恩克鲁玛非洲社会主义思想研究
摘要
克瓦米·恩克鲁玛是加纳历史上著名的政治家、思想理论家,他领导加纳人民摆脱了殖民统治,获得了独立,之后又在国内积极探索非洲社会主义道路。他的思想博大精深,而且著作颇丰,共有专著22本。他的非洲社会主义思想和泛非思想是最引人关注的,本文主要研究恩克鲁玛的非洲社会主义思想及这一思想对加纳独立之后发展的影响。
恩克鲁玛非洲社会主义思想的产生与其成长环境和早年的海外经历是分不开的,因而在加纳建立社会主义社会是他的夙愿。但是在加纳刚独立之初,在面对多重发展道路的抉择上,恩克鲁玛前后也是发生了很大的转变,这可以说是一系列因素促成的,但另一侧面也预示了这条探索道路的艰辛。
恩克鲁玛非洲社会主义思想丰富而庞杂,本文将它主要概括为四个方面:
1、村社社会主义是恩克鲁玛非洲社会主义思想的核心,它不仅体现了恩克鲁玛对原始村社制度的向往,也无形地折射出恩克鲁玛多元的文化特征。
2、阶级和阶级斗争理论是恩克鲁玛非洲社会主义思想的重要环节,一方面他强调非洲传统社会不存在阶级、阶级斗争,它们都是伴随着外国资本主义的入侵而来的;另一方面他淡化国内的阶级斗争,将矛盾引向国外。这些都是有利于初生政权的巩固和社会力量的凝聚。
3、经济重建和全面的现代化是非洲社会主义思想在经济上和社会事务上的反映,它表现为政府的全面干预:制定和实施一系列的社会发展计划;要求经济独立。它是社会主义探索实践的指导原则。
4、民主政体下的一党制是非洲社会主义思想的重要组成部分,同时也体现出了他思想上浓厚的宗教文化色彩。一方面,一党制有利于树立权威,促进民族认同,另一方面,也容易走向个人集权、个人崇拜、党政不分的另一个极端。
恩克鲁玛对加纳社会主义道路的探索可以说是有得有失。他积极推动加纳的社会主义工业化,推动农业的现代化,投入了大量的非生产性建设,创建了一系列社会公共服务,同时也加快了一党制的实施步伐,来巩固他个人的权力。加纳建设上的成就是有目共睹的,但是内部的隐患也同样越积越多、越积越深。当这些隐患已经达到积重难返的程度的时候,一场政变彻底击碎了恩克鲁玛在加纳建设社会主义的梦想。
在对他的理论和探索作出具体分析的基础上,本文总结出了他的非洲社会主义思想的基本特征:1、村社社会主义体现出了强烈的非洲个性;2、他的非洲社会主义思想与泛非思想是相辅相成的;3、与他的新殖民主义思想也是相呼应;4、体现出了恩克鲁玛文化多元化的色彩;5、更表现出他理想与现实交织的复杂性。
在重新回顾恩克鲁玛非洲社会主义思想的时候,一方面需要我们对他的非洲社会主义探索之路走向终结作个反思,这不仅有理论本身的局限性,更有实践操作的诸多失败,我们不能回避这些失误和不足。另一方面也需要我们尝试重新树立一些历史坐标,来看待这个历史人物。毕竟我们不能用现代需求来过分要求过去的人物,恩克鲁玛留给我们的不仅是丰富而珍贵的政治理论遗产,更有国家发展得失的经验教训,这一经验教训对于许多发展中国家在探索自身发展道路时都是一笔宝贵的财富。
Kwame Nkrumah is a famous statesman, ideological theorist in the history of Ghana. He led Ghana people to overthrow the colonial ruling and won Ghana's independence, Later he actively explored African socialist road and tried to apply it to Ghana. His thinking is rich and profound, and wrote totally about 22 books. The ideology of African Socialism and Pan-Africanism are the best-known. This paper mainly studied the Nkrumah's African Socialism and its influence on the development of Ghana after independence.
The formation of Nkrumah's African Socialism was closely linked to his upbringing background and overseas experiences. So the establishment of a socialist society in Ghana was his. long-cherished dream. But upon Ghana's independence, given the multiple developing roads to select from, Nkrumah made great changes in his blue planning. The changes in his thoughts, on the one hand, were due to a series of factors, and on the other hand, mirrored the hardship in the exploration.
Nkrumah's African Socialism was rich and complicated, this paper chiefly summed up in four areas:
1、Communalism Socialism was the core of his African Socialism, it does not only embody that Nkrumah was longing for primitive communalism, but also invisibly reflected Nkrumah's diverse cultural characteristics.
2、Class division and class struggle were important links of his theory. On the one hand, he stressed that there was no class, no class struggle in traditional African society, which were accompanied by the invasion of foreign capitalism. On the other hand, he desalinated domestic class struggle, and positively led the contradictions to abroad. All these were conducive to the consolidation of new-born political power and the cohesion of different social forces.
3、Economic reconstruction and comprehensive modernization was its economic and social affairs' expressions. It manifested that: the government should intervene comprehensively; should formulate and implement a series of social development plans; should require for economic independence. It was a guiding principle for socialist practice.
