政治话语权下的美国战略防御计划研究
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摘要
战略防御计划（SDI）是冷战后期美国历史上涉及学科领域最多、影响力最大的大科学工程。该计划是在美国新保守主义势力崛起、前苏联政坛动荡的背景下实施的。它标志着美国核战略由“相互确保摧毁”转向“相互确保生存”。战略防御计划不仅带动全球以导弹防御技术为核心的空天技术的发展，也推动美苏军备竞赛走向尾声。
本文借助美国国会解密档案及大量政府文献，采用历史学文献批判、案例分析等方法，并援引皮尔克的政治情境塑造理论，研究20世纪80年代美国导弹防御政策的发展轨迹，探讨战略防御计划背后的国内政治决策与美苏政治博弈。文章从20世纪60年代初写起，以导弹防御史和美苏冷战史为大背景，从政治、经济、科技等方面考察战略防御计划在人类历史中的必然性，分析现代军事技术的符号功能，阐释战略防御计划出台过程中象征意义的政治建构历程。在此基础上，以雷克雅未克会晤和《中程核力量条约》的签订为转折点，论证象征意义在美苏争霸格局中的变化情况，揭示美国政府如何利用战略防御计划对前苏联实施象征政治，并探索政治因素对战略防御计划乃至美国科技决策的影响。
本研究有助于正确判断美国科技政策的战略意图，并为我国的科技决策提供有益思考。
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI henceforth) is a great and most effective scientificproject which touches most upon other fields in the later period of American history.SDI was carried out under the rising of U.S. new conservative power and the politicalcircle turbulence of Soviet Union. It symbols that U.S. strategy of MAD (mutuallyassured destruction) turns to MAS (mutually assured surveillance). Not only SDI leadsthe development of aerospace technologies taking missile defense technology as a core,but also impels the end of military competition between America and Soviet Union.
The thesis makes use of American congress’ deciphering records and a great dealof government documents to learn the trace of SDI in1980s, and U.S. domestic politicaldecision and U.S.-Soviet political competition, through historic document criticizingand case analyzing on the base of Pirk’s Political Situation Shaping Theory. The resultsare:1. Reagan’s SDI accords with U.S. consistent missile defense policy. Nationalsecurity is its final target. The use of symbolizing politics is a strategy in the practicingof SDI.2. Reagan’s government applies rational attitudes towards scientists andtechnology policies. On one hand, the government attaches importance to science andtechnology, encouraging scientist to take part in research. It provides enough economicsupport and allows them to choose items freely. On the other hand, the government doesnot post scientific policies on supreme position. Not only it keeps changing andadjusting content and investment of SDI, but also places the importance of symbolizingpolitics above scientific plan.3. The civil prospect of science and technology decides itsvitality in peaceful time and effectiveness of symbolizing politics. Thus, U.S.government changes the common rule that military technologies develop first and takescientific tasks to civil department in priority to dig its civil values, on which base, thearmy chooses strategic technologies to invest or develop them itself in secret.
To study symbolizing politics in SDI will help to judge and reply U.S. strategicintention of future science and technology policies, and in addition, give profitablecontemplation to science and technology decision of our nation.
本文借助美国国会解密档案及大量政府文献，采用历史学文献批判、案例分析等方法，并援引皮尔克的政治情境塑造理论，研究20世纪80年代美国导弹防御政策的发展轨迹，探讨战略防御计划背后的国内政治决策与美苏政治博弈。文章从20世纪60年代初写起，以导弹防御史和美苏冷战史为大背景，从政治、经济、科技等方面考察战略防御计划在人类历史中的必然性，分析现代军事技术的符号功能，阐释战略防御计划出台过程中象征意义的政治建构历程。在此基础上，以雷克雅未克会晤和《中程核力量条约》的签订为转折点，论证象征意义在美苏争霸格局中的变化情况，揭示美国政府如何利用战略防御计划对前苏联实施象征政治，并探索政治因素对战略防御计划乃至美国科技决策的影响。
本研究有助于正确判断美国科技政策的战略意图，并为我国的科技决策提供有益思考。
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI henceforth) is a great and most effective scientificproject which touches most upon other fields in the later period of American history.SDI was carried out under the rising of U.S. new conservative power and the politicalcircle turbulence of Soviet Union. It symbols that U.S. strategy of MAD (mutuallyassured destruction) turns to MAS (mutually assured surveillance). Not only SDI leadsthe development of aerospace technologies taking missile defense technology as a core,but also impels the end of military competition between America and Soviet Union.
The thesis makes use of American congress’ deciphering records and a great dealof government documents to learn the trace of SDI in1980s, and U.S. domestic politicaldecision and U.S.-Soviet political competition, through historic document criticizingand case analyzing on the base of Pirk’s Political Situation Shaping Theory. The resultsare:1. Reagan’s SDI accords with U.S. consistent missile defense policy. Nationalsecurity is its final target. The use of symbolizing politics is a strategy in the practicingof SDI.2. Reagan’s government applies rational attitudes towards scientists andtechnology policies. On one hand, the government attaches importance to science andtechnology, encouraging scientist to take part in research. It provides enough economicsupport and allows them to choose items freely. On the other hand, the government doesnot post scientific policies on supreme position. Not only it keeps changing andadjusting content and investment of SDI, but also places the importance of symbolizingpolitics above scientific plan.3. The civil prospect of science and technology decides itsvitality in peaceful time and effectiveness of symbolizing politics. Thus, U.S.government changes the common rule that military technologies develop first and takescientific tasks to civil department in priority to dig its civil values, on which base, thearmy chooses strategic technologies to invest or develop them itself in secret.
To study symbolizing politics in SDI will help to judge and reply U.S. strategicintention of future science and technology policies, and in addition, give profitablecontemplation to science and technology decision of our nation.
引文
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①关于国会文献的编号前缀:
参议院议案编号: S. number
众议院议案编号: H.R. number
决议案编号: H Res number或S Res number
共同决议案编号: H Con Res number或S Con Res number
联合决议案编号: H J Res number或S J Res number
经总统批准的联合决议案具有法律效力.
每份文献都会有议案编号与日程编号.但议案编号在原文献中是以“报告+国会届数+编号”的形式出现的.引用该文献时,才采用“前缀+编号”的形式.例如,S.164在原文献中标注为“REPORT100-164”.
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③同上:29-30.
④同上:17.
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⑥同上,2007:208.
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②1975年5月在日内瓦召开NPT审查会议,美苏积极肯定其在过去五年里对核裁军与国际局势的影响,但遭到罗马尼亚、伊朗、埃及、加纳、尼日利亚、南斯拉夫、荷兰、泰国等中小国家的反对.NPT被认为是美苏企图进行核威胁、核讹诈的主要手段.同时,美苏拒绝承诺向无核国家(威胁)使用核武器,拒绝承诺从无核国家领土上撤出核武器等合理要求.会议持续一个月,未取得任何实质性决定.
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②由于石油输出国组织提高油价,世界原油价格在七十年代发生两次急剧上涨,从1950年每桶原油1.71美元,升至1973年每桶5.11美元,再至1981年34美元,对西方资本主义国家的经济发展造成严重影响.
③前苏联此举并非不惜一切代价以实现政治目标.根据中央情报局SOV82-10120档案,这项工程一旦完结,前苏联有望每年获取净利润50亿美元.
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⑤Ibid:5.
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④Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:229.
①转引自Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:97.
②[美]罗纳德·里根.里根回忆录[M].萨本望,李庆功等译.中国工人出版社,1991:247.
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②Presidential Debate with Jimmy Carter[R]. Convention Center Music Hall, Cleveland, OH, October1980.
③Ibid.
④转引自[日]教育社.里根政权[M].童心译,新华出版社,1981:238.
⑤同上:227-228.
⑥Ronald Reagan. Presidential Debate with JimmyCarter[R]. Convention Center Music Hall, Cleveland, OH,October1980.
⑦Ronald Reagan. To RestoreAmerica[R],31March1976.,
⑧Mich Detroit. Republican Party Platform of1980[DB/CD]. USA.15July,1980.
①Ronald Reagan. To RestoreAmerica[R],31March1976.
②Ronald Reagan. AStrategyfor Peace in the80s[R], October1980.
③主要指多弹头分导技术.
④转引自Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001.96——标注doubling thevolume62.
⑤转引自“Cold War Nuclear Stand-off”,为某著作的一章节，无作者及著作信息.笔者不知道从何处搜集的电子文献。按照书中标注，原出处是Kissinger (1979):217.
①NIC M83-10017. Interagency IntelligenceAssessment. Possible Soviet Responses to the US Strategic DefenseInitiative[R]. Secret,12September1983. DNSA.
②[美]丹尼尔·奥·格雷厄姆.高边疆_新的国家战略[N].张健志等译.北京:军事科学出版社,1988:25.
①卡特的这份报告由时任国防部长的布朗领导完成,该报告强调美国应以不引发全面核战争为上限,加强军事实力以抵消前苏联二次核打击力量.这一理念又被称为“相互确保威慑”(MutualAssurance Deterrence),在一些学术文章中可以见到.“确保威慑”战略的影响力不大,一方面是因为第59号总统指令被视为卡特的亡羊补牢之举,导致保守党对其持“无视”态度；另一方面是因为“确保威慑”在本质上与“确保摧毁”一样,都是以二次打击力量为政策基石.所以,里根政府在提出改变威慑战略时,笼统的用“确保摧毁”指代“大规模报复”以后的美国核战略.
