企业家社会资本与战略执行效果
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摘要
伴随经济全球化浪潮和信息技术的迅猛发展,战略的较量越来越成为企业竞争的焦点。残酷的管理现实告诉我们,正确的战略决策不一定产生良好的战略效果,因为企业战略执行能力的高低同样左右着战略实施的最终绩效。企业家是战略的主要决策者,也是战略执行的领跑者,他对企业战略绩效的影响是毋庸置疑也是至关重要的。企业家与企业战略的关系研究不仅具有一定的理论价值,更承担着重要的现实意义。
然而,现有文献大都集中在企业家与战略选择的关系探讨上,对于战略过程特别是战略执行的影响尚待深入研究。同时,传统的企业家研究多是基于高阶理论和认知理论,所持的是原子化的观点,往往孤立地对待和研究企业家的个体特征,而忽视了企业家“社会人”的本质,以及企业家社会网络资源对战略决策和战略实施的影响。在当前中国转型经济的特殊环境下,旧的体系已经打破,新的秩序尚未建立,传统的人际交往“差序格局”也被赋予了新的时代特征。社会资本尤其是企业家社会资本,在中国社会经济的舞台上发挥着越来越重要的作用。因此,从企业家嵌入的社会关系网络出发,研究社会资本对战略执行的影响,探索企业家社会资本与企业战略绩效之间的作用机制,不仅有利于社会资本和战略管理理论的拓展研究,也是符合新时期企业发展需要的。
本文尝试从一个全新的研究视角,对企业家社会资本与战略执行的关系进行讨论。通过引入战略共识这一中介变量,初步构建了企业家社会资本、战略共识和战略执行效果的关系模型,并运用相关统计软件对问卷数据进行实证分析,验证了三者之间的正向相关关系,以及战略共识的部分中介作用。
文章首先对社会资本和战略共识等核心概念的定义进行了重新梳理,据此提出本文对企业家社会资本的定义：“镶嵌在企业家社会关系网络中的,一切可以被利用或调动的社会关系的总和,通过这些关系可以获得有利于企业生产经营活动的各种资源”,并将战略共识的研究内容扩展为“企业的利益相关者对企业战略重点问题的共享式理解”。然后,通过相关文献和基础理论的回顾分析,结合当前中国企业的研究情境,提出了本文的理论框架和研究假设。主要的研究假设有：企业家社会资本正向影响战略共识；企业家社会资本正向影响战略执行效果；战略共识正向影响战略执行效果；战略共识在企业家社会资本和战略执行效果之间起到中介作用。在这些假设的基础上,初步构建了企业家社会资本、战略共识、战略执行效果三者的关系模型。
要获得有效的实证分析数据,必需依靠科学合理的研究方法和测量工具。本文通过借鉴其他学者的测量方法和成熟量表,结合本研究的实际需要,最终选择了从企业家社会关系网络的结构特征、关系强度和信任程度三个维度对其进行测量,对战略共识的测量则包含了共识范围和共识程度两个方面,企业战略执行效果采用的是反映执行速度、财务效果、完成比例和能力培养的综合性指标来表示。经过长达半年多的问卷设计、样本选择、问卷发放、问卷回收和资料整理等一系列数据收集工作,本研究最终获得苏、皖、粤等地区来自不同企业的企业家亲自填答的有效答卷共146份。
在实证部分,本文首先运用SPSS16.0和Lisre18.70软件对量表和数据进行了信度和效度的检验,结果显示：信度和效度良好,不存在严重的同源方差和多重共线性问题。接着,通过描述性统计分析对样本数据进行大致判断,确定了文中假设的基本方向是正确的。然后,根据Baron和Kenny的中介作用判别方法和流程进行线性回归分析,逐步验证了自变量(企业家社会资本)、因变量(战略执行效果)和中介变量(战略共识)之间的相关关系。实证结果显示：企业家社会资本的网络结构、关系强度和信任程度都会对战略执行效果产生正向影响作用；企业家社会资本的网络结构和信任程度与战略共识存在显著的正向相关关系,而关系强度与战略共识的相关关系并不显著；战略共识与战略执行效果之间的正向相关关系十分显著；战略共识在企业家社会资本与战略执行效果之间起到部分中介作用。本文同时还发现：战略变革程度对战略共识的形成具有一定影响,而战略决策方式对战略共识的影响不显著。
本研究可能的理论贡献主要有：以战略共识为中介分析企业家社会资本对战略执行的影响机制,为社会资本和战略管理研究探索了一条新的研究路径；重新探讨了企业家社会资本的内涵和本质,丰富了这一概念的测量方法；拓展了战略共识理论的研究范围；验证了企业家社会资本与战略执行效果之间的相关关系,并证实战略共识在两者之间起到中介作用。文中的研究结论,也可能会为企业战略管理实践提供有益的启示：企业内部和外部利益相关者就重大战略议题达成的共识,是企业战略顺利实施的重要前提；企业家应当加强社会网络建设和关系维护,充分利用自身的社会资源优势,提高企业利益相关者的战略共识水平,从而改善企业战略执行的效果。
文章的结尾部分,运用相关理论对本文的研究结果进行了总结和分析,对未通过检验的研究假设给出自己的解释,并且讨论了本文的不足之处和未来研究的方向。笔者认为,企业家社会资本与战略执行之间的关系及作用机制研究,将成为未来战略管理研究的重要课题。
Accompanied with the tide of economic globalization and the mushroom growth of information technology, strategy had increasingly become the focus of competition between enterprises. Cruel reality showed that correct strategy decision does not always lead to good performance, because the ability of execution affected the strategy performance at the same time. Being the key decision-maker and the leader of strategy execution, entrepreneurs played important roles in strategy performance undoubtedly. Therefore, research on the relationship between entrepreneur and enterprise strategy would have theoretical values and realistic meanings.
