民营企业FDI环境因素与引力模型研究
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摘要
在经济全球化条件下,我国政府大力推动企业FDI(对外直接投资Foreign direct investment 简称FDI),是主动迎接和融入全球化的战略性举措。面对复杂多变的国际市场和全球化进程不断加快的态势,实施“走出去”战略,鼓励具备条件的民营企业开展境外投资,直接参与国际经济竞争与合作,是促进我国产业结构优化升级,提高我国民营企业国际竞争力的重要手段。面对局部过热的中国经济、国内传统消费品市场的竞争日益激烈以及西方发达国家贸易保护主义思想的抬头,作为中国经济最具有活力的组成部分,越来越多的民营企业自发产生了FDI 的想法。了解FDI 环境因素的影响,从而找出扬长避短的解决办法,对于民营企业的战略规划具有极为重要的参考意义。但是相对于引进外资而言,国内管理学界对于中国企业FDI 的研究相对较少,现有的研究成果又大多集中在国营企业方面,仅有的数项以民营企业为研究对象的成果也多偏重于自身制度建设和管理模式改进,研究民营企业FDI 环境问题的学术成果几乎没有。
本文通过研究国际国内政治经济现状,民营企业FDI 的环境差异,不同民营企业的特点,并结合传统跨国投资理论中符合中国国情和民营企业实际情况的部分,挖掘出投资时具有普遍性的自身优势(Strengths)因素包括:资源成本优势,传统观念优势,产业结构优势,产权体制优势,独特技术优势;劣势(Weaknesses)因素包括:企业规模偏小,传统观念缺陷,核心竞争力差,缺乏协调意识,缺乏风险机制;面临的外部机遇(Opportunities)因素包括:区域经济合作,中国加入WTO,和平外交政策,政府大力扶持,周边环境良好;外部挑战(Threats)因素包括:国际局势动荡,文化差异冲突,贸易保护威胁,国外企业竞争。将各项因素带入SWOT 矩阵进行结构化分析,以区分环境因素中哪些是只能由政府层面解决的,哪些是企业层面能够作出反应的,以及哪些是可以进行量化深入研究的。然后通过投资引力模型的引入,对其中能够量化的外部因素进一步深入分析;通过这些定量和定性的分析和研究,针对中国民营企业FDI 时面临的不同投资环境,提出自己的建议。在文章的结尾部分,给出了两个有针对性的企业案例,并附以简要评论供参考。
In terms of economy globalization, Chinese government has pushed enterprises invest overseas, is the stratagem action of closing with and melting globalization. Facing the trend of complicated, changefully international marketing, and globalization quicken constantly, to implement “Go out”stratagem, to encourage conditional private enterprises investing overseas, participating in international economy competition and cooperation, is the important means to hasten Chinese industry configuration optimization and to promote the ability of private enterprises in international competition. In the face of part up-growth Chinese economy, domestic tradition consumable competition is increasing, Moreover, western developed countries trade protectionism is reappearing, As one part of the most energy of Chinese economy, more and more private enterprise have gotten the idea to FDI(Foreign Direct Investment). Get to know internal condition factor for overseas investment, find out a good resolving way thereby, it is a very important consulting meaning for private enterprises stratagem programming. But for introducing into foreign capital, it lacks of the research for Chinese enterprises overseas investment. Most of existing research production is about state enterprise. Only a few researches are about private enterprise, but the emphasis is about system building and management mode.