②之所以说“一定程度上”,是因为另一个更为主要的原因是:前苏联虚张声势,美国无法正确判断前苏联的意图,故没有做出相应的计划.参见本小节第三点:“公众对政府信任度的提升”.
③Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:120.
④Ronald Reagan.Address to the National Association of Evangelicals[R]. Sheraton Twin Towers Hotel, Orlando,March1983.
①[美]理查德·尼克松,1999:不战而胜[M],王观声等译,北京:世界知识出版社,1997:284.
②[美]罗纳德·里根,里根回忆录[M].萨本望,李庆功等译,中国工人出版社,1991:256.
③Ronald Reagan.Presidential Debate with Jimmy Carter[R]. Convention Center Music Hall, Cleveland, OH,October1980.
④[美]罗纳德·里根,里根回忆录[M].萨本望,李庆功等译,中国工人出版社,1991:256.
⑤Ronald Reagan.Presidential Debate with Jimmy Carter[R]. Convention Center Music Hall, Cleveland, OH,October1980.
①[美]罗纳德·里根,里根回忆录[M].萨本望,李庆功等译,中国工人出版社,1991:284.
②转引自[日]教育社.里根政权[M].童心译,新华出版社,1981:238.
①Donald R. Baucom. The Origins of SDI,1944-1983[M].UniversityPress of Kansas,1992:155-156.
②Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001.:134-135.
③遗产基金会为里根时期与官方联系最为密切的非政府组织.里根的许多军事项目都受到遗产基金会的支持.在里根上任后,基金会向政府内部安插大量官员.
④1982年3月3日被公诸于世.
⑤Donald R. Baucom. The Origins of SDI,1944-1983[M].UniversityPress of Kansas,1992:159.
⑥Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:145.
①[美]丹尼尔·奥·格雷厄姆,高边疆_新的国家战略,张健志,马俊才,傅家祯译,北京：军事科学出版社,1988:28.
②其他三项优点分别为:结束永久性“恐怖平衡”；可解决经济问题,第三世界国家发展问题以及西方精神不振等问题;容易增强公众凝聚力,得到广泛民意支持.参见”高边疆’’,31.
③Daniel O. Graham.The Intelligence Mythology of Washington[J]. Strategic Review, Summer1976:63.
④Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001.:126.
①[美]丹尼尔·奥·格雷厄姆,高边疆_新的国家战略,张健志,马俊才,傅家祯译,北京：军事科学出版社,1988:21-22.
②[美]罗纳德·里根,里根回忆录[M].萨本望,李庆功等译,中国工人出版社,1991:208.
③Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:71.
①陈宝森.美国经济与政府政策_从罗斯福到里根[M].北京:世界知识出版社,1988:33.
②[美]罗纳德·里根,里根回忆录[M].萨本望,李庆功等译,中国工人出版社,1991:210.
③[美]赫德里克·史密斯,亚当·克莱默．里根和里根总统[M]．潘东文,季珮丽译．北京:商务印书馆,1982．
④Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:148-149.
⑤[美]路易斯·哈里斯.美国内幕[N].诗宓,林培育,林东威等译.北京:华夏出版社,1990:229-230.
①以1996年不变总费用.
②王作跃,现任加州州立大学普莫纳分校历史系教授,美国科学史学会理事会理事.主要研究方向为近现代美国、中国科技史与科技政策等.主要著作有In Sputnik’s Shadow: the President’s ScienceAdvisory Committeeand Cold WarAmerica,中文版《在卫星的阴影下:美国总统科学顾问委员会与冷战中的美国》.
③[美]罗伯特·N·鲍曼.星球大战_防御星还是死亡星[N].程不时,叶惠民译.上海:上海科学普及出版社,1988:46.
①Presidential Debate with Jimmy Carter[R]. Convention Center Music Hall, Cleveland, OH, October1980.
②[美]罗纳德·里根,里根回忆录[M].萨本望,李庆功等译,中国工人出版社,1991:223.
③杨鲁军.论里根经济学[M].上海:学林出版社,1987:290.
④陈宝森.美国经济与政府政策_从罗斯福到里根[M].北京:世界知识出版社,1988:59-60.
⑤参见[美]罗纳德·里根,里根回忆录[M].萨本望,李庆功等译,中国工人出版社,1991:300.
①同上,1991:276.
②参见[美]罗纳德·里根,里根回忆录[M].萨本望,李庆功等译,中国工人出版社,1991:305-306.
③陈宝森.美国经济与政府政策_从罗斯福到里根[M].北京:世界知识出版社,1988:58.
④左雷.1981-1984年里根政府经济政策分析.长春大学学报,2010(7):92-96.
⑤李富明,马建臣,赵朝.美国总统全传_罗纳德·里根[M].北京:国际文化出版公司,1996:26-27.
①杨鲁军.论里根经济学[M].上海:学林出版社,1987:293.
②陈宝森.美国经济与政府政策_从罗斯福到里根[M].北京:世界知识出版社,1988:64.
③同上:27-28.
④杨鲁军.论里根经济学[M].上海:学林出版社,1987:295.
⑤Ronald Reagan.U.S. Relations with the USSR[R]. Secret. The White House, January1983. NSDD75:1.
⑥[苏]前苏联国防部.对和平的威胁来自何方.山鹰译.北京:战士出版社,1982:48.
①参见附录E.
②李道揆.美国政府和美国政治[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1990:476-477.
③[苏]前苏联国防部.对和平的威胁来自何方.山鹰译.北京:战士出版社,1982:49.
①《战略评论》1982春季号.里根的国防计划能继续下去吗?本文的中文翻译在国防科技大学军网资源《里根的国防预算》.
②The Consequences on the Global of Nuclear War Environment. House Report No.98-344.August3.1983:139.
③[美]罗纳德·里根,里根回忆录[M].萨本望,李庆功等译,中国工人出版社,1991:225-226.
①Ronald Reagan.U.S. Relations with the USSR[R]. Secret. The White House, January1983. NSDD75:2.
①数据来源:总军备部科技信息研究中心.美国核武器计划费效分析.国防科技大学出版社.2006:346.
①数据来源:总军备部科技信息研究中心.美国核武器计划费效分析.国防科技大学出版社.2006:348.
①[美]迈伦·拉什.1975年以来前苏联军备优先于投资的政策.八十年代前苏联经济问题[C].北京:时事出版社,1985:37.
②ADA508878. Jeff Sessions. Ballistic Missile Defense:ANational Priority[R]. Committee on Armed Services,2008:28.
①ADA474966. Nora Slatkin. Army Ground Combat Modernization for the1980s[R]. Congress of the United States,Congressional Budget Office, November1982: xiii.
②[苏]前苏联国防部.对和平的威胁来自何方[N].山鹰译.北京:战士出版社,1982:64.
③于连坤.里根的军事经济思想.军事经济研究.1992(8):93.
①陆南泉.对八十年代前苏联若干经济问题的分析[J].世界经济,1983(12).
②许新,陈联璧,潘德礼,姜毅.超级大国的崩溃──前苏联解体原因探析[M].北京:社会科学出版社,2001:73-74.
③同上.
①孙连山,杨晋辉.导弹防御系统[M].北京:航空工业出版社,2005.
②Ronald James Stevenson. Framing National SecurityThreats: anAnalysis of theArguments in the MissileDefense Controversy[D]. Wayne State University,2005:19.
③刘绍球,针尖对麦芒_导弹与反导弹[M].长沙:国防科技大学出版社,2000:93-94.
①Ronald James Stevenson. Framing National SecurityThreats: anAnalysis of theArguments in the MissileDefense Controversy[D]. Wayne State University,2005:22.
②刘绍球,针尖对麦芒_导弹与反导弹[M].长沙:国防科技大学出版社,2000:95.
③Seymour J. Deitchman. Military Power and theAdvance of Technology_General Purpose Military Forces for the1980s and Beyond[M]. Colorado:Westview Press,1983:47.
④Edward Reiss. The Strategic Defense Initiative [M]. London: Cambridge UniversityPress,1992:39.
①Ronald James Stevenson. Framing National SecurityThreats: anAnalysis of theArguments in the MissileDefense Controversy[D]. Wayne State University,2005:38.
②Reagan,1983, p.2-3;
③Larry Pressler. Star wars: the Strategic Defense Initiative Debates in Congress [M]. Praeger,1986:95-96.
①[苏]前苏联国防部.对和平的威胁来自何方[N].山鹰译.北京:战士出版社,1982:63-64.
②[美]1984年美国军事态势[N].李长浩译.台北:黎明文化事业公司.1985:27.
①881019Technology policy and its effect on the National economy,100th.USCSS.
②Julian Nall.AStudy of Soviet Science[R]. NIO.1. December1985. DDRS:10.
①Ibid.
②Remarks of William J. Casey, Howard Taft Distinguished Lecture Series,Washington D.C.18september1986:2-3.
③Albert Fenner Milton, M. Scott Davis, JohnA. Parmentola. Making Space Defense Work: Must the SuperpowersCooperate?[M]. Roosevelt Center for American PolicyStudies. Pergamon-Brassey's,1989:3.
④Joseph Kruzel. George E. Hudson.American DefenseAnnual(85-86)[M]. Mershon Center for Education inNational Security,1985:188.
⑤[苏]前苏联国防部.对和平的威胁来自何方[N].山鹰译.北京:战士出版社,1982:7.
⑥Joseph W.Constance. The GreatAmerican Missile Defense Debates[D]. Boston University,2006.