4、One-party system which under Democracies was the important part of Nkrumah's African Socialism. It also demonstrated his strong sense of religion and culture. For one, one-party system was conducive to create the authority and promote national identity; for another, it also easily caused the other extremes, such as the personal power concentration, personal cult and party tyrant.
Nkrumah explored socialist road in Ghana, which had harvests, but also failures. He actively promoted the socialist industrialization, agricultural modernization in Ghana, invested a lot of unproductive construction, created a series of social and public services, and also accelerated the pace of a one-party system's implementation, to consolidate his personal power. All achievements on construction were there to see, however the internal dangers were more and deeper. When these dangers reached to the diehard extent, a coup completely smashed Nkrumah's dream which building a Socialist Ghana.
Had Detailed analyzed on the basis of his theory and exploration, This paper summarized some basic characteristics about his African Socialism: 1、Communalism Socialism reflected a strong African personality; 2、His African Socialism and Pan-Africanism were mutually reinforcing; 3、it echoed neocolonialism; 4、it reflected the diverse culture; 5、it showed his complex thinking of the ideal society and the reality.
Re-thingking of Nkrumah's African Socialism, we need to excavate the roots why his African socialist road ended up a failure. It was not only the limitation of the theory itself, but also the failure of implementation. We can't erase these mistakes and shortcomings. In addition, we also need to try to re-establish some historical coordinates to view this historical figure. After all, we can not use modern standards excessively to judge past figures. Nkrumah left us with not only a rich and valuable legacy of political theory, but also more lessons about national development, which was a valuable asset for many developing countries in exploring and deciding their own development path.
恩克鲁玛非洲社会主义思想的产生与其成长环境和早年的海外经历是分不开的,因而在加纳建立社会主义社会是他的夙愿。但是在加纳刚独立之初,在面对多重发展道路的抉择上,恩克鲁玛前后也是发生了很大的转变,这可以说是一系列因素促成的,但另一侧面也预示了这条探索道路的艰辛。
恩克鲁玛非洲社会主义思想丰富而庞杂,本文将它主要概括为四个方面:
1、村社社会主义是恩克鲁玛非洲社会主义思想的核心,它不仅体现了恩克鲁玛对原始村社制度的向往,也无形地折射出恩克鲁玛多元的文化特征。
2、阶级和阶级斗争理论是恩克鲁玛非洲社会主义思想的重要环节,一方面他强调非洲传统社会不存在阶级、阶级斗争,它们都是伴随着外国资本主义的入侵而来的;另一方面他淡化国内的阶级斗争,将矛盾引向国外。这些都是有利于初生政权的巩固和社会力量的凝聚。
3、经济重建和全面的现代化是非洲社会主义思想在经济上和社会事务上的反映,它表现为政府的全面干预:制定和实施一系列的社会发展计划;要求经济独立。它是社会主义探索实践的指导原则。
4、民主政体下的一党制是非洲社会主义思想的重要组成部分,同时也体现出了他思想上浓厚的宗教文化色彩。一方面,一党制有利于树立权威,促进民族认同,另一方面,也容易走向个人集权、个人崇拜、党政不分的另一个极端。
恩克鲁玛对加纳社会主义道路的探索可以说是有得有失。他积极推动加纳的社会主义工业化,推动农业的现代化,投入了大量的非生产性建设,创建了一系列社会公共服务,同时也加快了一党制的实施步伐,来巩固他个人的权力。加纳建设上的成就是有目共睹的,但是内部的隐患也同样越积越多、越积越深。当这些隐患已经达到积重难返的程度的时候,一场政变彻底击碎了恩克鲁玛在加纳建设社会主义的梦想。
在对他的理论和探索作出具体分析的基础上,本文总结出了他的非洲社会主义思想的基本特征:1、村社社会主义体现出了强烈的非洲个性;2、他的非洲社会主义思想与泛非思想是相辅相成的;3、与他的新殖民主义思想也是相呼应;4、体现出了恩克鲁玛文化多元化的色彩;5、更表现出他理想与现实交织的复杂性。
在重新回顾恩克鲁玛非洲社会主义思想的时候,一方面需要我们对他的非洲社会主义探索之路走向终结作个反思,这不仅有理论本身的局限性,更有实践操作的诸多失败,我们不能回避这些失误和不足。另一方面也需要我们尝试重新树立一些历史坐标,来看待这个历史人物。毕竟我们不能用现代需求来过分要求过去的人物,恩克鲁玛留给我们的不仅是丰富而珍贵的政治理论遗产,更有国家发展得失的经验教训,这一经验教训对于许多发展中国家在探索自身发展道路时都是一笔宝贵的财富。
Kwame Nkrumah is a famous statesman, ideological theorist in the history of Ghana. He led Ghana people to overthrow the colonial ruling and won Ghana's independence, Later he actively explored African socialist road and tried to apply it to Ghana. His thinking is rich and profound, and wrote totally about 22 books. The ideology of African Socialism and Pan-Africanism are the best-known. This paper mainly studied the Nkrumah's African Socialism and its influence on the development of Ghana after independence.
