用户名: 密码: 验证码:
基于虚拟样机的摩托车多体系统行驶动态特性分析
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
摩托车行驶稳定性、操纵平顺性和振动舒适性是车辆品质的重要衡量指标,需建立整车数学模型,求解其运动学及动力学微分代数方程,进行定性和定量分析。摩托车作为非树状结构多体系统,拓扑构型日趋复杂,包含机、电、液和控制系统,且向轻质高速化方向发展。由于其自由度数目众多,行驶工况复杂,若对整车系统进行过度简化降低自由度数,很难得到其动力学特性的精确定量分析。传统新车研发过程中,设计、试制及验证多反复进行,时间和资金成本倍数增加;有些性能试验受条件所限无法进行;悬架系统调校复杂;道路试验重复性差、不可控因素多,这些都制约摩托车研发及性能研究。本文采用多体系统动力学研究方法,在系统层面仿真分析摩托车虚拟样机在路面随机激励和发动机高频激励作用下的动力学响应特性;并考虑高速运转零部件弹性变形等非线性因素的影响,对其进行刚柔耦合动力学研究。论文主要研究内容和成果如下:
     1.本文根据多体系统拓扑构型建立摩托车数字化实体模型和人车路多体系统动力学模型,运用虚拟样机技术,比较分析整车集中质量简单模型和高度仿真虚拟样机模型的动力学特性,对摩托车动力学定量分析提出解决方案,并试验验证精确虚拟样机模型性能仿真分析的有效性。
     2.在ADAMS中建立轮胎力学模型,在MATLAB中根据功率谱密度计算路面不平度高程数据,导入ADAMS中建立不同等级路面三维模型,通过轮胎路面相互作用非线性仿真计算,对轮胎纵向滑移、侧向滑移以及回正力矩等重要性能进行研究,建立研究车辆主行驶动力学的可靠分析手段。
     3.高速车辆行驶动力学不仅要考虑路面激励作用,还要考虑发动机不平衡力和力矩的激励作用。本文建立发动机多体模型,考虑高转速下配气系统刚柔耦合多体动力学特性,研究车辆在路面、发动机联合激励下的动力学响应特性。
     根据虚拟样机技术和计算多体动力学分析方法,建立包含轮胎路面力学模型的摩托车多体系统,分析其虚拟试验环境中在路面和发动机联合激励下时域和频域中的动力学响应和行驶动力学特性,建立虚拟样机仿真试验下摩托车研发和动力学仿真分析的有效手段。
As key performance index, riding stability, maneuverability and vibration comfortcapacity of motorcycle are investigated on the basis of the qualitative and quantitativeanalysis for algebraic and differential equation on the motion and dyanmics ofmotorcycle numerical model. Motorcycle is multibody system with sophisticatedtopological non-tree configuration made of mechanical, electricaly, hydraulical andcontrolling system, and turns to be high speed machine with lighter weight.Sincemotorcycle subjects to large degree of freedom and rough running condition, it is hardto make elaborate quantitative analysis for its dynamic behavior from the simplifiedmodel with lower degree of freedom. Simutaneously, in traditional design for newmotorcycle, repetitative cycle for design, mock-up and test is time-consuming andcostly; some performance tests are unpractical; non-linear suspension system is hardto adjust; road tests could not produce same results in repetition by moreuncontrollability, all above retard the procedure of motorcycle research anddevelopment. This paper is devoted to establish accurate motorcycle virtual prototypeon the basis of multibody system dynamics under road stochastic excitation and highfrequency engine excitation in order to fulfill the simulation for motorcycle dynamicresponse in systematical way, moreover, flexible multibody system is applied toinvestigate the dynamic behavior on the condition that non-linear elements is addedinto the system, especially with high speed parts flexibility. The main content andconsequence in this paper as follows:
     1. Apply vitual prototyping to establish motorcycle digital model andbody-vehicle-road multibody system, which work under virtual test environment. Thecomparison for dynamic property is performed between the simplified model ofvehicle lumped mass system and high-fidelity virtual prototype according totopological configuration and dynamical differential algebraic equation so that themethod of quantitative analysis of motorcycle dynamics, the effect of simulationanalysis by virtual prototype is also verified by real test.