①Hucild Buwn. SignificantActions. Secretary and Deputy Secretary of Defense (July12-18.1980)[R]. TheSecretary of Defense. Top Secret. Washington. D. C.18July.1980. DDRS:1-2.
②Ibid:2-3.
③Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:149.
①[美]罗纳德·里根,里根回忆录[M].萨本望,李庆功等译,中国工人出版社,1991:255-256.
②Gorbachev.ALetter Written Back to Ronald W. Reagan(in English). June10,1985. DDRS.2.
①[美]德尔马·S·法内.导弹的诞生.李中元译.外国空军军事学术.1981(8):69.
②[美]德尔马·S·法内.导弹的诞生.李中元译.外国空军军事学术.1981(8):66-67.
③同上:68.
④马恩军事文集(第一卷)[M].北京:战士出版社,1981:399．
①Ronald James Stevenson. Framing National SecurityThreats: anAnalysis of theArguments in the MissileDefense Controversy[D]. Wayne State University,2005:18.
①刘戟锋.兵器进化之路[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社,2004．
①ADA508878. Jeff Sessions. Ballistic Missile Defense:ANational Priority[R]. Committee on Armed Services,2008.
②Debate Between the President and Former Vice President Walter F. Mondale [R]. Kansas City, October21,1984.
①Debate Between the President and Former Vice President Walter F. Mondale [R]. Kansas City, October21,1984.
②Ibid.
③Address to the Nation on National Security[R]. Oval Office, February26,1986.
④Debate Between the President and Former Vice President Walter F. Mondale [R]. Kansas City, October21,1984.
①Debate Between the President and Former Vice President Walter F. Mondale [R]. Kansas City, October21,1984.
②Ibid.
①Debate Between the President and Former Vice President Walter F. Mondale [R]. Kansas City, October21,1984.
②Ibid.
③Ibid.
④Ibid.
①Debate Between the President and Former Vice President Walter F. Mondale [R]. Kansas City, October21,1984.
②Ibid.
③Ibid.
①Debate Between the President and Former Vice President Walter F. Mondale [R]. Kansas City, October21,1984.
②Fred s. Hoffman. Ballistic Missile Defenses and U.S. National Security [DB/CD]. Secret. FSSS. Oct1983:1.
①Fred s. Hoffman. Ballistic Missile Defenses and U.S. National Security [DB/CD]. Secret. FSSS. Oct1983:136.
②Ibid:141.
③Ibid:135-143.
④Ibid:139-140.
①Larry Pressler. Star wars：the Strategic Defense Initiative Debates in Congress [M]. Praeger,1986:116-120.
②Ibid:119.
③Larry Pressler. Star wars：the Strategic Defense Initiative Debates in Congress [M]. Praeger,1986:120.
①NIC M83-10017. Interagency IntelligenceAssessment. Possible Soviet Responses to the US Strategic DefenseInitiative[R]. Secret,12September1983. DNSA.
②Larry Pressler. Star wars: the Strategic Defense Initiative Debates in Congress [M]. Praeger,1986:69-70.
③Ibid:70.
①Larry Pressler. Star wars: the Strategic Defense Initiative Debates in Congress [M]. Praeger,1986:74.
①[美]美国国防部长温伯格1985财政年度国防报告[N].军事科学院外国军事研究部译.1984.
②转引自:[美]拉里斯皮克斯.罗伯特帕克.白宫揭秘_总统发言人的回忆[M].施鲁佳.赵子健译.北京:新华出版社,1991:76.
③Larry Pressler. Star wars: the Strategic Defense Initiative Debates in Congress [M]. Praeger,1986:76.
①Larry Pressler. Star wars: the Strategic Defense Initiative Debates in Congress [M]. Praeger,1986:76.
②Ibid:67.
③Ibid:68.
④Ibid:69.
①Larry Pressler. Star wars: the Strategic Defense Initiative Debates in Congress [M]. Praeger,1986:95.
②Fred s. Hoffman. Ballistic Missile Defenses and U.S. National Security [DB/CD]. Secret. FSSS. Oct1983:146.
①Larry Pressler. Star wars: the Strategic Defense Initiative Debates in Congress [M]. Praeger,1986:94.
②Ibid:99.
①Larry Pressler. Star wars: the Strategic Defense Initiative Debates in Congress [M]. Praeger,1986:98.
②Ibid:97.
③Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001.299.
④Douglas C. Waller, James T. Bruce, Douglas M. Cook. The Strategic Defense Initiative: Progress andChallenges[M]. Regina Books,1987:82.
⑤Ibid:82.
①Fitzgerald, Frances. Way out there in the blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:214.
②[美]美国国防部长温伯格1983财政年度国防报告[N].军事科学院外国军事研究部译,1982:9.
③Elizabeth C. Charles. The Game Changer: Reassessing the Impact of SDI on Gorbachev’s Foreign Policy, ArmsControl, and US-Soviet Relations[D]. The George Washington University,2010:45.
④House of Representatives. Committee onArmed Services. Department of DefenseAuthorization Act1985[R].98th Congress. Washington D.C.,19April,1984. USCSS:16.
①Fitzgerald, Frances. Way out there in the blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:220.
②Ibid:221.
③Ibid:225.
④[美]美国国防部长温伯格1983财政年度国防报告[N].军事科学院外国军事研究部译,1982:9.
⑤同上:20-21.
①Fitzgerald, Frances. Way out there in the blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:225.
②Ibid:267.
③Ibid:273.
①Fitzgerald, Frances. Way out there in the blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:295.
②Ibid:290.
③Ibid:293.
①Address to the Nation on National Security[R]. Oval Office, February26,1986.
②Ibid.
③Ibid.
④Ibid.
⑤Ibid.
①Fitzgerald, Frances. Way out there in the blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:210.
②Larry Pressler. Star wars：the Strategic Defense Initiative Debates in Congress [M]. Praeger,1986:63.
③Ibid:63.
④Ronald Reagan. Eliminating the Threat from Ballistic Missiles[R], March1983(1). NSDD85.
⑤R. Jeffrey Smith. OTAStudy Highlights Star Wars Difficulties[J]. Science.4October,1985:50.
⑥Fitzgerald, Frances. Way out there in the blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:246.
⑦R. Jeffrey Smith. OTAStudy Highlights Star Wars Difficulties[J]. Science.4October,1985:50.
⑧Fitzgerald, Frances. Way out there in the blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:246.
⑨Ibid:247.
①Fitzgerald, Frances. Way out there in the blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:211.
①Claiborne Pell. Dangerous Stalemate: Superpower Relations inAutumn1983[R]. S. Doc98-16. Washington D.C.,September1983. USCSS.
②Ibid.
③Strategic Defense Initiative[R]. Secret, January6.1984. NSDD119:1.
④Ibid:1.
①1983年2月11日,参谋长联系会议向里根提交了导弹防御倡议.
②Strategic Defense Initiative[R]. Secret, January6.1984. NSDD119:2-3.
③Douglas C. Waller, James T. Bruce, Douglas M. Cook. The Strategic Defense Initiative: Progress and Challenges.[M]. Regina Books,1987:106.
①Daniel O.Graham, Dorinda G. Dallmeye. The Strategic Defense Initiative: New Perspectives on Deterrence [C].Westview Press,1986:26-27.
②-.EmptyThought From Our Scientists[J]. National Review,Auguest23,1985:55.
③Dorinda G. Dallmeye. The Strategic Defense Initiative: New Perspectives on Deterrence [M]. Westview Press,1986:25.
④ADA508878. Jeff Sessions. Ballistic Missile Defense:ANational Priority[R]. Committee on Armed Services,2008:28.
①Peter J. Gollon. SDI Funds Costly for Scientists[J]. Bulletin of theAtomic Scientists.1986(1):24-27.
②-.EmptyThought From Our Scientists[J]. National Review,Auguest23,1985:55.
③Ibid:55.
①张杨.新冷战前沿-美国外层空间政策研究(1945-1969).吉林:东北师范大学出版社,2009.
①William P Clark. Your Meeting with Edward Teller. Tuesday. September14.1982.3:00. Oval Office.Memorandum for the President[R]. Confidential. The White House. Washington D.C..13September.1982.DDRS.
②William J. Broad. Star Warriors: a Penetrating Look into the Lives of the Young Scientists behind Our SpaceAge[M]. Simon&Schuster,1985:21.
③[美]肯尼迪·格根.社会构建的邀请[N].许婧译.北京:北京大学出版社,2011:87.
④William J. Broad. Star Warriors: a Penetrating Look into the Lives of the Young Scientists behind Our SpaceAge[M]. Simon&Schuster,1985:51.
⑤Ibid:14.
⑥本节笔者已发表于《自然辩证法通讯》,2012,5(10):89-94.
①Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:330-331.
①[美]德瑞克·李波厄特.五十年伤痕_美国的冷战历史观与世界[N].郭学堂,潘忠岐等译.上海:上海三联出版社,2008:665.
②[美]罗伯特·N·鲍曼.星球大战_防御星还是死亡星[N].程不时,叶惠民译.上海:上海科学普及出版社,1988:46-49.
③[美]德瑞克·李波厄特.五十年伤痕_美国的冷战历史观与世界[N].郭学堂,潘忠岐等译.上海:上海三联出版社,2008:659.
④[美]罗伯特·N·鲍曼.星球大战_防御星还是死亡星[N].程不时,叶惠民译.上海:上海科学普及出版社,1988:49.
⑤[俄]弗·谢·别洛乌斯.20世纪军事秘密[N].徐锦栋等译.北京:东方出版社,2004:36.