The formation of Nkrumah's African Socialism was closely linked to his upbringing background and overseas experiences. So the establishment of a socialist society in Ghana was his. long-cherished dream. But upon Ghana's independence, given the multiple developing roads to select from, Nkrumah made great changes in his blue planning. The changes in his thoughts, on the one hand, were due to a series of factors, and on the other hand, mirrored the hardship in the exploration.
Nkrumah's African Socialism was rich and complicated, this paper chiefly summed up in four areas:
1、Communalism Socialism was the core of his African Socialism, it does not only embody that Nkrumah was longing for primitive communalism, but also invisibly reflected Nkrumah's diverse cultural characteristics.
2、Class division and class struggle were important links of his theory. On the one hand, he stressed that there was no class, no class struggle in traditional African society, which were accompanied by the invasion of foreign capitalism. On the other hand, he desalinated domestic class struggle, and positively led the contradictions to abroad. All these were conducive to the consolidation of new-born political power and the cohesion of different social forces.
3、Economic reconstruction and comprehensive modernization was its economic and social affairs' expressions. It manifested that: the government should intervene comprehensively; should formulate and implement a series of social development plans; should require for economic independence. It was a guiding principle for socialist practice.
4、One-party system which under Democracies was the important part of Nkrumah's African Socialism. It also demonstrated his strong sense of religion and culture. For one, one-party system was conducive to create the authority and promote national identity; for another, it also easily caused the other extremes, such as the personal power concentration, personal cult and party tyrant.
Nkrumah explored socialist road in Ghana, which had harvests, but also failures. He actively promoted the socialist industrialization, agricultural modernization in Ghana, invested a lot of unproductive construction, created a series of social and public services, and also accelerated the pace of a one-party system's implementation, to consolidate his personal power. All achievements on construction were there to see, however the internal dangers were more and deeper. When these dangers reached to the diehard extent, a coup completely smashed Nkrumah's dream which building a Socialist Ghana.
Had Detailed analyzed on the basis of his theory and exploration, This paper summarized some basic characteristics about his African Socialism: 1、Communalism Socialism reflected a strong African personality; 2、His African Socialism and Pan-Africanism were mutually reinforcing; 3、it echoed neocolonialism; 4、it reflected the diverse culture; 5、it showed his complex thinking of the ideal society and the reality.
Re-thingking of Nkrumah's African Socialism, we need to excavate the roots why his African socialist road ended up a failure. It was not only the limitation of the theory itself, but also the failure of implementation. We can't erase these mistakes and shortcomings. In addition, we also need to try to re-establish some historical coordinates to view this historical figure. After all, we can not use modern standards excessively to judge past figures. Nkrumah left us with not only a rich and valuable legacy of political theory, but also more lessons about national development, which was a valuable asset for many developing countries in exploring and deciding their own development path.
引文
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[1]恩克鲁玛.新殖民主义[M].国际关系研究所翻译组译校.北京:世界知识出版社,1966.12.
[2]恩克鲁玛.新殖民主义[M].国际关系研究所翻译组译校.北京:世界知识出版社.1966.91.
[3]Kwame Nkrumah.Africa must unite[M].London:Heinemann,1963,p119
[4]Kwame Nkrumah.Africa must unite[M].London:Heinemann,1963,p121.
[1]Kwame Nkrumah.Ispeak of freedom[M].London:Heinemann,1961,p123.
[2]Kwame Nkrumah.Africa must unite[M].London:Heinemann,1963,p119.
[3]Kwame Nkrumah.Africa must unite[M].London:Heinemann,1963,p97.
[4]Yuri Smertin.Kwame Nkrumah[M].New York:International Publishers,1987,p107.
[5]Kwame Nkrumah.Towards.colonial freedom[M].London:Heinemann,1962,p17.
[6]恩克鲁玛.新殖民主义[M].北京编译社译.北京:世界知识出版社,1966.2.
[1]恩克鲁玛.新殖民主义[M].北京编译社译.北京:世界知识出版社,1966.6.
[2]Freedom Fighters' Edition.Axioms of Kwame Nkrumah[M].New York:International Publishers,1969,p55.
[3]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p46,
[4]Freedom Fighters' Edition.Axioms of Kwame Nkrumah[M].NewYork:International Publishers,1969,p105.
[1]Kwame Nkrumah.Consciencism:philosophy and ideology for decolonization and development with particular reference to the African revolution[M].London:Heinemann,1964,p39.
[2]Kwame Nkrumah.I speak of freedom[M].London:Heinemann,1961,p161.
[3]Kwame Nkrurnah.Consciencism:philosophy and ideology for decolonization and development with particular reference to the African revolution[M]:London:Heinemann,1964,p57.
[4]Kwame Nkrumah.Consciencism:philosophy and ideology for decolonization and development withpartieular reference to the African revolution[M].London:Heinemann,1964,p62.
[1]张宏明.多维视野中的非洲政治发展[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,1999.109-110.
[2]张宏明.多维视野中的非洲政治发展[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,1999.160.