     2. Establish tyre dynamic model in ADAMS while road roughness value in MATLABaccording to power spectrum density of different roads input into ADAMS to formroad model. In non-linear interaction between road and tyre model, simulation for tyrelongitudinal slip, lateral slip and aligning torque is fulfilled to be reliable analysisbasis for the research on motorcycle riding dynamics and vibration excitation.
     3. The research on the vibration of motorcycle running at high speed should not focuson the road stochastic excitation, but need to determine the contribution of engineexcitation from unbalanced torque and force. The engine multibody virtual prototypeis established for the research on the dynamical property, for valve train working incomplicated way so that the deformation of major parts should be discussed in rigidand flexible multibody system coupled, the dynamics of which affects motorcycledynamic response to combined excitation.
     This paper established motorcycle multibody system with complicated topologicalconfiguration according to CAD geometry solid model and computational multibodydynamics, which is virtually tested under the interation between tyre model and roadmodel in order to analyze its dynamic response in time domain and frequency domainunder combined excitation from road and engine, so that vitual prototype ofcomplicated mechanical multibody system becomes an effective way for the researchand development of motorcycle and the simulation for its dynamic behavior.
引文
[1]2010年中国摩托车工业年鉴,吉林科学技术出版社,2010.79~86
    [2] F. J. W. Whipple, The stability of the motion of a bicycle, Quarterly Journal ofPure Appllied Mathematics,1899, Vol.30:312~348
    [3] Sharp R. S., The stability and control of motorcycles, Journal of Mechanical.Engineering Science,1971,13(5):316~329
    [4] C. Koenen, H.B.Pacejka, Vibrational modes of motrocycles in curves, InInternational Motorcycle Safety Conference, Washington D.C, MotorcycleSafety Foundation,1980,vol.II:501~543
    [5] C. Koenen, H.B.Pacejka, The influence of frame elasticity, simple rider bodydynamics, and tyre moments on free vibrations of motorcycles in curves, inProceedings of the7th IAVSD Symposium on the Dynamics of Vehicles onRoads and Tracks, Cambridge,1981:53~65
    [6] Pacejka H. B., Tyre and Vehicle Dynamics, Oxford: ButterworthHeinemann,2002,508~510
    [7] S.K.Clark, Mechanics of pneumatic tires, Washington DC: National. Bureauof Standards,1981,203~205
    [8] Sharp R. S.,The lateral dynamics of motorcycles and bicycles, Journal ofVehicle system dynamics,1985,14:265~283
    [9] Sharp, R. S., C. J. Alstead, The influence of structural flexibilities on thestraight running stability of motorcycles, Vehicle system dynamics,1980,vol.9(6):327~357
    [10] Sharp, R. S., The influence of frame flexibility on the lateral stability ofmotorcycle, Mechanical Engineering Science,1974, vol.16(2):117~120
    [11] R. S. Sharp, A Motorcycle Model for Stability and Control Analysis,Multibody System Dynamics,2001, Vol.6(2):123~142
    [12] D.J.N.Limebeer, R.S. Sharp, S.Evangelou, Motorcycle steering oscillationsdue to road profiling,2002, vol.69(6):724~739
    [13] R.S. Sharp,Motorcycle steering control by road preview,Journal of DynamicSystems, Measurement, and Control,2007,129:373~381,
    [14] Basileios Mavroudakis,Peter Eberhard, Analysis of Alternative FrontSuspension Systems for Motorcycles,Vehicle System Dynamics,2005, Vol1(1):1~10
    [15] V. Cossalter,R. Lot, M. Massaro, An advanced multibody code for handlingand stability analysis of motorcycles,2010,Meccanica, DOI:10.1007/s11012-010-9351-7.