⑥同上:58.
①[美]小罗杰·皮尔克.诚实的代理人_科学在政策与政治中的意义[M].李正风,缪航译.上海:上海交通大学出版社,2010:45.
②[俄]弗·谢·别洛乌斯.20世纪军事秘密[N].徐锦栋等译.北京:东方出版社,2004:46.
②[美]德瑞克·李波厄特.五十年伤痕_美国的冷战历史观与世界[N].郭学堂,潘忠岐等译.上海:上海三联出版社,2008:677.
③同上:677.
④Ronald James Stevenson. Framing National SecurityThreats: anAnalysis of theArguments in the MissileDefense Controversy[D]. Wayne State University,2005.
①Thomas W. Graham, Bernard M. Kramer. The Polls:ABM and Star Wars:Attitudes Toward Nuclear Defense,1945-1985[J].The Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol.50, No.1(Spring,1986):130.
②Alex Roland. Strategic Deception: Rhetoric, Science, and Politics in Missile DefenseAdvocacy[J]. Isis, Vol.93,No.1(March2002):159-160.
③Sam Nuun, Dorinda G. Dallmeye. The Strategic Defense Initiative: New Perspectives on Deterrence [C].Westview Press,1986:9.
④[美]罗伯特·N·鲍曼.星球大战_防御星还是死亡星[N].程不时,叶惠民译.上海:上海科学普及出版社,1988:126-128.
①[俄]弗·谢·别洛乌斯.20世纪军事秘密[N].徐锦栋等译.北京:东方出版社,2004:44.
②Thomas W. Graham, Bernard M. Kramer. The Polls:ABM and Star Wars:Attitudes Toward Nuclear Defense,1945-1985[J].The Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol.50, No.1(Spring,1986):125-134.
③-.星球大战及其射束武器[N].何为译.北京:解放军出版社,1986:98-101.
④同上:5.
⑤J. Raloff. Has DOD Exaggerated SDI's Promise?[J]. Science News, Vol.129, No.14(Apr.5,1986):215.
⑥[美]德瑞克·李波厄特.五十年伤痕_美国的冷战历史观与世界[N].郭学堂,潘忠岐等译.上海:上海三联出版社,2008:663.
①The Politics of the Science Wars, StanleyAronowitz, Social Text, No.46/47, Science Wars (Spring-Summer,1996):177-197.
②Colin Norman. Memo Sets Policy for "Star Wars" Publications[J]. Science, New Series, Vol.229, No.4716:843.
③[美]罗伯特·N·鲍曼.星球大战_防御星还是死亡星[N].程不时,叶惠民译.上海:上海科学普及出版社,1988:50.
④George B. Kauffman, Laurie M. Kauffman. AChemist in the White House: From the Manhattan Project to the
①[美]肯尼迪·格根.社会构建的邀请[N].许婧译.北京:北京大学出版社,2011:75.
①Michael Charlton. From Deterrence to Defence: the Inside Story of Strategic Policy[M]. Harvard University,1987:96.
②Gary L. Guertner, Donald M. Snow. The Last Frontier[M]. D.C. Health and Company:36.
③Bonita J. Dombey. Strategic Defence:Alternative Missions&Their Costs [M]. United States. CongressionalBudget Office,1989:14-15.
④Edward Reiss. The Strategic Defense Initiative [M]. London: Cambridge UniversityPress,1992:166-167.
①Harry J. Sievers Lecture Series. Transcript of remarks of William J. Casey[C]. Fordham University, New YorkCity, February1986: P2.
②Ronald Reagan.Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union[R], January1984.
③Rosy Nimroody. Star Wars: the Economic Fallout [M]. Council on Economic Priorities,1988:44-45.
④Ibid:43.
①Joseph Kruzel. George E. Hudson.American DefenseAnnual(85-86)[M]. Mershon Center for Education inNational Security,1985:23.
②[美]路易斯·哈里斯.美国内幕[N].诗宓,林培育,林东威等译.北京:华夏出版社,1990:193.
③同上:194.
④百度百科:www.baike.baidu.com/view/22981.htm,2013/2/26.
①Edward Reiss. The Strategic Defense Initiative [M]. London: Cambridge UniversityPress,1992:175.
①Elizabeth C. Charles. The Game Changer: Reassessing the Impact of SDI on Gorbachev’s Foreign Policy, ArmsControl, and US-Soviet Relations[D]. The George Washington University,2010:69.
②Matlock JF. Reagan and Gorbachev: How the Cold War Ended[M]. Random House,2004:239.
③Michael Charlton. From Deterrence to Defence: the Inside Story of Strategic Policy[M]. Harvard University,1987:1.
④Paul F.Walker, Jonathan R.Hunt. The Legacy of Reykjavik and the Future of Nuclear Disarmament[J]. Bulletin oftheAtomic Scientists.2011.67(6):63-72.
⑤Larry Pressler. Star Wars: The Strategic Defense Initiative Debates in Congress [M]. Praeger,1986.
⑥Barry Goldwater. National DefenseAuthorization Act for Fiscal Year1987[R]. Senate Report99-331, July1986.
①Ronald Reagan. Soviet Noncompliance with Arms ControlAgreements[R], December1985.NSDD202.
②[美]路易斯·哈里斯.美国内幕[N].诗宓,林培育,林东威等译.北京:华夏出版社,1990:274
①Address to the Nation on National Security[R]. Oval Office, February26,1986.
②[美]拉里·斯皮克斯.罗伯特·帕克.白宫揭秘_总统发言人的回忆[M].施鲁佳.赵子健译.
③Wm. F. Buckley. Slouching Towards Reykjavik-I [J]. National Review. November7.1986:62.
④Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001.,324
①[美]路易斯·哈里斯.美国内幕[N].诗宓,林培育,林东威等译.北京:华夏出版社,1990:274
②Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:314.
③Address to the Nation on National Security[R]. Oval Office, February26,1986.
①[美]拉里·斯皮克斯.罗伯特·帕克.白宫揭秘_总统发言人的回忆[M].施鲁佳.赵子健译.北京:新华出版社,1991:88-89.
②Paul F.Walker, Jonathan R.Hunt. The Legacy of Reykjavik and the Future of Nuclear Disarmament[J]. Bulletin oftheAtomic Scientists.2011.67(6).
③Ibid.
①里根,学校图书馆电子资源.作者及出版社信息缺失.
②Paul F.Walker, Jonathan R.Hunt. The Legacy of Reykjavik and the Future of Nuclear Disarmament[J]. Bulletin oftheAtomic Scientists.2011.67(6).
③Post-Reykjavik Follow-up[R], November3.1986(14). NSDD250.
④Ibid.
⑤Ibid.
⑥Ibid.
①Post-Reykjavik Follow-up[R], November3.1986(14). NSDD250.
②Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:348.
③Paul F.Walker, Jonathan R.Hunt. The Legacy of Reykjavik and the Future of Nuclear Disarmament[J]. Bulletin oftheAtomic Scientists.2011.67(6).
④储昭根.美国人为何怀念里根.南风窗.2011(4):81.
⑤Stephen J. Cimbala. The Technology, Strategy and Politics of SDI[C].Westview Press,1987:158.
①Albert Fenner Milton, M. Scott Davis, JohnA. Parmentola. Making Space Defense Work: Must the SuperpowersCooperate?[M]. Roosevelt Center for American PolicyStudies. Pergamon-Brassey's,1989:18.
②Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:352.
①Gaddis,2005:357.
②NSAEBB,2006:19:1.
③Matlock JF. Reagan and Gorbachev: How the Cold War Ended[M]. Random House,2004:239.
④Reagan,1990:675.
①Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:350.
②Ibid:355.
③Ibid:349.
④Paul F.Walker, Jonathan R.Hunt. The Legacy of Reykjavik and the Future of Nuclear Disarmament. Bulletin oftheAtomic Scientists.2011.67(6).
⑤Post-Reykjavik Follow-up[R], November3.1986(14). NSDD250.
①Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001.350.
②[俄]米·谢·戈尔巴乔夫.真相与自白[N].述弢等译.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2002.第七章.
①刘金质.冷战史[M].北京:世界知识出版社,2003.
②ADA181220. David E.Morgan. Analysis of the Soviet Response to the Strategic Defense Initiative[R], April1987:19.
③Ibid:19-20.
①Elizabeth C. Charles. The Game Changer: Reassessing the Impact of SDI on Gorbachev’s Foreign Policy, ArmsControl, and US-Soviet Relations[D]. The George Washington University,2010:358.
②Mira Duric. The Strategic Defence Initiative: Us Policy and the Soviet Union[M].Ashgate Publishing,2003:68.
①J. Sessions. Ballistic missile defense:ANational Priority. committee on armed services. DTIC:2008.AD Report.
②Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:409.
③这三份报告分别为:1)SDI: Progress and Challenges, Part Two Unclassified, Report, March19,1987:95pp.MS00690;2) SDI: Progress and Challenges, Part Two Unclassified, Report, March19,1987,95pp.MS00690;3)AReport to Congress on the SDI Deployment Schedule Classification Unknown, Report, May12,1987:41.MS00692.
①Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001.373-374.
②ADA203576. Strategic Defense Initiative:AChronology,1983-1988[R]. Report, January1989.
③Douglas C. Waller, James T. Bruce, Douglas M. Cook. The Strategic Defense Initiative: Progress andChallenges[M]. Regina Books,1987.209-210.
①Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:389.
②Ibid:392.
①ADA508878. Jeff Sessions. Ballistic Missile Defense:ANational Priority[R]. Committee on Armed Services,2008:28.
