is established, modeling and simulation calculation are implemented by using software ABAQUS, crack propagation problem in the tube under static loading, impact loading and fatigue loading were studied separately, the different effects on the composite barrel damage about the initial crack location have been compared and studied, the damage characteristics quality about the all steel barrel and composite barrel have been compared, propagation law of crack in the composite barrel is acquired.
(4) Starting from the generation and propagation mechanism of stress wave, combined with the orthotropic materials and multiple characteristics of the composite barrel, the finite element differential equations for the propagation of stress wave and the expression of stress wave propagation velocity in the composite barrel of are deduced within the cylindrical coordinate system. By using dynamic finite element analysis software LS-DYNA, modeling and simulation analysis of the simplified model of composite barrel under mobile inner pressure load is carried out, the dynamic analysis about composite barrel reveals the law of stress and strain amplitude development when the pressure front move along the axial of the barrel, and the resonance effect come with propagation of stress wave. The material properties at high temperature decrease rapidly because of the low shear and tensile strength at the interface of multi-material laminated structure and loading rate dependence in polymer on composite material properties, so the damage propagation of composite barrel caused by the stress wave is more deadly.
(5) The impact response of experimental research is implemented, dynamic fracture parameters of the fiber reinforced composite material and steel material in the damage initiation, evolution, expansion whole process are obtained; Taking the simplified model of composite barrel as the object of study to carry out mechanical simulation experiment, the interactive law of damage process between different internal pressure impact load and damage mode is studied, and the rationality and validity of the numerical simulation model is verified.
引文
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