However, most current literatures focused on the relationship between entrepreneur and strategy choice. The influence to strategy process especially to strategy implementation needs more attention and further study. Usually, the traditional research of entrepreneur based on Upper Echelons Theory and Cognitive Theory. They viewed the entrepreneurs as atoms, and isolated the entrepreneurs' individual characteristics from their social characteristics. It was forgotten that the "social person" with their network resources will have influence on the strategy decision and strategy implementation. Under the special environments of transition economy in China, the old orders were broken, while the new systems had not been established yet. Although the traditional "Difference Sequence Pattern" was still alive, it had been entrusted with new era characteristics. Social Capitals, especially Entrepreneur Social Capitals were playing more and more important roles in the social economy of China. Therefore, when we study on strategy implementation from the view of Entrepreneur Social Capital, and explore the mechanisms between them, it will not only conducive to management theory research, but also settle for the needs of enterprise development in new era.
This article attempts to reveal the relationship between Entrepreneur Social Capital and Strategy Performance from a new perspective. By quoting the intervening variable--Strategy Consensus, we tried to build a relational model of Entrepreneur Social Capital, Strategy Consensus and Strategy Performance. We analyzed the data of questionnaire survey by using statistical software, verified the positive correlations between the three variables, and tested the partial mediating effect of Strategy Consensus.
Firstly, we reviewed the definitions of core concepts in this article such as Social Capital and Strategy Consensus. We defined Entrepreneur Social Capital as below:"The sum of relations which embedded in the entrepreneurial social network, it can be used or transferred, through which we can gain various resources benefit to the enterprise management activities and productions". Moreover, we extended the connotation of Strategy Consensus:"The shared understandings of corporate stakeholders on enterprise strategy ". Then, based on the related literatures and classical theories, combined with the current social situations in China, we have proposed the theoretical framework and the research hypothesis. We put forward the hypothesis:Entrepreneur Social Capital positively would influence Strategy Consensus; Entrepreneur Social Capital would have positive effects on Strategy Performance; Strategy Consensus would influence the Strategy Performance. With all these assumptions, we also proposed that:Strategy Consensus is an internal mechanism, through which the Entrepreneur Social Capital has an indirect and positive effect on Strategy Performance. Finally, we built up the relational model to explain the relationships between these three conceptions.
In order to obtain effective data, we must rely on scientific research methods and reasonable measuring tools. Based on other scholar's maturity scales, and combined with the actual research needs, we selected network structure, relation strength and the degree of trust as three dimensions of Entrepreneur Social Capital. We used consensus scope and consensus degree as two dimensions for measurement of Strategy Consensus. For strategy performance, we used a comprehensive index that was composed of financial effect, time effect, execution effect and ability effect. It took more than six months for us to complete the data collection works, such as questionnaire design, sample selection, questionnaires survey, and data processing. Ultimately, we have gotten146valid questionnaires from various types of enterprises.
In empirical study part, we firstly used the software of SPSS16.0and Lisrel8.70to test reliability and validity of the scale and the data. It was showed that reliability and validity are good, and there were no serious common method variances and multi-colinearity problems. Then, the sample data were estimated by descriptive statistics analysis, through which the hypothesis are revealed correct in direction. Finally, we processed the linear regression analysis by using Baron and Kenny's intermediary identification method, verified the relationships between independent variable, dependent variable and mediating variable step by step. The empirical results showed that:network structure, relation strength and trust degree will all have positive effects on strategy performance; network structure and trust degree have significant and positive correlations with strategy consensus, but relation strength has no significant correlation with strategy consensus; significantly, strategy consensus has positive effects on strategy performance, and it did play an intermediary role in the relationship between Entrepreneur Social Capital and Strategy Performance. We also found that degree of strategy change has certain influence on Strategy Consensus, while pattern of strategy decision has no great impact on consensus.
The possible theoretical contributions of this paper includes:we have explored a new path of social capital and strategy management, we have reconsidered the essence and connotation of Entrepreneur Social Capital, we have expanded the research scope of strategy consensus, we have verified the relationships between Entrepreneur Social Capital and Strategy Performance, and we have confirmed the intermediary role of Strategy Consensus. The conclusions of this article also provided beneficial inspirations for management practice:Consensus on major strategic issues from internal and external stakeholders would be the important premise to enterprise strategy implementation, entrepreneurs should strengthen their social network construction, make full use of it to raise the strategy consensus level, so as to improve the enterprises strategy performance.