①Stephen J. Cimbala. The Technology, Strategy and Politics of SDI[C].Westview Press,1987:170.
②Ibid:162.
③[俄]雷日科夫.大国悲剧_前苏联解体的前因后果[M].徐昌涵等译.北京:新华出版社,2008.
①转引自Congress and SDIO:1983-1989.ADA338619:AL-262.
①Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001.403.
②[日]工业技术院.美国1986年联邦技术转移法介绍[J].左京华译.国外科技与管理,1987(2).
③MS00695. Report to the Congress on the SDI[R]. Report,April1988. DNSA: E-1.
①钟柯.美国《联邦技术转移法》[J].科学学与科学技术管理,1996(9).
②战略防御计划最早由国防部负责,1986年全部转由SDIO负责.
③MS00691. Report to the Congress on the SDI[R]. Report,April1987. DNSA.
④MS00700. Report to the Congress on the SDI[R]. Report, March13.1989. DNSA.
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①Douglas C. Waller, James T. Bruce, Douglas M. Cook. The Strategic Defense Initiative: Progress and Challenges.[M]. Regina Books,1987:41.
②Ronald Reagan.U.S. Relations with the USSR[R]. Secret. The White House, January1983. NSDD75.1983.NSDD75.
①Bonita J. Dombey. Strategic Defence:Alternative Missions&Their Costs [M]. United States. CongressionalBudget Office,1989:23.
①ADA203576. Strategic Defense Initiative:AChronology,1983-1988[R]. Report, January1989.
①陈坚.图说美国弹道导弹防御[M].北京:解放军出版社,2001:12.
②同上:12.
③李长久.美国中央情报局前雇员披露美国是如何拖垮前苏联的[J].瞭望新闻周刊,2001(25).
④Gorbachev's Domestic Challenge:The Looming Problems[R].Intelligence Assessment, February1987.
⑤Ibid.
⑥李长久.美国中央情报局前雇员披露美国是如何拖垮前苏联的[J].瞭望新闻周刊,2001(25).
⑦陈坚.图说美国弹道导弹防御[M].北京:解放军出版社,2001:12.
①Edward Reiss. The Strategic Defense Initiative [M]. London: Cambridge UniversityPress,1992:171.
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②同上.
①赵成鑫,史宪铭,张海峰.美国军事军备高技术创新战略解析[J].科技风,2012(20).
②转引自钱学森.论系统工程[M].长沙:湖南科学技术出版社，1982:59.
③-.信息战:以柔克刚的战争[M].-.
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①冀朝鼎.中国历史上的基本经济区与水利事业的发展.朱诗鳌译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1981:序言.
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②本段文献来源详见[参考文献].
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①关于国会文献的编号前缀:
参议院议案编号: S. number
众议院议案编号: H.R. number
决议案编号: H Res number或S Res number
共同决议案编号: H Con Res number或S Con Res number
联合决议案编号: H J Res number或S J Res number
经总统批准的联合决议案具有法律效力.
每份文献都会有议案编号与日程编号.但议案编号在原文献中是以“报告+国会届数+编号”的形式出现的.引用该文献时,才采用“前缀+编号”的形式.例如,S.164在原文献中标注为“REPORT100-164”.
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③同上:29-30.
④同上:17.
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⑥同上,2007:208.
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②1975年5月在日内瓦召开NPT审查会议,美苏积极肯定其在过去五年里对核裁军与国际局势的影响,但遭到罗马尼亚、伊朗、埃及、加纳、尼日利亚、南斯拉夫、荷兰、泰国等中小国家的反对.NPT被认为是美苏企图进行核威胁、核讹诈的主要手段.同时,美苏拒绝承诺向无核国家(威胁)使用核武器,拒绝承诺从无核国家领土上撤出核武器等合理要求.会议持续一个月,未取得任何实质性决定.
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②由于石油输出国组织提高油价,世界原油价格在七十年代发生两次急剧上涨,从1950年每桶原油1.71美元,升至1973年每桶5.11美元,再至1981年34美元,对西方资本主义国家的经济发展造成严重影响.
③前苏联此举并非不惜一切代价以实现政治目标.根据中央情报局SOV82-10120档案,这项工程一旦完结,前苏联有望每年获取净利润50亿美元.
④Alexander M.Haig. Your Meeting with UK Prime Margaret Thatcher[R]. Department of State. Washington D.C..9June1982. DDRS:2.
⑤Ibid:5.
⑥[苏]前苏联国防部.对和平的威胁来自何方.山鹰译.北京:战士出版社,1982:12-13.
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①转引自Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:97.
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②Presidential Debate with Jimmy Carter[R]. Convention Center Music Hall, Cleveland, OH, October1980.
③Ibid.
④转引自[日]教育社.里根政权[M].童心译,新华出版社,1981:238.
⑤同上:227-228.
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⑦Ronald Reagan. To RestoreAmerica[R],31March1976.,
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②Ronald Reagan. AStrategyfor Peace in the80s[R], October1980.
③主要指多弹头分导技术.
④转引自Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001.96——标注doubling thevolume62.
⑤转引自“Cold War Nuclear Stand-off”,为某著作的一章节，无作者及著作信息.笔者不知道从何处搜集的电子文献。按照书中标注，原出处是Kissinger (1979):217.
①NIC M83-10017. Interagency IntelligenceAssessment. Possible Soviet Responses to the US Strategic DefenseInitiative[R]. Secret,12September1983. DNSA.
②[美]丹尼尔·奥·格雷厄姆.高边疆_新的国家战略[N].张健志等译.北京:军事科学出版社,1988:25.
①卡特的这份报告由时任国防部长的布朗领导完成,该报告强调美国应以不引发全面核战争为上限,加强军事实力以抵消前苏联二次核打击力量.这一理念又被称为“相互确保威慑”(MutualAssurance Deterrence),在一些学术文章中可以见到.“确保威慑”战略的影响力不大,一方面是因为第59号总统指令被视为卡特的亡羊补牢之举,导致保守党对其持“无视”态度；另一方面是因为“确保威慑”在本质上与“确保摧毁”一样,都是以二次打击力量为政策基石.所以,里根政府在提出改变威慑战略时,笼统的用“确保摧毁”指代“大规模报复”以后的美国核战略.
②之所以说“一定程度上”,是因为另一个更为主要的原因是:前苏联虚张声势,美国无法正确判断前苏联的意图,故没有做出相应的计划.参见本小节第三点:“公众对政府信任度的提升”.
③Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:120.
④Ronald Reagan.Address to the National Association of Evangelicals[R]. Sheraton Twin Towers Hotel, Orlando,March1983.
①[美]理查德·尼克松,1999:不战而胜[M],王观声等译,北京:世界知识出版社,1997:284.
②[美]罗纳德·里根,里根回忆录[M].萨本望,李庆功等译,中国工人出版社,1991:256.
③Ronald Reagan.Presidential Debate with Jimmy Carter[R]. Convention Center Music Hall, Cleveland, OH,October1980.
④[美]罗纳德·里根,里根回忆录[M].萨本望,李庆功等译,中国工人出版社,1991:256.
⑤Ronald Reagan.Presidential Debate with Jimmy Carter[R]. Convention Center Music Hall, Cleveland, OH,October1980.
①[美]罗纳德·里根,里根回忆录[M].萨本望,李庆功等译,中国工人出版社,1991:284.
②转引自[日]教育社.里根政权[M].童心译,新华出版社,1981:238.
①Donald R. Baucom. The Origins of SDI,1944-1983[M].UniversityPress of Kansas,1992:155-156.
②Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001.:134-135.
③遗产基金会为里根时期与官方联系最为密切的非政府组织.里根的许多军事项目都受到遗产基金会的支持.在里根上任后,基金会向政府内部安插大量官员.
④1982年3月3日被公诸于世.
⑤Donald R. Baucom. The Origins of SDI,1944-1983[M].UniversityPress of Kansas,1992:159.
⑥Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:145.
①[美]丹尼尔·奥·格雷厄姆,高边疆_新的国家战略,张健志,马俊才,傅家祯译,北京：军事科学出版社,1988:28.
②其他三项优点分别为:结束永久性“恐怖平衡”；可解决经济问题,第三世界国家发展问题以及西方精神不振等问题;容易增强公众凝聚力,得到广泛民意支持.参见”高边疆’’,31.
③Daniel O. Graham.The Intelligence Mythology of Washington[J]. Strategic Review, Summer1976:63.
④Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001.:126.
①[美]丹尼尔·奥·格雷厄姆,高边疆_新的国家战略,张健志,马俊才,傅家祯译,北京：军事科学出版社,1988:21-22.
②[美]罗纳德·里根,里根回忆录[M].萨本望,李庆功等译,中国工人出版社,1991:208.
③Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:71.
①陈宝森.美国经济与政府政策_从罗斯福到里根[M].北京:世界知识出版社,1988:33.
②[美]罗纳德·里根,里根回忆录[M].萨本望,李庆功等译,中国工人出版社,1991:210.
③[美]赫德里克·史密斯,亚当·克莱默．里根和里根总统[M]．潘东文,季珮丽译．北京:商务印书馆,1982．
④Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:148-149.
⑤[美]路易斯·哈里斯.美国内幕[N].诗宓,林培育,林东威等译.北京:华夏出版社,1990:229-230.
①以1996年不变总费用.