    [16] R.S. Sharp, D.J.N. Limebeer, On steering wobble oscillations of motorcycle,Mechanical. Engineering Science,2004,vol.218(12):1449~1456,
    [17] V. Cossalter, R. Lot, A non-linear rider model for motorcycles, in Proc. ofthe FISITA2006, World Automotive Congress,22~27October,Yokohama,Japan
    [18] V. Cossalter, R. Lot, M. Massaro, A virtual rider for reproducingexperimental manoeuvres, in Proc. of Bicycle and Motorcycle Dynamics,Symposium on the Dynamics and Control of Single Track vechicles, Delft:Netherlands,2010,1~10
    [19] M. Corno, M. Massaro, S. M. Savaresi, R. Lot, On Linear Parameter-Varying Roll Angle Controller design for Two-Wheeled Vehicles, in Proc.of Bicycle and Motorcycle Dynamics, Symposium on the Dynamics andControl of Single Track vechicles, Delft: Netherlands,2010,1~15
    [20] A. Saccon, J. Hauser, A. Beghi, A Virtual Rider for Motorcycles: AnApproach Based on Optimal Control and Maneuver Regulation, Proc. of the3rd International Symposium on Communications, Control, and SignalProcessing, ISCCSP2008,243~248
    [21] Sharp R. S., Stability, Control and Steering Responses of Motorcycles,Vehicle System Dynamics,2001, Vol.35(4):291~318
    [22] Enrico Bertolazzi, Francesco Biral, Mauro Da Lio, Vittore Cossalter,Theinfluence of rider’s upper body motions on motorcycle minimum timemaneuvering, Multibody dynamics2007, ECCOMAS Thematic Conference,Milano, Italy,2007v1~15
    [23] Vittore Cossalter, James Sadauckas,Elaboration and quantitative assessmentof manoeuvrability,for motorcycle lane change,;Vehicle System Dynamics,2006,Vol.44(12):903~920
    [24] H. Arioui, L. Nehaoua, S. Hima et.al.,Mechatronics design and modelingof a mortorcycle riding simulator,in IEEE/ASME Transactions onMechatronics15,2010,805~818,DOI:10.1109/TMECH.2009.2035499)
    [25] R.S.Sharp, S.Evangelou, D.J.N.Limebeer, Advances in the modeling ofmotorcycle dynamics,multibody System Dynamics,2004,12:251~283
    [26] V. Cossalter, R. Lot,A motorcycle multi-body model for real timesimulations based on the natural coordinates approach, Vehicle SystemDynamics,2002, Vol.,37(6):423~447
    [27] V. Cossalter,G. Dalla Torre, R. Lot, M. Massarov, An advancedmultibody model for the analysis of motorcycle dynamics, Proceedings ofthe3rd ICMEM, International Conference on MechanicalEngineering and Mechanics,2009, Beijing, P. R. China
    [28]但斌,徐铭陶,摩托车振动的数学模型,摩托车技术,1989,8:3~7
    [29]程露敏,轻便型摩托结构动态分析计算模型,湖南大学学报,1997,24(2):8~13
    [30]朱天国,结构动态分析中的一种子结构综合法--摩托车振动分析的计算机模拟系统之一,重庆大学学报,1989,12(5):115~123
    [31]王建明,摩托车车架结构有限元参数建模及静强度分析,山东工业大学学报,1993,23(4):43~46
    [32]兰振凯,刘敏珊,动态有限元法对摩托车刚架的动力分析,郑州工学院学报,1987,2:75~84