There is almost no learning production about private enterprise overseas investment condition in China. The text is research about overseas and domestic politic and economic status, private enterprises overseas investment condition differences, and diverse private enterprises characters. It combines Chinese private enterprise situation and traditional multinational investment theory and find out investment. Strengths factors: general national power advantage, traditional commercial idea, familiar surrounding market, flexible competition system, particular technical advantage etc. Weaknesses factors: small enterprise size, traditional idea limitation, main competition weakness, management weakness, lacking of risk system etc. Opportunities factors: area economy cooperation, joining WTO, peace diplomacy policy, and government support. Challenge factors: international situation turbulence, different culture background, trade protection and foreign enterprises competition. Making all the factors into SWOT matrix, it can get a research result for different private enterprises and investment object countries. Then, via Gravitation Model,
本文通过研究国际国内政治经济现状,民营企业FDI 的环境差异,不同民营企业的特点,并结合传统跨国投资理论中符合中国国情和民营企业实际情况的部分,挖掘出投资时具有普遍性的自身优势(Strengths)因素包括:资源成本优势,传统观念优势,产业结构优势,产权体制优势,独特技术优势;劣势(Weaknesses)因素包括:企业规模偏小,传统观念缺陷,核心竞争力差,缺乏协调意识,缺乏风险机制;面临的外部机遇(Opportunities)因素包括:区域经济合作,中国加入WTO,和平外交政策,政府大力扶持,周边环境良好;外部挑战(Threats)因素包括:国际局势动荡,文化差异冲突,贸易保护威胁,国外企业竞争。将各项因素带入SWOT 矩阵进行结构化分析,以区分环境因素中哪些是只能由政府层面解决的,哪些是企业层面能够作出反应的,以及哪些是可以进行量化深入研究的。然后通过投资引力模型的引入,对其中能够量化的外部因素进一步深入分析;通过这些定量和定性的分析和研究,针对中国民营企业FDI 时面临的不同投资环境,提出自己的建议。在文章的结尾部分,给出了两个有针对性的企业案例,并附以简要评论供参考。
In terms of economy globalization, Chinese government has pushed enterprises invest overseas, is the stratagem action of closing with and melting globalization. Facing the trend of complicated, changefully international marketing, and globalization quicken constantly, to implement “Go out”stratagem, to encourage conditional private enterprises investing overseas, participating in international economy competition and cooperation, is the important means to hasten Chinese industry configuration optimization and to promote the ability of private enterprises in international competition. In the face of part up-growth Chinese economy, domestic tradition consumable competition is increasing, Moreover, western developed countries trade protectionism is reappearing, As one part of the most energy of Chinese economy, more and more private enterprise have gotten the idea to FDI(Foreign Direct Investment). Get to know internal condition factor for overseas investment, find out a good resolving way thereby, it is a very important consulting meaning for private enterprises stratagem programming. But for introducing into foreign capital, it lacks of the research for Chinese enterprises overseas investment. Most of existing research production is about state enterprise. Only a few researches are about private enterprise, but the emphasis is about system building and management mode.
There is almost no learning production about private enterprise overseas investment condition in China. The text is research about overseas and domestic politic and economic status, private enterprises overseas investment condition differences, and diverse private enterprises characters. It combines Chinese private enterprise situation and traditional multinational investment theory and find out investment. Strengths factors: general national power advantage, traditional commercial idea, familiar surrounding market, flexible competition system, particular technical advantage etc. Weaknesses factors: small enterprise size, traditional idea limitation, main competition weakness, management weakness, lacking of risk system etc. Opportunities factors: area economy cooperation, joining WTO, peace diplomacy policy, and government support. Challenge factors: international situation turbulence, different culture background, trade protection and foreign enterprises competition. Making all the factors into SWOT matrix, it can get a research result for different private enterprises and investment object countries. Then, via Gravitation Model,
引文
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[2] Dunning. J. H. International Production and the Multinational Enterprise[M]. George Allen & Unwin, 1981.88～89
[3] UNCTAD:World Investment Report 2002[M],2003.11～12
[4] 辛徽,2004年南方周末中国内地创富白皮书[J],南方周末,2004,10(21):1～1
[5] 中华人民共和国国家统计局,关于统计上划分经济成分的规定[M],中国统计出版社,2001.6～6
[6] 中华人民共和国国家统计局,国内生产总值计算手册[M],中国统计出版社,1997.4～5
[7] 张其仔,中小企业国际化经营[M],民主与建设出版社,2001.35～36
[8] 傅春,经济全球化与我国企业跨国经营的对策,经济问题探索[M],2002.23～24
[9] 聂名华,发达国家境外直接投资理论比较研究[J],山东经济,2001(10):53～58
[10] 陈佳贵,现代企业管理理论与实践的新发展[M],经济管理出版社,1998.107～116
[11] 中华人民共和国国家统计局,2003年度中国对外直接投资统计公报(非金融部分)[J],中国统计,2004(9):45～46
[12] 赵晓,中国企业“走出去”的思考,http://www.chinaiiss.org,2005
[13] 驻马店市计委,中国私企的生存状态[J],信息摘要,2002(4):10～12
[14] 上海合作组织,上海合作组织成员国政府间关于区域经济合作的基本目标和方向及启动贸易和投资便利化进程的备忘录,上海合作组织经济合作网(www.sco-ec.gov.cn),2001
[15] 东盟,澜沧江一湄公河次区域五国货币流通协议,2003.8～9
[16] 盛斌、廖明中,中国的贸易流量与出口潜力:引力模型的研究[J],世界经济,2004(2):65～72
[17] 松亚非,中国企业跨国直接投资研究[M],东北财经大学出版社,2001.26～26
[18] 21世纪经济报道,被隐蔽的真相[M],文汇出版社,2004.56～60
[19] 中科院, 2003中国可持续发展战略报告[M], 科学出版社, 2003.24～25
[20] 孙景华,“企业家”持续性精神动力的源泉, 中国管理传播网(www.hailang.org),2004
[21] 马春光,国际企业管理[M],对外经济贸易大学出版社,2004.24～25
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