②王作跃,现任加州州立大学普莫纳分校历史系教授,美国科学史学会理事会理事.主要研究方向为近现代美国、中国科技史与科技政策等.主要著作有In Sputnik’s Shadow: the President’s ScienceAdvisory Committeeand Cold WarAmerica,中文版《在卫星的阴影下:美国总统科学顾问委员会与冷战中的美国》.
③[美]罗伯特·N·鲍曼.星球大战_防御星还是死亡星[N].程不时,叶惠民译.上海:上海科学普及出版社,1988:46.
①Presidential Debate with Jimmy Carter[R]. Convention Center Music Hall, Cleveland, OH, October1980.
②[美]罗纳德·里根,里根回忆录[M].萨本望,李庆功等译,中国工人出版社,1991:223.
③杨鲁军.论里根经济学[M].上海:学林出版社,1987:290.
④陈宝森.美国经济与政府政策_从罗斯福到里根[M].北京:世界知识出版社,1988:59-60.
⑤参见[美]罗纳德·里根,里根回忆录[M].萨本望,李庆功等译,中国工人出版社,1991:300.
①同上,1991:276.
②参见[美]罗纳德·里根,里根回忆录[M].萨本望,李庆功等译,中国工人出版社,1991:305-306.
③陈宝森.美国经济与政府政策_从罗斯福到里根[M].北京:世界知识出版社,1988:58.
④左雷.1981-1984年里根政府经济政策分析.长春大学学报,2010(7):92-96.
⑤李富明,马建臣,赵朝.美国总统全传_罗纳德·里根[M].北京:国际文化出版公司,1996:26-27.
①杨鲁军.论里根经济学[M].上海:学林出版社,1987:293.
②陈宝森.美国经济与政府政策_从罗斯福到里根[M].北京:世界知识出版社,1988:64.
③同上:27-28.
④杨鲁军.论里根经济学[M].上海:学林出版社,1987:295.
⑤Ronald Reagan.U.S. Relations with the USSR[R]. Secret. The White House, January1983. NSDD75:1.
⑥[苏]前苏联国防部.对和平的威胁来自何方.山鹰译.北京:战士出版社,1982:48.
①参见附录E.
②李道揆.美国政府和美国政治[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1990:476-477.
③[苏]前苏联国防部.对和平的威胁来自何方.山鹰译.北京:战士出版社,1982:49.
①《战略评论》1982春季号.里根的国防计划能继续下去吗?本文的中文翻译在国防科技大学军网资源《里根的国防预算》.
②The Consequences on the Global of Nuclear War Environment. House Report No.98-344.August3.1983:139.
③[美]罗纳德·里根,里根回忆录[M].萨本望,李庆功等译,中国工人出版社,1991:225-226.
①Ronald Reagan.U.S. Relations with the USSR[R]. Secret. The White House, January1983. NSDD75:2.
①数据来源:总军备部科技信息研究中心.美国核武器计划费效分析.国防科技大学出版社.2006:346.
①数据来源:总军备部科技信息研究中心.美国核武器计划费效分析.国防科技大学出版社.2006:348.
①[美]迈伦·拉什.1975年以来前苏联军备优先于投资的政策.八十年代前苏联经济问题[C].北京:时事出版社,1985:37.
②ADA508878. Jeff Sessions. Ballistic Missile Defense:ANational Priority[R]. Committee on Armed Services,2008:28.
①ADA474966. Nora Slatkin. Army Ground Combat Modernization for the1980s[R]. Congress of the United States,Congressional Budget Office, November1982: xiii.
②[苏]前苏联国防部.对和平的威胁来自何方[N].山鹰译.北京:战士出版社,1982:64.
③于连坤.里根的军事经济思想.军事经济研究.1992(8):93.
①陆南泉.对八十年代前苏联若干经济问题的分析[J].世界经济,1983(12).
②许新,陈联璧,潘德礼,姜毅.超级大国的崩溃──前苏联解体原因探析[M].北京:社会科学出版社,2001:73-74.
③同上.
①孙连山,杨晋辉.导弹防御系统[M].北京:航空工业出版社,2005.
②Ronald James Stevenson. Framing National SecurityThreats: anAnalysis of theArguments in the MissileDefense Controversy[D]. Wayne State University,2005:19.
③刘绍球,针尖对麦芒_导弹与反导弹[M].长沙:国防科技大学出版社,2000:93-94.
①Ronald James Stevenson. Framing National SecurityThreats: anAnalysis of theArguments in the MissileDefense Controversy[D]. Wayne State University,2005:22.
②刘绍球,针尖对麦芒_导弹与反导弹[M].长沙:国防科技大学出版社,2000:95.
③Seymour J. Deitchman. Military Power and theAdvance of Technology_General Purpose Military Forces for the1980s and Beyond[M]. Colorado:Westview Press,1983:47.
④Edward Reiss. The Strategic Defense Initiative [M]. London: Cambridge UniversityPress,1992:39.
①Ronald James Stevenson. Framing National SecurityThreats: anAnalysis of theArguments in the MissileDefense Controversy[D]. Wayne State University,2005:38.
②Reagan,1983, p.2-3;
③Larry Pressler. Star wars: the Strategic Defense Initiative Debates in Congress [M]. Praeger,1986:95-96.
①[苏]前苏联国防部.对和平的威胁来自何方[N].山鹰译.北京:战士出版社,1982:63-64.
②[美]1984年美国军事态势[N].李长浩译.台北:黎明文化事业公司.1985:27.
①881019Technology policy and its effect on the National economy,100th.USCSS.
②Julian Nall.AStudy of Soviet Science[R]. NIO.1. December1985. DDRS:10.
①Ibid.
②Remarks of William J. Casey, Howard Taft Distinguished Lecture Series,Washington D.C.18september1986:2-3.
③Albert Fenner Milton, M. Scott Davis, JohnA. Parmentola. Making Space Defense Work: Must the SuperpowersCooperate?[M]. Roosevelt Center for American PolicyStudies. Pergamon-Brassey's,1989:3.
④Joseph Kruzel. George E. Hudson.American DefenseAnnual(85-86)[M]. Mershon Center for Education inNational Security,1985:188.
⑤[苏]前苏联国防部.对和平的威胁来自何方[N].山鹰译.北京:战士出版社,1982:7.
⑥Joseph W.Constance. The GreatAmerican Missile Defense Debates[D]. Boston University,2006.
①Hucild Buwn. SignificantActions. Secretary and Deputy Secretary of Defense (July12-18.1980)[R]. TheSecretary of Defense. Top Secret. Washington. D. C.18July.1980. DDRS:1-2.
②Ibid:2-3.
③Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:149.
①[美]罗纳德·里根,里根回忆录[M].萨本望,李庆功等译,中国工人出版社,1991:255-256.
②Gorbachev.ALetter Written Back to Ronald W. Reagan(in English). June10,1985. DDRS.2.
①[美]德尔马·S·法内.导弹的诞生.李中元译.外国空军军事学术.1981(8):69.
②[美]德尔马·S·法内.导弹的诞生.李中元译.外国空军军事学术.1981(8):66-67.
③同上:68.
④马恩军事文集(第一卷)[M].北京:战士出版社,1981:399．
①Ronald James Stevenson. Framing National SecurityThreats: anAnalysis of theArguments in the MissileDefense Controversy[D]. Wayne State University,2005:18.
①刘戟锋.兵器进化之路[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社,2004．
①ADA508878. Jeff Sessions. Ballistic Missile Defense:ANational Priority[R]. Committee on Armed Services,2008.
②Debate Between the President and Former Vice President Walter F. Mondale [R]. Kansas City, October21,1984.
①Debate Between the President and Former Vice President Walter F. Mondale [R]. Kansas City, October21,1984.
②Ibid.
③Address to the Nation on National Security[R]. Oval Office, February26,1986.
④Debate Between the President and Former Vice President Walter F. Mondale [R]. Kansas City, October21,1984.
①Debate Between the President and Former Vice President Walter F. Mondale [R]. Kansas City, October21,1984.
②Ibid.
①Debate Between the President and Former Vice President Walter F. Mondale [R]. Kansas City, October21,1984.
②Ibid.
③Ibid.
④Ibid.
①Debate Between the President and Former Vice President Walter F. Mondale [R]. Kansas City, October21,1984.
②Ibid.
③Ibid.
①Debate Between the President and Former Vice President Walter F. Mondale [R]. Kansas City, October21,1984.
②Fred s. Hoffman. Ballistic Missile Defenses and U.S. National Security [DB/CD]. Secret. FSSS. Oct1983:1.
①Fred s. Hoffman. Ballistic Missile Defenses and U.S. National Security [DB/CD]. Secret. FSSS. Oct1983:136.
②Ibid:141.
③Ibid:135-143.
④Ibid:139-140.
①Larry Pressler. Star wars：the Strategic Defense Initiative Debates in Congress [M]. Praeger,1986:116-120.
②Ibid:119.
③Larry Pressler. Star wars：the Strategic Defense Initiative Debates in Congress [M]. Praeger,1986:120.
①NIC M83-10017. Interagency IntelligenceAssessment. Possible Soviet Responses to the US Strategic DefenseInitiative[R]. Secret,12September1983. DNSA.
②Larry Pressler. Star wars: the Strategic Defense Initiative Debates in Congress [M]. Praeger,1986:69-70.
③Ibid:70.
①Larry Pressler. Star wars: the Strategic Defense Initiative Debates in Congress [M]. Praeger,1986:74.
①[美]美国国防部长温伯格1985财政年度国防报告[N].军事科学院外国军事研究部译.1984.