    [33]杨旭,程德林,虞乔琪,摩托车动态性能分析与优化,山东工业大学学报,1994,24(1):56~61
    [34]王忠,摩托车车架强度的试验模态分析,振动、测试与诊断,1999,19(3):219~223
    [35]郝志勇,赵骞,跨骑式摩托车有限元动态特性分析,机械设计,2002,1:45~48
    [36]李以农,米林,杨城,踏板式摩托车振动实验分析,重庆大学学报,2003,26(2):90~93
    [37]徐中明,张志飞,黄泽好等,摩托车平顺性评价研究,汽车工程,2007,29(2):160~164
    [38]王磊,摩托车振动舒适性分析研究,重庆大学,硕士论文,2008
    [39]杨晓颖,基于虚拟样机的摩托车平顺性研究及改进,重庆大学,硕士论文,2010
    [40]魏智,程耀东,发动机对车辆振动影响的分析,振动与冲击,1997,l6(4):74~78,
    [41]孙学军,何玉林,杜静等,摩托车发动机的振动分析与控制,内燃机工程,2005,26(2):62~65
    [42]宋立权,王伟,摩托车发动机平衡惯性力椭圆方程研究,内燃机工程,2005,26(4):50~53
    [43]杨化林,邓芳,摩托车随机振动响应分析,机械设计与研究,2009,25(5):88~90
    [44]邹喜红,柯坚,石晓辉等,摩托车道路模拟试验设计,拖拉机与农用运输车,2008,35(5):9~11
    [45]朱文健,陈全副,改善摩托车舒适性的悬架系统优化设计,上海交通大学学报,1992,26(l):36~40
    [46]吴航,摩托车悬挂系统的开发研究,重庆大学,硕士2002
    [47]陈立平,张云清,任卫群等,机械系统动力学分析及ADAMS应用教程,北京:清华大学出版社,2005
    [48]庄志,艾兆虎,郭正冉,摩托车理论与结构设计,武汉:武汉测绘科技大学出版社,1991
    [50]任卫群,车—路系统动力学中的虚拟样机:MSC_ADAMS软件应用实践,北京:电子工业出版社,2005
    [51]杨义勇、金德闻,机械系统动力学,北京:清华大学出版社,2009
    [52]王国强,张进平,马若丁,虚拟样机技术及其在ADAMS上的实践,西安:西北工业大学出版社,2003
    [53]郑凯,胡仁喜,陈鹿民等,ADAMS2005机械设计高级应用实例,北京:机械工业出版社,2006
    [54]邢俊文,陶永忠,MSC.ADAMS/VIEW高级培训教程,北京:清华大学出版社,2007
    [55]熊光楞,张和明,李伯虎,863/CIMS关键技术攻关项目并行工程简介,计算机集成制造系统,1996,3:1~2
    [56]李伯虎,文传源,系统仿真技术新动向,计算机仿真,1996(3):3~5
    [57]柴旭东,李伯虎,高层体系结构HLA/RTI及其实现综述,系统仿真学报,1999,11(2):92~96
    [58]熊光楞,张和明,李伯虎,并行工程在我国的研究与应用,计算机集成制造系统,2000,6(2):1~6
    [59]张越今,多体动力学在轿车动力学仿真及优化研究的中的应用,清华大学博士论文,1997,11
    [60]张越今,汽车多体动力学及计算机仿真,长春:吉林科学技术出版社,1998,51~52
    [61]许光浩,多体系统动力学通用仿真软件的扩展及工程应用,硕士论文,上海交通大学,2010
    [62]洪嘉振,计算多体系统动力学,北京:高等教育出版社,1999
    [63]刘延柱,洪嘉振,杨海兴,多刚体系统动力学,北京:高等教育出版社,1989
    [64] Haug E. J.,Computer-Aided Kinematics and Dynamics of MechanicalSystems,Boston:Allyn and Bacon,1989
    [65](美) J. Wittenburg维藤伯格,刚体系统动力学,北京,北京航空学院出版社,1986
    [66] Garcia de Jalon J, Cuadrado J, Avello A, Jimenez J M,.Kinematic anddynamic simulation of rigid and flexible systems with fully Cartesiancoordinates. Computer Aided Analysis of Rigid and Flexible MechanicalSystems, NATO ASI Series, Kluwer Academic Publishers,1994,285~323
    [67] Boyo E., Avello A., Singularity-free augmented Lagranian algorithms forconstrained multibody dynamics, Nolinear Dynamics,1994,5:209~231
    [68]刘延柱,完全笛卡尔坐标描述的多体系统动力学,力学学报,1997,29(1):84~94
    [69]刘延柱,高等动力学,北京:高等教育出版社,2001
    [70] Roberson R.E., Wittenburg J., A. dynamical formalism for an arbitrarynumber of interconnected rigid bodies with reference to the problem ofsatellite attitude control, in Proc. of3rd IFAC Congress, London:1968
    [71] Kane T.R,Levinson D.A.,Formulation of equations of motion for complexspacecraft, Guidance and Control,1980,3(2):99~112