[3]E.O.Addo.Kwame Nkrumah:a case study of Religion and Politics in Ghana[M].Lanham,Md:University Press of America,1997,p124.
[4]E.O.Addo.Kwame Nkrumah:a case study of Religion and Politics in Ghana[M].Lanham,Md:University Press of America,1997,p101.
[1]E.O.Addo.Kwame Nkrumah:a case study of Religion and Politics in Ghana[M].Lanham,Md:University Press of America,1997,p113.
[2][德]马克思·韦伯.韦伯选集Ⅲ:支配的类型[M].新桥译.台北:允晨文化实业股份有限公司出版,1986.69.
[3]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p8,
[4]E.O.Addo.Kwame Nkrumah:a case study of Religion and Politics in Ghana[M].Lanham,Md:University Press of America,1997,.p112.
[5]Kwame Nkrumah.Consciencism:philosophy and ideology for decolonization and development with particular reference to the African revolution[M].London:Heinemann,1964,p101.
[1]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p94.
[2]陆庭恩,彭坤元.非洲通史.现代卷[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,1995.436.
[3]Trevor Jones.Ghana's first Republic 1960-1966:the pursuit of the political kingdom[M].London:Methuen,New York:distributed by Harper & Row,1976,p150.
[1]Trevor Jones.Ghana's first Republic 1960-1966:the pursuit of the political kingdom[M].London:Methuen,New York:distributed by Harper & Row,1976,pp151-152.
[2]Trevor Jones.Ghana's first Republic 1960-1966:the pursuit of the political kingdom[M].London:Methuen,New York:distributed by Harper & Row,1976,pp162-163.
[3]Trevor Jones.Ghana's first Republic 1960-1966:the pursuit of the political kingdom[M].London:Methuen,New York:distributed by Harper & Row,1976,p164.
[4]VRP是The Volta River project即沃尔塔水坝工程的简称。
[5]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p123.
[1]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewistgn,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p128.
[2]原文如此
[3]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p133.
[1]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p132.
[2]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p134.
[3]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p135.
[4]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p136.
[5]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:.Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p138.
[6]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p139.
[1]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p93.
[2]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p97.
[3]Trevor Jones.Ghana's first Republic 1960-1966:the pursuit of the political kingdom[M].London:Methuen,New York:distributed by HarDer & Row,1976,p141.
[4]加纳独立之后从英国收回了货币发行权,当时发行的是加纳镑,和英镑的价值相同。
[5]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p99.
[1]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p99.
[2]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p99.
[3]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p114.
[4]Trevor Jones.Ghana's first Republic 1960-1966:the pursuit of the political kingdom[M].London:Methuen,New York:distributed by Harper & Row,1976,p248.
[1]Trevor Jones.Ghana's first Republic 1960-1966:the pursuit of the political kingdom[M].London:Methuen,New York:distributed by Harper & Row,1976,pp248-249.
[2]Trevor Jones.Ghana's first Republic 1960-1966:the pursuit of the political kingdom[M].London:Methuen,New York:distributed by Harper & Row,1976,p224.
[3]Trevor Jones.Ghana's first Republic 1960-1966:the pursuit of the political kingdom[M].London:Methuen,New York:distributed by Harper & Row,1976,p227.
[4]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p101.
[1]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,pp102-103.
[2]Kwame Nkrumah.Strength andpower[M].Accra:Ministry of Information and Broadcasting,1963,p4.
[3]K.Botwe-Asamoah.Kwame Nkrumah's politico-cultural thought and policies[M].N.Y:Routledge,2005,p81.
[4]Kwame Nkrumah.State opening of Parliament[M].Accra:Ministry of Information and Broadcasting,1963,p8.
[1]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p103.
[2]Evan White.Kwame Nkrumah:cold war modernity,Pan-african Ideology and the Geopolitics of Development[J].Geopolitics,Summer2003,Vol.8 Issue 2,p108.
[3]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p90.
[4]Kwame Nkrumah.Consciencism:philosophy and ideology for decolonization and development with particular reference to the African revolution[M].London:Heinemarm,1964,p101.
[1]Yuri Smertin.Kwame Nkrumah[M].New York:International Publishers,1987,p122.
[2]Yuri Smertin.Kwame Nkrumah[M].New York:International Publishers,1987,p122.
[3]Trevor Jones.Ghana's first Republic 1960-1966:the pursuit of the political kingdom[M].London:Methuen,New York:distributed by Harper &,Row,1976,p71,
[4]Trevor Jones.Ghana's first Republic 1960-1966:the pursuit of the political kingdom[M].London:Methuen,New York:distributed by Harper & Row,1976,p73.
[1]Kwame Nkrumah.I speak of freedom[M].London:Heinemann,1961,p209.
[2]Trevor Jones.Ghana's first Republic 1960-1966:the pursuit of the political kingdom[M].London:Methuen,New York:distributed by Harper & Row,1976,pp67-68.
[3]E.O.Addo.Kwame Nkrumah:a case study of Religion and Politics in Ghana[M].Lanham,Md:University Press of America,1997,p40.
[4]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p91.