②转引自:[美]拉里斯皮克斯.罗伯特帕克.白宫揭秘_总统发言人的回忆[M].施鲁佳.赵子健译.北京:新华出版社,1991:76.
③Larry Pressler. Star wars: the Strategic Defense Initiative Debates in Congress [M]. Praeger,1986:76.
①Larry Pressler. Star wars: the Strategic Defense Initiative Debates in Congress [M]. Praeger,1986:76.
②Ibid:67.
③Ibid:68.
④Ibid:69.
①Larry Pressler. Star wars: the Strategic Defense Initiative Debates in Congress [M]. Praeger,1986:95.
②Fred s. Hoffman. Ballistic Missile Defenses and U.S. National Security [DB/CD]. Secret. FSSS. Oct1983:146.
①Larry Pressler. Star wars: the Strategic Defense Initiative Debates in Congress [M]. Praeger,1986:94.
②Ibid:99.
①Larry Pressler. Star wars: the Strategic Defense Initiative Debates in Congress [M]. Praeger,1986:98.
②Ibid:97.
③Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001.299.
④Douglas C. Waller, James T. Bruce, Douglas M. Cook. The Strategic Defense Initiative: Progress andChallenges[M]. Regina Books,1987:82.
⑤Ibid:82.
①Fitzgerald, Frances. Way out there in the blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:214.
②[美]美国国防部长温伯格1983财政年度国防报告[N].军事科学院外国军事研究部译,1982:9.
③Elizabeth C. Charles. The Game Changer: Reassessing the Impact of SDI on Gorbachev’s Foreign Policy, ArmsControl, and US-Soviet Relations[D]. The George Washington University,2010:45.
④House of Representatives. Committee onArmed Services. Department of DefenseAuthorization Act1985[R].98th Congress. Washington D.C.,19April,1984. USCSS:16.
①Fitzgerald, Frances. Way out there in the blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:220.
②Ibid:221.
③Ibid:225.
④[美]美国国防部长温伯格1983财政年度国防报告[N].军事科学院外国军事研究部译,1982:9.
⑤同上:20-21.
①Fitzgerald, Frances. Way out there in the blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:225.
②Ibid:267.
③Ibid:273.
①Fitzgerald, Frances. Way out there in the blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:295.
②Ibid:290.
③Ibid:293.
①Address to the Nation on National Security[R]. Oval Office, February26,1986.
②Ibid.
③Ibid.
④Ibid.
⑤Ibid.
①Fitzgerald, Frances. Way out there in the blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:210.
②Larry Pressler. Star wars：the Strategic Defense Initiative Debates in Congress [M]. Praeger,1986:63.
③Ibid:63.
④Ronald Reagan. Eliminating the Threat from Ballistic Missiles[R], March1983(1). NSDD85.
⑤R. Jeffrey Smith. OTAStudy Highlights Star Wars Difficulties[J]. Science.4October,1985:50.
⑥Fitzgerald, Frances. Way out there in the blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:246.
⑦R. Jeffrey Smith. OTAStudy Highlights Star Wars Difficulties[J]. Science.4October,1985:50.
⑧Fitzgerald, Frances. Way out there in the blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:246.
⑨Ibid:247.
①Fitzgerald, Frances. Way out there in the blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:211.
①Claiborne Pell. Dangerous Stalemate: Superpower Relations inAutumn1983[R]. S. Doc98-16. Washington D.C.,September1983. USCSS.
②Ibid.
③Strategic Defense Initiative[R]. Secret, January6.1984. NSDD119:1.
④Ibid:1.
①1983年2月11日,参谋长联系会议向里根提交了导弹防御倡议.
②Strategic Defense Initiative[R]. Secret, January6.1984. NSDD119:2-3.
③Douglas C. Waller, James T. Bruce, Douglas M. Cook. The Strategic Defense Initiative: Progress and Challenges.[M]. Regina Books,1987:106.
①Daniel O.Graham, Dorinda G. Dallmeye. The Strategic Defense Initiative: New Perspectives on Deterrence [C].Westview Press,1986:26-27.
②-.EmptyThought From Our Scientists[J]. National Review,Auguest23,1985:55.
③Dorinda G. Dallmeye. The Strategic Defense Initiative: New Perspectives on Deterrence [M]. Westview Press,1986:25.
④ADA508878. Jeff Sessions. Ballistic Missile Defense:ANational Priority[R]. Committee on Armed Services,2008:28.
①Peter J. Gollon. SDI Funds Costly for Scientists[J]. Bulletin of theAtomic Scientists.1986(1):24-27.
②-.EmptyThought From Our Scientists[J]. National Review,Auguest23,1985:55.
③Ibid:55.
①张杨.新冷战前沿-美国外层空间政策研究(1945-1969).吉林:东北师范大学出版社,2009.
①William P Clark. Your Meeting with Edward Teller. Tuesday. September14.1982.3:00. Oval Office.Memorandum for the President[R]. Confidential. The White House. Washington D.C..13September.1982.DDRS.
②William J. Broad. Star Warriors: a Penetrating Look into the Lives of the Young Scientists behind Our SpaceAge[M]. Simon&Schuster,1985:21.
③[美]肯尼迪·格根.社会构建的邀请[N].许婧译.北京:北京大学出版社,2011:87.
④William J. Broad. Star Warriors: a Penetrating Look into the Lives of the Young Scientists behind Our SpaceAge[M]. Simon&Schuster,1985:51.
⑤Ibid:14.
⑥本节笔者已发表于《自然辩证法通讯》,2012,5(10):89-94.
①Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:330-331.
①[美]德瑞克·李波厄特.五十年伤痕_美国的冷战历史观与世界[N].郭学堂,潘忠岐等译.上海:上海三联出版社,2008:665.
②[美]罗伯特·N·鲍曼.星球大战_防御星还是死亡星[N].程不时,叶惠民译.上海:上海科学普及出版社,1988:46-49.
③[美]德瑞克·李波厄特.五十年伤痕_美国的冷战历史观与世界[N].郭学堂,潘忠岐等译.上海:上海三联出版社,2008:659.
④[美]罗伯特·N·鲍曼.星球大战_防御星还是死亡星[N].程不时,叶惠民译.上海:上海科学普及出版社,1988:49.
⑤[俄]弗·谢·别洛乌斯.20世纪军事秘密[N].徐锦栋等译.北京:东方出版社,2004:36.
⑥同上:58.
①[美]小罗杰·皮尔克.诚实的代理人_科学在政策与政治中的意义[M].李正风,缪航译.上海:上海交通大学出版社,2010:45.
②[俄]弗·谢·别洛乌斯.20世纪军事秘密[N].徐锦栋等译.北京:东方出版社,2004:46.
②[美]德瑞克·李波厄特.五十年伤痕_美国的冷战历史观与世界[N].郭学堂,潘忠岐等译.上海:上海三联出版社,2008:677.
③同上:677.
④Ronald James Stevenson. Framing National SecurityThreats: anAnalysis of theArguments in the MissileDefense Controversy[D]. Wayne State University,2005.
①Thomas W. Graham, Bernard M. Kramer. The Polls:ABM and Star Wars:Attitudes Toward Nuclear Defense,1945-1985[J].The Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol.50, No.1(Spring,1986):130.
②Alex Roland. Strategic Deception: Rhetoric, Science, and Politics in Missile DefenseAdvocacy[J]. Isis, Vol.93,No.1(March2002):159-160.
③Sam Nuun, Dorinda G. Dallmeye. The Strategic Defense Initiative: New Perspectives on Deterrence [C].Westview Press,1986:9.
④[美]罗伯特·N·鲍曼.星球大战_防御星还是死亡星[N].程不时,叶惠民译.上海:上海科学普及出版社,1988:126-128.
①[俄]弗·谢·别洛乌斯.20世纪军事秘密[N].徐锦栋等译.北京:东方出版社,2004:44.
②Thomas W. Graham, Bernard M. Kramer. The Polls:ABM and Star Wars:Attitudes Toward Nuclear Defense,1945-1985[J].The Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol.50, No.1(Spring,1986):125-134.
③-.星球大战及其射束武器[N].何为译.北京:解放军出版社,1986:98-101.
④同上:5.
⑤J. Raloff. Has DOD Exaggerated SDI's Promise?[J]. Science News, Vol.129, No.14(Apr.5,1986):215.
⑥[美]德瑞克·李波厄特.五十年伤痕_美国的冷战历史观与世界[N].郭学堂,潘忠岐等译.上海:上海三联出版社,2008:663.
①The Politics of the Science Wars, StanleyAronowitz, Social Text, No.46/47, Science Wars (Spring-Summer,1996):177-197.
②Colin Norman. Memo Sets Policy for "Star Wars" Publications[J]. Science, New Series, Vol.229, No.4716:843.
③[美]罗伯特·N·鲍曼.星球大战_防御星还是死亡星[N].程不时,叶惠民译.上海:上海科学普及出版社,1988:50.
④George B. Kauffman, Laurie M. Kauffman. AChemist in the White House: From the Manhattan Project to the
①[美]肯尼迪·格根.社会构建的邀请[N].许婧译.北京:北京大学出版社,2011:75.
①Michael Charlton. From Deterrence to Defence: the Inside Story of Strategic Policy[M]. Harvard University,1987:96.
②Gary L. Guertner, Donald M. Snow. The Last Frontier[M]. D.C. Health and Company:36.
③Bonita J. Dombey. Strategic Defence:Alternative Missions&Their Costs [M]. United States. CongressionalBudget Office,1989:14-15.