    [72] Likins P.W., Point-connected rigid bodies in a topological tree, CelestialMechanics,Celestial Mechanics,1975,11:301~317
    [73]刘延柱,多刚体系统动力学的旋量-矩阵方法,力学学报,1988,20(4):335~343
    [74] Lilov L., Lorer M., Dynamic analysis of multi-rigid-body system based onthe Gauss Principle,Z. Angew. Math. Mech.,1982,72:539~545
    [75]陈滨,潘寒荫,含铰接间隙与杆件柔性的空间伸展机构单元的动力学建模与计算模拟,第一部分:动力学建模,导弹与航天运载技术,1997,(1):27~37
    [76]尉立肖,刘才山,含间隙的太阳能帆板展开动力学分析,动力学与控制学报,2004,2(2):19~22
    [77] G. S. Nurre, J. P. Sharkey,J. D. Nelson,A. J. Bradley, PreservingMission,On-Orbit Modifications to Hubble Space Telescope Pointing ControlSystem,Journal of Guidance Control and Dynamics,1995,18(2):222~229
    [78]阎绍泽,陈鹿民,季林红等,含间隙铰的机械多体系统动力学模型,振动工程学报,2003,16(3):290~294
    [79]阎绍泽,航天器中含间隙机构非线性动力学问题及其研究进展,动力学与控制学报,2004,2(2):48~52
    [80] A. H. Gale, P. W. Likins, Influence of Flexible Appendages on Dual-SpinSpacecraft Dynamics and Control, Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets,1970,7(9):1049~1056
    [81] P. W. Likins,Finite Element Appendage Equations for Hybrid CoordinateDynamics,Solids and Structures,1971,5:709~731
    [82]洪嘉振,蒋丽忠,柔性多体系统刚-柔耦合动力学,力学进展,2000,30(1):15~20
    [83]于清,洪振嘉,柔性多体系统动力学的若干热点问题,力学进展,1999,29(2):145~154
    [84] Kane T.R., Ryan T.T., Banerjee A.K., Dynamics of a cantilever beamattached to a moving base. Journal of Guidance, Control and Dynamics,1987,10(2):139~151
    [85]蒋丽忠,洪嘉振,作大范围运动弹性梁的动力刚化分析,计算力学学报,1998,15(4):407~412
    [86] R. R. Shabana, Three dimensional absolute nodal coordinate formulationfor beam elements:implementation and applications,ASME Journal ofMechanical Design,2001,123:614~621
    [87] P Eberhard, W Schiehlen,Computational Dynamics of Multibody SystemsHistory, Formalisms, and Applications,. ASME Journal of Computationaland Nonlinear Dynamics,2006,1(1):3~12
    [88]邹凡,刘锦阳,大变形薄板多体系统的动力学建模,应用力学学报,2010,27(4):739~745
    [89]游斌弟,星载天线动态指向精度动力学分析与控制,博士论文,哈尔滨工业大学,2009
    [90] R. Lot, M. Dalio, A Symbolic Approach for Automatic Generation of theEquations of Motion of Multibody Systemsv Multibody System Dynamics,2004,12:147~172,
    [91] Salim Hima, Hichem Arioui, Two Wheeled Vehicle Dynamics Synthesisfor Real-Time Applications,1st Mediterranean Conference on IntelligentSystems and Automation, ANNABA, Algeria (2008, DOI:10.1063/1.2953028)
    [92] M.Corno,M. Massaro, R. Lot,et.al., On Linear Parameter Varying RollAngle Controller Design for Two-Wheeled Vehicles, Proceedings ofBicycle and Motorcycle Dynamics, Symposium on the Dynamics andControl of Single Track Vehiclesv October2010, Delft, The Netherlands:1~15