[5]Trevor Jones.Ghana's first Republic 1960-1966:the pursuit of the political kingdom[M].London:Methuen,New York:distributed by Harper & Row,1976,p30.
[1]Trevor Jones.Ghana's first Republic 1960-1966:the pursuit of the political kingdom[M].London:Methuen,New York:distributed by Harper & Row,1976,pp27-28.
[2]Trevor Jones.Ghana's first Republic 1960-1966:the pursuit of the political kingdom[M].London:Methuen,New York:distributed by Harper & Row,1976,p35.
[3]Trevor Jones.Ghana's first Republic 1960-1966:the pursuit of the political kingdom[M].London:Methuen,New York:distributed by Harper & Row,1976,p60.
[4]Simms,Rupe."I am a Non-Denominational Christian and a Marxist Socialist:" A Gramscian Analysis of the Convention People's Party and Kwame Nkrumah's Use of Religion[J].Sociology of Religion,Winter2003,Vol.64 Issue 4,p472.
[5]E.O.Addo.Kwame Nkrumah:a case study of Religion and Politics in Ghana[M].Lanham,Md:University Press of America,1997,p66.
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[3]Trevor Jones.Ghana's first Republic 1960-1966:the pursuit of the political kingdom[M].London:Methuen,New York:distributed by Harper & Row,1976,pp198-200.
[1]Trevor Jones.Ghana's first Republic 1960-1966:the pursuit of the political kingdom[M].London:Methuen,New York:distributed by Harper & Row,1976,pp86-87.
[2]Yuri Smertin.Kwame Nkrumah[M].New York:International Publishers,1987,p133,
[3]S,R.Cudjoe Nkrumah:the man and his world[J].Great Black Leaders Ancient & Modern-African Civilizations,1988,p336.
[1]Freedom Fighters' Edition.Axioms of Kwame Nkrumah[M].New York:International Publishers,1969,pp4-5.
[2]张宏明.多维视野中的非洲政治发展[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,1999.275.
[3]Kwame Nkrumah.Consciencism:philosophy and ideology for decolonization and development with particular reference to the African revolution[M].London:Heinemann,1964,p63.
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[1]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p44..
[2]Evan White.Kwame Nkrumah:cold war modernity,Pan-african Ideology and the Geopolitics of Development[J].Geopolitics,Summer2003,Vol.8 Issue 2,p108.
[1]张莉清.潘锁生.恩克鲁玛的村社社会主义评析[J].社会主义研究,2005《04):13.
[1]Evan White.Kwame Nkrumah:cold war modernity,Pan-african Ideology and the Geopolitics of Development[J].Geopolitics,Summer2003,Vol.8 Issue 2,p119.
[2]E.O.Addo.Kwame Nkrumah:a case study of Religion and Politics in Ghana[M].Lanham,Md:University Press of America,1997,p4.
[3]Yuri Smertin.Kwame Nkrumah[M].New York:International Publishers,1987,p166.
[4]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen press,2003,p112.
[1]称加纳塞地,是加纳的一种货币单位。
[2]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p115.
[1]Evan White.Kwame Nkrumah:cold war modernity,Pan-african Ideology and the Geopolitics of Development[J].Geopolitics,Summer2003,Vol.8 Issue 2,p108.
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[1]T,P.Omari.Kwame Nkrumah:the Anatomy of an African Dictatorship[M].London:C.Hurst & Co,1970,p8.
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[4]Yuri Smertin.Kwame Nkrumah[M].New York:International Publishers,1987.
[5]E.O.Addo.Kwame Nkrumah:a case study of Religion and Politics in Ghana[M].Lanham,Md:University Press of America,1997.
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[2]K.Botwe-Asamoah.Kwame Nkrumah's politico-cultural thought and policies[M].N.Y:Routledge,2005.
[3]Evan White.Kwame Nkrumah:cold war modernity,Pan-african Ideology and the Geopolitics of Development[J]Geopolitics,Summer2003,Vol.8 Issue 2.
[4]S.R.Cudjoe.Kwame Nkrumah:the man and his world[J].Great Black Leaders Ancient & Modern - African Civilizations,1988.
[5]Nwaubani,Ebere.Eisenhower,Nkrumah and the Congo Crisis[J].Journal of Contemporary History,Oct2001,Vol.36 Issue 4.
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[4]张莉清,潘锁生.恩克鲁玛的村社社会主义评析[J].社会主义研究,2005(04):13-15.
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[2]舒运国.失败的改革[N].长春:吉林人民出版社,2004.11.
[3]Kwame Nkrumah.Africa mustunite[M].London:Heinemann,1963,pⅹⅲ
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[1]Yuri Smertin.Kwame Nkrumah[M].New York:International Publishers,1987,p63.
[2]陈仲丹.加纳--寻找现代化的根基[M].成都:四川人民出版,2000.137.
[3]唐大盾.试论恩克鲁玛的政治思想[J].西亚非洲.1983(04):22.
[4]Yuri Smertin.Kwame Nkrumah[M|.New York:International Publishers,1987,064.