④Edward Reiss. The Strategic Defense Initiative [M]. London: Cambridge UniversityPress,1992:166-167.
①Harry J. Sievers Lecture Series. Transcript of remarks of William J. Casey[C]. Fordham University, New YorkCity, February1986: P2.
②Ronald Reagan.Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union[R], January1984.
③Rosy Nimroody. Star Wars: the Economic Fallout [M]. Council on Economic Priorities,1988:44-45.
④Ibid:43.
①Joseph Kruzel. George E. Hudson.American DefenseAnnual(85-86)[M]. Mershon Center for Education inNational Security,1985:23.
②[美]路易斯·哈里斯.美国内幕[N].诗宓,林培育,林东威等译.北京:华夏出版社,1990:193.
③同上:194.
④百度百科:www.baike.baidu.com/view/22981.htm,2013/2/26.
①Edward Reiss. The Strategic Defense Initiative [M]. London: Cambridge UniversityPress,1992:175.
①Elizabeth C. Charles. The Game Changer: Reassessing the Impact of SDI on Gorbachev’s Foreign Policy, ArmsControl, and US-Soviet Relations[D]. The George Washington University,2010:69.
②Matlock JF. Reagan and Gorbachev: How the Cold War Ended[M]. Random House,2004:239.
③Michael Charlton. From Deterrence to Defence: the Inside Story of Strategic Policy[M]. Harvard University,1987:1.
④Paul F.Walker, Jonathan R.Hunt. The Legacy of Reykjavik and the Future of Nuclear Disarmament[J]. Bulletin oftheAtomic Scientists.2011.67(6):63-72.
⑤Larry Pressler. Star Wars: The Strategic Defense Initiative Debates in Congress [M]. Praeger,1986.
⑥Barry Goldwater. National DefenseAuthorization Act for Fiscal Year1987[R]. Senate Report99-331, July1986.
①Ronald Reagan. Soviet Noncompliance with Arms ControlAgreements[R], December1985.NSDD202.
②[美]路易斯·哈里斯.美国内幕[N].诗宓,林培育,林东威等译.北京:华夏出版社,1990:274
①Address to the Nation on National Security[R]. Oval Office, February26,1986.
②[美]拉里·斯皮克斯.罗伯特·帕克.白宫揭秘_总统发言人的回忆[M].施鲁佳.赵子健译.
③Wm. F. Buckley. Slouching Towards Reykjavik-I [J]. National Review. November7.1986:62.
④Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001.,324
①[美]路易斯·哈里斯.美国内幕[N].诗宓,林培育,林东威等译.北京:华夏出版社,1990:274
②Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:314.
③Address to the Nation on National Security[R]. Oval Office, February26,1986.
①[美]拉里·斯皮克斯.罗伯特·帕克.白宫揭秘_总统发言人的回忆[M].施鲁佳.赵子健译.北京:新华出版社,1991:88-89.
②Paul F.Walker, Jonathan R.Hunt. The Legacy of Reykjavik and the Future of Nuclear Disarmament[J]. Bulletin oftheAtomic Scientists.2011.67(6).
③Ibid.
①里根,学校图书馆电子资源.作者及出版社信息缺失.
②Paul F.Walker, Jonathan R.Hunt. The Legacy of Reykjavik and the Future of Nuclear Disarmament[J]. Bulletin oftheAtomic Scientists.2011.67(6).
③Post-Reykjavik Follow-up[R], November3.1986(14). NSDD250.
④Ibid.
⑤Ibid.
⑥Ibid.
①Post-Reykjavik Follow-up[R], November3.1986(14). NSDD250.
②Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:348.
③Paul F.Walker, Jonathan R.Hunt. The Legacy of Reykjavik and the Future of Nuclear Disarmament[J]. Bulletin oftheAtomic Scientists.2011.67(6).
④储昭根.美国人为何怀念里根.南风窗.2011(4):81.
⑤Stephen J. Cimbala. The Technology, Strategy and Politics of SDI[C].Westview Press,1987:158.
①Albert Fenner Milton, M. Scott Davis, JohnA. Parmentola. Making Space Defense Work: Must the SuperpowersCooperate?[M]. Roosevelt Center for American PolicyStudies. Pergamon-Brassey's,1989:18.
②Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:352.
①Gaddis,2005:357.
②NSAEBB,2006:19:1.
③Matlock JF. Reagan and Gorbachev: How the Cold War Ended[M]. Random House,2004:239.
④Reagan,1990:675.
①Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:350.
②Ibid:355.
③Ibid:349.
④Paul F.Walker, Jonathan R.Hunt. The Legacy of Reykjavik and the Future of Nuclear Disarmament. Bulletin oftheAtomic Scientists.2011.67(6).
⑤Post-Reykjavik Follow-up[R], November3.1986(14). NSDD250.
①Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001.350.
②[俄]米·谢·戈尔巴乔夫.真相与自白[N].述弢等译.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2002.第七章.
①刘金质.冷战史[M].北京:世界知识出版社,2003.
②ADA181220. David E.Morgan. Analysis of the Soviet Response to the Strategic Defense Initiative[R], April1987:19.
③Ibid:19-20.
①Elizabeth C. Charles. The Game Changer: Reassessing the Impact of SDI on Gorbachev’s Foreign Policy, ArmsControl, and US-Soviet Relations[D]. The George Washington University,2010:358.
②Mira Duric. The Strategic Defence Initiative: Us Policy and the Soviet Union[M].Ashgate Publishing,2003:68.
①J. Sessions. Ballistic missile defense:ANational Priority. committee on armed services. DTIC:2008.AD Report.
②Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:409.
③这三份报告分别为:1)SDI: Progress and Challenges, Part Two Unclassified, Report, March19,1987:95pp.MS00690;2) SDI: Progress and Challenges, Part Two Unclassified, Report, March19,1987,95pp.MS00690;3)AReport to Congress on the SDI Deployment Schedule Classification Unknown, Report, May12,1987:41.MS00692.
①Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001.373-374.
②ADA203576. Strategic Defense Initiative:AChronology,1983-1988[R]. Report, January1989.
③Douglas C. Waller, James T. Bruce, Douglas M. Cook. The Strategic Defense Initiative: Progress andChallenges[M]. Regina Books,1987.209-210.
①Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001:389.
②Ibid:392.
①ADA508878. Jeff Sessions. Ballistic Missile Defense:ANational Priority[R]. Committee on Armed Services,2008:28.
①Stephen J. Cimbala. The Technology, Strategy and Politics of SDI[C].Westview Press,1987:170.
②Ibid:162.
③[俄]雷日科夫.大国悲剧_前苏联解体的前因后果[M].徐昌涵等译.北京:新华出版社,2008.
①转引自Congress and SDIO:1983-1989.ADA338619:AL-262.
①Frances Fitzgerald. Way Out There in the Blue [M]. Simon&Schuster,2001.403.
②[日]工业技术院.美国1986年联邦技术转移法介绍[J].左京华译.国外科技与管理,1987(2).
③MS00695. Report to the Congress on the SDI[R]. Report,April1988. DNSA: E-1.
①钟柯.美国《联邦技术转移法》[J].科学学与科学技术管理,1996(9).
②战略防御计划最早由国防部负责,1986年全部转由SDIO负责.
③MS00691. Report to the Congress on the SDI[R]. Report,April1987. DNSA.
④MS00700. Report to the Congress on the SDI[R]. Report, March13.1989. DNSA.
⑤王子滨,李辉.“星球大战”计划的军转民作法及其启示[J].中国科技论坛,1995(5).
①Douglas C. Waller, James T. Bruce, Douglas M. Cook. The Strategic Defense Initiative: Progress and Challenges.[M]. Regina Books,1987:41.
②Ronald Reagan.U.S. Relations with the USSR[R]. Secret. The White House, January1983. NSDD75.1983.NSDD75.
①Bonita J. Dombey. Strategic Defence:Alternative Missions&Their Costs [M]. United States. CongressionalBudget Office,1989:23.
①ADA203576. Strategic Defense Initiative:AChronology,1983-1988[R]. Report, January1989.
①陈坚.图说美国弹道导弹防御[M].北京:解放军出版社,2001:12.
②同上:12.
③李长久.美国中央情报局前雇员披露美国是如何拖垮前苏联的[J].瞭望新闻周刊,2001(25).
④Gorbachev's Domestic Challenge:The Looming Problems[R].Intelligence Assessment, February1987.
⑤Ibid.
⑥李长久.美国中央情报局前雇员披露美国是如何拖垮前苏联的[J].瞭望新闻周刊,2001(25).
⑦陈坚.图说美国弹道导弹防御[M].北京:解放军出版社,2001:12.
①Edward Reiss. The Strategic Defense Initiative [M]. London: Cambridge UniversityPress,1992:171.
①张保明.克林顿政府的“信息高速公路”计划[J].信息与电脑,1994(1).
①邵旭,薛新玉.从信息高速公路到数字地球[J].电子科技,2000(5).
②同上.
①赵成鑫,史宪铭,张海峰.美国军事军备高技术创新战略解析[J].科技风,2012(20).
②转引自钱学森.论系统工程[M].长沙:湖南科学技术出版社，1982:59.
③-.信息战:以柔克刚的战争[M].-.
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①赵杰.美国导弹防御计划与中国国家安全分析[D].硕士论文.青岛:青岛大学,2009:2.
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①邵旭,薛新玉.从信息高速公路到数字地球[J].电子科技,2000(5).
①冀朝鼎.中国历史上的基本经济区与水利事业的发展.朱诗鳌译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1981:序言.
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