    [93] V. Cossalter, A. Doria, R. Lot, M. Massarov The effect of rider’s passivesteering impedance on motorcycle stability: identification and analysis,Meccanica,2011,46:279~292,
    [94] Vittore Cossalter, Roberto Lot, Stefano Rota, Objective and subjectiveevaluation of an advanced motorcycle riding simulator, EuropeanTransportation Research Review,2010,2(4):223~233
    [95] Fabiano Maggio, Vittore Cossalter, How a rear steering system mayimprove motorcycle dynamics,Vehicle Design,2008,46(3):328~346
    [96] A.P. Teerhuis,S.T.H. Jansen,Motorcycle State Estimation for LateralDynamics, Proceedings, Bicycle and Motorcycle Dynamics2010,Symposium on the Dynamics and Control of Single Track Vehicles,October2010, Delft,The Netherlands
    [97] J. P. Meijaard, A. A. Popov, Numerical continuation of solutions andbifurcation analysis in multibody systems applied to motorcycle dynamics,Nonlinear Dynamics,2006,43:97~116
    [98] Robin S. Sharp, Optimal preview speed-tracking control for motorcycles,Multibody System Dynamics,2007,18:397~411
    [99] Roberto Lot,A Motorcycle Tire Model for Dynamic Simulations:Theoreticaland Experimental Aspects, Meccanica,2004,39:207~220,
    [100] Sudhir Kaul, Anoop K. Dhingra, Timothy G. Hunter, Frame FlexibilityEffects on Engine Mount Optimization for Vibration Isolation inMotorcycles, Vibration and Acoustics,2007,129(5):590~600
    [101] JoséL. Escalona, Antonio M. Recuero, A bicycle model for education inmultibody dynamics and real-time interactive simulation, MultibodySystem Dynamics,2012,27(3):383~402
    [102] Johannes Edelmann, Manfred Pl chl, Peter Lugner, Modelling andanalysis of the dynamics of a tilting three-wheeled vehiclev, MultibodySystem Dynamics,2011,26:469~487
    [103]邹喜红,石晓辉,施全等,基于道路模拟的摩托车动力学建模与仿真,中国机械工程,2010,21(3):372~377
    [104]肖雪飞,何天明,基于MSC. ADAMS的摩托车虚拟样机的振动分析,小型内燃机与摩托车,2006,35(5):53~55
    [105]卢少波,徐中明,张志飞等,基于ADAMS的摩托车平顺性虚拟试验研究,计算机仿真,2007,1(3):250~253
    [106]张清,基于道路模拟的摩托车动态仿真分析,硕士论文,重庆理工大学,2009
    [107]朱茂桃严金霞王国林等,基于ADAMS的三维虚拟道路的再现,机械设计与制造,2010,6:171~173
    [108]吴涛,徐延海,张道文,虚拟样机技术在摩托车机构优化设计中的应用;小型内燃机与摩托车,2009,38(4):19~22;,
    [109]张志飞,徐中明,贺岩松,基于多体动力学的摩托车平顺性分析,中国机械工程,2010,2(8):988~992;
    [110]林蔚,基于虚拟样机技术的摩托车行驶状态仿真,硕士论文,重庆大学,2004
    [111]陈华江,摩托车发动机悬置系统动力学仿真研究,硕士论文,燕山大学,2006
    [112]王腾,基于多体动力学及有限元的摩托车动态特性研究,硕士论文,天津大学2011
    [113]张尚先,程国飞,王建生等,摩托车多体系统动力学仿真与实验研究,机械设计与制造,2010,2(2):230~232
    [114]柳志华,基于柔性车架的摩托车虚拟样机建模及仿真,硕士论文,武汉理工大学,2007
    [115]朱才朝,唐倩,黄泽好等,人-机-路环境下摩托车刚柔耦合系统动力学研究,机械工程学报,2009,45(5):225~229
    [116]杨仕,摩托车动态设计及其性能评价方法研究,博士论文,重庆大学,2009
    [117]李小华,虚拟样机技术在摩托车开发和减振中的研究与应用,硕士论文,重庆大学,2005
    [118]董艳荣,摩托车乘骑舒适性的仿真与试验研究,硕士论文,五邑大学,2008
    [119]黄泽好,摩托车人_机刚柔耦合系统动态特性研究,博士论文,重庆大学,2006