[5]华章、晓鹰.恩克鲁玛的“社会主义”理论与实践[J].西亚非洲.1982(02):13.
[6]Freedom Fighters' Edition.Axioms of Kwame Nkrumah[M].NewYork:International Publishers,1969,p121.
[1]Nwaubani,Ebere.Eisenhower,Nkrumah and the Congo Crisis[J]:Journal of Contemporary History,Oct2001,Vol.36 Issue 4,p604.
[2]Yuri Smertin.Kwame Nkrumah[M].New York:International Publishers,1987.p65.
[3]陈仲丹.加纳--寻找现代化的根基[M].成都:四川人民出版,2000.144.
[1]Farton Jr.Robert.Thepolitical ideology of Julius Nyerere:the structural limitations of 'Africansocialism'[J].Studies.in Comparative International Development.Summer85,Vol.20 Issue 2,p5.
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[3]唐大盾,张士智等.非洲社会主义:历史·理论·实践[M].北京:世界知识出版社,1988.13.
[4]Kwame Nkrumah.Towards colonial freedom[M].London:Heinemann,1962.p45.
[5]恩克鲁玛.恩克鲁玛自传[M].国际关系研究所翻译组译校.北京:世界知识出版社,1960.57-58.
[6]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p40.
[1]恩克鲁玛.恩克鲁玛自传[M].国际关系研究所翻译组译校.北京:世界知识出版社,1960.13.
[1]恩克鲁玛.恩克鲁玛自传[M].国际关系研究所翻译组译校.北京:世界知识出版社.1960.36.
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[3]恩克鲁玛.恩克鲁玛自传[M].国际关系研究所翻译组译校.北京:世界知识出版社,1960.48.
[4]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p77.
[1]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p76.
[2]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,pp75-77.
[3]恩克鲁玛.恩克鲁玛自传[M].国际关系研究所翻译组译校.北京:世界知识出版社,1960.51.
[4]S.R.Cudjoe.Nkrumah:the man and his world[J].Great Black Leaders Ancient & Modern - African Civilizations,1988,p326.
[1]Kwame Nkrumah..Consciencism:philosophy and ideology for decolonization and development with particular reference to the African revolution[M].London:Heineraann,1964,p73.
[2]Kwame Nkrumah.Consciencism:philosophy and ideology for decolonization and development with particular reference to the African revolution[M].London:Heinemann,1964,p74.
[3]Kwame Nkrumah.Consciencism:philosophy and ideology for decolonization and development with particular reference to the African revolution[M].London:Heinemann,1964,p73.
[4]Kwame Nkrumah.Consciencism:philosophy and ideology for decolonization and development with particular reference to the African revolution[M].London:Heinemann,1!964,p76.
[5]Kwame Nkrumah.Consciencism:philosophy and ideology for decolonization and development With particular reference to the African revolution[M].London:Heinemann,1964,p68.
[1]Kwame Nkrumah.Consciencism:philosophy and ideology for decolonization and development with particular reference to the African revolution[M].London:Heinemann,1964,p78.
[2]恩克鲁玛.恩克鲁玛自传[M].国际关系研究所翻译组译校.北京:世界知识出版社,1960.13.
[1]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p36.
[2]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,pp37-39.
[3]Kwame Nkrumah.Consciencism:philosophy and ideology for decolonization and development with particular reference to the African revolution[M].London:Heinemann,1964,p69.
[4]Kwame Nkrumah.Consciencism:philosophy and ideology for decolonization and development with particular reference to the African revolution[M].London:Heinemann,1964,p69.
[5]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p36.
[1]Kwame Nkrumah.Consciencism:philosophy and ideology for decolonization and development with particular reference to the African revolution[M].London:Heinemann,1964,p71.
[2]Kwame Nkrumah.Africa must unite[M].London:Heinemann,1963,p119.
[3]C.A,Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p44.
[1]恩克鲁玛.新殖民主义[M].国际关系研究所翻译组译校.北京:世界知识出版社,1966.12.
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[3]Kwame Nkrumah.Africa must unite[M].London:Heinemann,1963,p119
[4]Kwame Nkrumah.Africa must unite[M].London:Heinemann,1963,p121.
[1]Kwame Nkrumah.Ispeak of freedom[M].London:Heinemann,1961,p123.
[2]Kwame Nkrumah.Africa must unite[M].London:Heinemann,1963,p119.
[3]Kwame Nkrumah.Africa must unite[M].London:Heinemann,1963,p97.
[4]Yuri Smertin.Kwame Nkrumah[M].New York:International Publishers,1987,p107.
[5]Kwame Nkrumah.Towards.colonial freedom[M].London:Heinemann,1962,p17.
[6]恩克鲁玛.新殖民主义[M].北京编译社译.北京:世界知识出版社,1966.2.
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[2]Freedom Fighters' Edition.Axioms of Kwame Nkrumah[M].New York:International Publishers,1969,p55.
[3]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p46,
[4]Freedom Fighters' Edition.Axioms of Kwame Nkrumah[M].NewYork:International Publishers,1969,p105.