    [120]董红亮,邓兆祥,来飞,基于人-车系统的摩托车操纵稳定性仿真,吉林大学学报(工学版),2009,39(3):566~570
    [121] Roberson R. E., Wittenburg, J., A Dynamical Formalism for an ArbitraryNumber of Interconnected Rigid Bodies, with Reference to the Problem ofSatellite Attitude Control, Proceedings3rd Congr. Int. Fed. Autom.Control, Butterworth, London:1967,1(3):46
    [122] Shabana A. A., Dynamics of Multibody Systems, New York:Wiley,2nded.,1998,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,3rd ed.,2005
    [123]韩清凯,罗忠,机械系统多体动力学分析、控制与仿真,北京:科学出版社,2010,9~12
    [124]何法江,机械CAD/CAM技术,北京:清华大学出版社,2012,5~6
    [125]高伟强,成思源,胡伟等,机械CAD/CAE/CAM技术,武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2012,16~17
    [126]肖刚,李学志,李俊源,机械CAD原理与实践,北京:清华大学出版社,2006,17
    [127]蔡勇,反求工程与建模,北京:科学出版社,2011,105
    [128]应华,熊晓苹,张俊华等,UG NX7.0机械设计行业应用实践,北京:机械工业出版社,2011,10~11
    [129]王磊,谢龙汉,黄宜松UG NX5三维建模入门与实例进阶,北京:清华大学出版社,2008,2
    [130]洪如瑾,李亢,NX7同步建模技术培训教程,北京:清华大学出版社,2011,5
    [131]任学军,田卫军等,UG机械设计经典实例详解,北京:电子工业出版社,2011,5~6
    [132]张瑞萍,孙晓红等,UG NX7中文版标准教程,北京:清华大学出版社,2011,106
    [133]苏春,数字化设计与制造,北京:机械工业出版社,2005,75
    [134]郑福禄,招才文,何志冲,UG NX6中文版逆向造型设计经典实例解析,北京:清华大学出版社,2009,5
    [135]冒小萍,王敏,邓兵等,NX7设计装配进阶培训教程,北京:清华大学出版社,2011,114
    [136]李锦标等,UG NX7.5产品设计一体化解决方案,北京:机械工业出版社,2011,10~11
    [137]董静,摩托车结构设计,北京:人民邮电出版社,1997
    [138]陈新华,徐尔强,王福清,摩托车构造,武汉:武汉测绘科技大学出版社,1990
    [139]艾兆虎等,摩托车理论,北京:人民邮电出版社,1997
    [140]黄锡恺,郑文维,机械原理,北京:高等教育出版社,1989,27
    [141]肖雪飞,基于虚拟样机技术的摩托车振动仿真分析,武汉理工大学,硕士论文,2006
    [142]何孔德,摩托车虚拟样机技术研究,硕士论文,重庆大学,2006
    [143]于殿勇,钱玉进,基于ADAMS动力学仿真参数设置的研究,计算机仿真,2006,23(9):103~108
    [144]罗虹,林洁,来飞等,基于虚拟试验的摩托车平顺性仿真研究,机械设计与制造,2009,1:134~136
    [145]朱才朝,罗家元,黄泽好等,摩托车车架动态特性分析,重庆大学学报,2003,23(7):14~17
    [146]张志飞,徐中明,贺岩松,基于多体动力学的摩托车平顺性分析,中国机械工程,2010,21(8):988~992
    [147]崔宇航,史春涛,张国莹等,摩托车正常系统的振动特性分析,小型内燃机与摩托车,2008,37(6):p73~76;
    [148]魏智,程耀东,发动机对车辆振动影响的分析,振动与冲击,1997,16(4):74~78。
    [149]宋立权,缪春,摩托车发动机平衡研究及应用,内燃机工程,2004,25(4):20~23
    [150]孙学军,何玉林,杜静等,摩托车发动机的振动分析与控制,内燃机工程,2005,26(2):62~65
    [151]杨连生,内燃机设计,北京:中国农业机械出版社出版时间:1981,75
    [152] ISO2631:1-1997(E)《Mechanicla vibration and shock–Evaluation ofhuman exposure to whole body vibration》,second edition,1997-05-01
    [153]刘锋,李丽娟,杨学贵,轮胎与地面接触问题的非线性有限元分析,应用力学学报,2001,18(4):141~146
    [154]孙蓓蓓,张晓阳,王晋等,基于轮胎与地面接触模型的非公路车辆平顺性,东南大学学报(自然科学版),2006,36(6):937~940
    [155] Gim G,Nikravesh P.E., An analytical model of pneumatic tyres for vehicledynamic simulations,Vehicle Design,1990,11(6):589~618
    [156] Pacejka H.B.,Sharp R.S., Shear force development by pneumatic tyres insteady state conditions: A review of modeling aspects, Vehicle SystemDynamics,1991,20:121~175.