[1]Kwame Nkrumah.Consciencism:philosophy and ideology for decolonization and development with particular reference to the African revolution[M].London:Heinemann,1964,p39.
[2]Kwame Nkrumah.I speak of freedom[M].London:Heinemann,1961,p161.
[3]Kwame Nkrurnah.Consciencism:philosophy and ideology for decolonization and development with particular reference to the African revolution[M]:London:Heinemann,1964,p57.
[4]Kwame Nkrumah.Consciencism:philosophy and ideology for decolonization and development withpartieular reference to the African revolution[M].London:Heinemann,1964,p62.
[1]张宏明.多维视野中的非洲政治发展[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,1999.109-110.
[2]张宏明.多维视野中的非洲政治发展[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,1999.160.
[3]E.O.Addo.Kwame Nkrumah:a case study of Religion and Politics in Ghana[M].Lanham,Md:University Press of America,1997,p124.
[4]E.O.Addo.Kwame Nkrumah:a case study of Religion and Politics in Ghana[M].Lanham,Md:University Press of America,1997,p101.
[1]E.O.Addo.Kwame Nkrumah:a case study of Religion and Politics in Ghana[M].Lanham,Md:University Press of America,1997,p113.
[2][德]马克思·韦伯.韦伯选集Ⅲ:支配的类型[M].新桥译.台北:允晨文化实业股份有限公司出版,1986.69.
[3]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p8,
[4]E.O.Addo.Kwame Nkrumah:a case study of Religion and Politics in Ghana[M].Lanham,Md:University Press of America,1997,.p112.
[5]Kwame Nkrumah.Consciencism:philosophy and ideology for decolonization and development with particular reference to the African revolution[M].London:Heinemann,1964,p101.
[1]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p94.
[2]陆庭恩,彭坤元.非洲通史.现代卷[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,1995.436.
[3]Trevor Jones.Ghana's first Republic 1960-1966:the pursuit of the political kingdom[M].London:Methuen,New York:distributed by Harper & Row,1976,p150.
[1]Trevor Jones.Ghana's first Republic 1960-1966:the pursuit of the political kingdom[M].London:Methuen,New York:distributed by Harper & Row,1976,pp151-152.
[2]Trevor Jones.Ghana's first Republic 1960-1966:the pursuit of the political kingdom[M].London:Methuen,New York:distributed by Harper & Row,1976,pp162-163.
[3]Trevor Jones.Ghana's first Republic 1960-1966:the pursuit of the political kingdom[M].London:Methuen,New York:distributed by Harper & Row,1976,p164.
[4]VRP是The Volta River project即沃尔塔水坝工程的简称。
[5]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p123.
[1]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewistgn,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p128.
[2]原文如此
[3]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p133.
[1]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p132.
[2]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p134.
[3]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p135.
[4]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p136.
[5]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:.Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p138.
[6]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p139.
[1]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p93.
[2]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p97.
[3]Trevor Jones.Ghana's first Republic 1960-1966:the pursuit of the political kingdom[M].London:Methuen,New York:distributed by HarDer & Row,1976,p141.
[4]加纳独立之后从英国收回了货币发行权,当时发行的是加纳镑,和英镑的价值相同。
[5]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p99.
[1]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p99.
[2]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p99.
[3]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p114.
[4]Trevor Jones.Ghana's first Republic 1960-1966:the pursuit of the political kingdom[M].London:Methuen,New York:distributed by Harper & Row,1976,p248.
[1]Trevor Jones.Ghana's first Republic 1960-1966:the pursuit of the political kingdom[M].London:Methuen,New York:distributed by Harper & Row,1976,pp248-249.
[2]Trevor Jones.Ghana's first Republic 1960-1966:the pursuit of the political kingdom[M].London:Methuen,New York:distributed by Harper & Row,1976,p224.
[3]Trevor Jones.Ghana's first Republic 1960-1966:the pursuit of the political kingdom[M].London:Methuen,New York:distributed by Harper & Row,1976,p227.
[4]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p101.
[1]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,pp102-103.
[2]Kwame Nkrumah.Strength andpower[M].Accra:Ministry of Information and Broadcasting,1963,p4.
[3]K.Botwe-Asamoah.Kwame Nkrumah's politico-cultural thought and policies[M].N.Y:Routledge,2005,p81.
[4]Kwame Nkrumah.State opening of Parliament[M].Accra:Ministry of Information and Broadcasting,1963,p8.
[1]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p103.
[2]Evan White.Kwame Nkrumah:cold war modernity,Pan-african Ideology and the Geopolitics of Development[J].Geopolitics,Summer2003,Vol.8 Issue 2,p108.
[3]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p90.
[4]Kwame Nkrumah.Consciencism:philosophy and ideology for decolonization and development with particular reference to the African revolution[M].London:Heinemarm,1964,p101.
[1]Yuri Smertin.Kwame Nkrumah[M].New York:International Publishers,1987,p122.
[2]Yuri Smertin.Kwame Nkrumah[M].New York:International Publishers,1987,p122.
[3]Trevor Jones.Ghana's first Republic 1960-1966:the pursuit of the political kingdom[M].London:Methuen,New York:distributed by Harper &,Row,1976,p71,
[4]Trevor Jones.Ghana's first Republic 1960-1966:the pursuit of the political kingdom[M].London:Methuen,New York:distributed by Harper & Row,1976,p73.
[1]Kwame Nkrumah.I speak of freedom[M].London:Heinemann,1961,p209.
[2]Trevor Jones.Ghana's first Republic 1960-1966:the pursuit of the political kingdom[M].London:Methuen,New York:distributed by Harper & Row,1976,pp67-68.
[3]E.O.Addo.Kwame Nkrumah:a case study of Religion and Politics in Ghana[M].Lanham,Md:University Press of America,1997,p40.
[4]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p91.
[5]Trevor Jones.Ghana's first Republic 1960-1966:the pursuit of the political kingdom[M].London:Methuen,New York:distributed by Harper & Row,1976,p30.
[1]Trevor Jones.Ghana's first Republic 1960-1966:the pursuit of the political kingdom[M].London:Methuen,New York:distributed by Harper & Row,1976,pp27-28.
[2]Trevor Jones.Ghana's first Republic 1960-1966:the pursuit of the political kingdom[M].London:Methuen,New York:distributed by Harper & Row,1976,p35.
[3]Trevor Jones.Ghana's first Republic 1960-1966:the pursuit of the political kingdom[M].London:Methuen,New York:distributed by Harper & Row,1976,p60.
[4]Simms,Rupe."I am a Non-Denominational Christian and a Marxist Socialist:" A Gramscian Analysis of the Convention People's Party and Kwame Nkrumah's Use of Religion[J].Sociology of Religion,Winter2003,Vol.64 Issue 4,p472.
[5]E.O.Addo.Kwame Nkrumah:a case study of Religion and Politics in Ghana[M].Lanham,Md:University Press of America,1997,p66.
[1]T.P.Omari.Kwame Nkrumah:the Anatomy of an African Dictatorship[M].London:C.Hurst & Co,1970,p4.
[2]陈仲丹.加纳--寻找现代化的根基[M].成都:四川人民出版,2000.168.
[3]Trevor Jones.Ghana's first Republic 1960-1966:the pursuit of the political kingdom[M].London:Methuen,New York:distributed by Harper & Row,1976,pp198-200.
[1]Trevor Jones.Ghana's first Republic 1960-1966:the pursuit of the political kingdom[M].London:Methuen,New York:distributed by Harper & Row,1976,pp86-87.
[2]Yuri Smertin.Kwame Nkrumah[M].New York:International Publishers,1987,p133,
[3]S,R.Cudjoe Nkrumah:the man and his world[J].Great Black Leaders Ancient & Modern-African Civilizations,1988,p336.
[1]Freedom Fighters' Edition.Axioms of Kwame Nkrumah[M].New York:International Publishers,1969,pp4-5.
[2]张宏明.多维视野中的非洲政治发展[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,1999.275.
[3]Kwame Nkrumah.Consciencism:philosophy and ideology for decolonization and development with particular reference to the African revolution[M].London:Heinemann,1964,p63.
[4]Kwame Nkrumah.Consciencism:philosophy and ideology for decolonization and development with particular reference to the African revolution[M].London:Heinemann,1964,p79.
[1]恩克鲁玛.恩克鲁玛自传[M].国际关系研究所翻译组译校.北京:世界知识出版社.1960.5.
[2]Yuri Smertin.Kwame Nkrumah[M].New York:International Publishers,1987,p133.
[1]Evan White.Kwame Nkrumah:cold war modernity,Pan-african Ideology and the Geopolitics of Development[J].Geopolitics,Summer2003,Vol.8 Issue 2,p119.
[2]恩克鲁玛.新殖民主义[M].北京编译社译,北京:世界知识出版社,1966.1.
[3]恩克鲁玛.新殖民主义[M].北京编译社译.北京:世界知识出版社,1966.6.
[1]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p44..
[2]Evan White.Kwame Nkrumah:cold war modernity,Pan-african Ideology and the Geopolitics of Development[J].Geopolitics,Summer2003,Vol.8 Issue 2,p108.
[1]张莉清.潘锁生.恩克鲁玛的村社社会主义评析[J].社会主义研究,2005《04):13.
[1]Evan White.Kwame Nkrumah:cold war modernity,Pan-african Ideology and the Geopolitics of Development[J].Geopolitics,Summer2003,Vol.8 Issue 2,p119.
[2]E.O.Addo.Kwame Nkrumah:a case study of Religion and Politics in Ghana[M].Lanham,Md:University Press of America,1997,p4.
[3]Yuri Smertin.Kwame Nkrumah[M].New York:International Publishers,1987,p166.
[4]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen press,2003,p112.
[1]称加纳塞地,是加纳的一种货币单位。
[2]C.A.Boateng.The Political Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana[M].Lewiston,N.Y:Edwin Mellen Press,2003,p115.
[1]Evan White.Kwame Nkrumah:cold war modernity,Pan-african Ideology and the Geopolitics of Development[J].Geopolitics,Summer2003,Vol.8 Issue 2,p108.
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