    [157]郭孔辉,汽车操纵动力学,长春:吉林科学技术出版社,1992,123~139
    [158]郭孔辉,王裕民,刘蕴博等,轮胎侧偏特性的半经验公式,汽车工程,1986,8(2)44~54
    [161] GB7031-86《车辆振动输入路面平度表示方法》,北京:中国标准出版社,1986
    [162]石岩,傅金华,摩托车路面激励的实测及分析,五邑大学学报(自然科学版),2010,17(1):66~68
    [163]邹喜红,柯坚,鲁三才,摩托车道路模拟试验设计,拖拉机与农用运输车,2008,35(5):9~11
    [164]杨化林,邓芳,摩托车随机振动响应分析,机械设计与研究,2009,25(5):88~90
    [165]邹喜红,石晓辉,施全,摩托车道路模拟试验仿真初探,计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2006,18(12):1935~1938
    [166]段虎明,石峰,谢飞,张开斌,路面不平度研究综述,振动与冲击,2009,28(9):95~101
    [167] GB7031-2005《车辆振动输入路面平度表示方法》,北京:中国标准出版社,2005
    [168]陈超,魏来生,赵韬硕,车辆多体动力学仿真中的路面模型构造方法的研究,车辆与动力技术,2012,1:41~44
    [169]程超,王登峰,李承德,ADAMS中三维虚拟路面的实现,汽车工程,2006,28(2):163~166
    [170]刘献栋,邓志党,高峰,公路路面不平度的数值模拟方法研究,北京航空航天大学学报,2003,29(9):843~846
    [171] R.S. Sharp,M. Bettella,Tyre Shear Force and Moment DescriptionsbyNormalisation of Parametersand the Magic Formula,Vehicle SystemDynamics,2003,39(1):27~56
    [172]尚汉冀,内燃机配气凸轮机构设计与计算,上海:复旦大学出版社,1988
    [173] M. Teodorescu, V. Votsios, H. Rahnejat,et.al., Jounce and Impact inCam-Tappet Conjunction Induced by the Elastodynamics of Valve trainSystem,2006,41(2):157~171
    [174]廖琪梅,张驰云,内燃机配气机构ADAMS虚拟样机技术研究,内燃机工程,2003,24(3):23~26
    [175]曹晓轶,姚建明,彭健,多气门配气系统两质量动力学模型研究及软件开发,内燃机工程,2008,29(6):27~30
    [176]马永有,黄亚宇,初学丰,内燃机配气机构凸轮型线设计方法研究,昆明理工大学学报,1999,24(4):15~20
    [177] QIN Wenjie, LIAO Ridong, ZUO Zhengxing,, et.al., ApplyingMultibody System Dynamics to the Improvement of Valve Train s CamProfiles,Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology,2002,11(2):133~136
    [178] Haug E J,Computer aided analysis and optimization of mechanical systemdynamics,1984,Berlin:Springer-Verlag
    [179] A.A. Barhorst, L.J. Everett, Contact impact in hybrid parameter multiplebody systems, Dyn. Syst. Meas. Contro,1995,l117(4):559~569
    [180] S.Hariharesan, A.A. Barhorst, Modeling, Simulation and experimentalverification of contact/impact dynamics in flexible multiple-body systems,Sound Vibration,1999,221(4):709~732
    [181]袁银南,顶置凸轮轴式配气机构设计的若干问题,内燃机工程,1996,17(2):39~45
    [182]赵雨东,陆际清,刚度和摇臂比的变化对凸轮轴下置式配气结构动力学计算结果的影响,内燃机学报,1993,11(2):147~152
    [183]张力,吴俊刚,苏进辉等,顶置凸轮轴配气机构多体运动学分析与应用,汽车工程,2007,29(7):630~633
    [184]曹晓辉,姜树李v郭晨海等,内燃机配气机构的动力学虚拟仿真研究,内燃机工程,2009,30(2):65~68

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700