At the end of this thesis, we summarized and analyzed the research results, explained the research hypothesis by using fundamental theories, and discussed the deficiency in this paper and the research directions in the future. Finally, we pointed out that the relationship and the mechanism between Entrepreneur Social Capital and Strategy Execution process will be a key point of management research.
然而,现有文献大都集中在企业家与战略选择的关系探讨上,对于战略过程特别是战略执行的影响尚待深入研究。同时,传统的企业家研究多是基于高阶理论和认知理论,所持的是原子化的观点,往往孤立地对待和研究企业家的个体特征,而忽视了企业家“社会人”的本质,以及企业家社会网络资源对战略决策和战略实施的影响。在当前中国转型经济的特殊环境下,旧的体系已经打破,新的秩序尚未建立,传统的人际交往“差序格局”也被赋予了新的时代特征。社会资本尤其是企业家社会资本,在中国社会经济的舞台上发挥着越来越重要的作用。因此,从企业家嵌入的社会关系网络出发,研究社会资本对战略执行的影响,探索企业家社会资本与企业战略绩效之间的作用机制,不仅有利于社会资本和战略管理理论的拓展研究,也是符合新时期企业发展需要的。
本文尝试从一个全新的研究视角,对企业家社会资本与战略执行的关系进行讨论。通过引入战略共识这一中介变量,初步构建了企业家社会资本、战略共识和战略执行效果的关系模型,并运用相关统计软件对问卷数据进行实证分析,验证了三者之间的正向相关关系,以及战略共识的部分中介作用。
文章首先对社会资本和战略共识等核心概念的定义进行了重新梳理,据此提出本文对企业家社会资本的定义：“镶嵌在企业家社会关系网络中的,一切可以被利用或调动的社会关系的总和,通过这些关系可以获得有利于企业生产经营活动的各种资源”,并将战略共识的研究内容扩展为“企业的利益相关者对企业战略重点问题的共享式理解”。然后,通过相关文献和基础理论的回顾分析,结合当前中国企业的研究情境,提出了本文的理论框架和研究假设。主要的研究假设有：企业家社会资本正向影响战略共识；企业家社会资本正向影响战略执行效果；战略共识正向影响战略执行效果；战略共识在企业家社会资本和战略执行效果之间起到中介作用。在这些假设的基础上,初步构建了企业家社会资本、战略共识、战略执行效果三者的关系模型。
要获得有效的实证分析数据,必需依靠科学合理的研究方法和测量工具。本文通过借鉴其他学者的测量方法和成熟量表,结合本研究的实际需要,最终选择了从企业家社会关系网络的结构特征、关系强度和信任程度三个维度对其进行测量,对战略共识的测量则包含了共识范围和共识程度两个方面,企业战略执行效果采用的是反映执行速度、财务效果、完成比例和能力培养的综合性指标来表示。经过长达半年多的问卷设计、样本选择、问卷发放、问卷回收和资料整理等一系列数据收集工作,本研究最终获得苏、皖、粤等地区来自不同企业的企业家亲自填答的有效答卷共146份。
在实证部分,本文首先运用SPSS16.0和Lisre18.70软件对量表和数据进行了信度和效度的检验,结果显示：信度和效度良好,不存在严重的同源方差和多重共线性问题。接着,通过描述性统计分析对样本数据进行大致判断,确定了文中假设的基本方向是正确的。然后,根据Baron和Kenny的中介作用判别方法和流程进行线性回归分析,逐步验证了自变量(企业家社会资本)、因变量(战略执行效果)和中介变量(战略共识)之间的相关关系。实证结果显示：企业家社会资本的网络结构、关系强度和信任程度都会对战略执行效果产生正向影响作用；企业家社会资本的网络结构和信任程度与战略共识存在显著的正向相关关系,而关系强度与战略共识的相关关系并不显著；战略共识与战略执行效果之间的正向相关关系十分显著；战略共识在企业家社会资本与战略执行效果之间起到部分中介作用。本文同时还发现：战略变革程度对战略共识的形成具有一定影响,而战略决策方式对战略共识的影响不显著。
本研究可能的理论贡献主要有：以战略共识为中介分析企业家社会资本对战略执行的影响机制,为社会资本和战略管理研究探索了一条新的研究路径；重新探讨了企业家社会资本的内涵和本质,丰富了这一概念的测量方法；拓展了战略共识理论的研究范围；验证了企业家社会资本与战略执行效果之间的相关关系,并证实战略共识在两者之间起到中介作用。文中的研究结论,也可能会为企业战略管理实践提供有益的启示：企业内部和外部利益相关者就重大战略议题达成的共识,是企业战略顺利实施的重要前提；企业家应当加强社会网络建设和关系维护,充分利用自身的社会资源优势,提高企业利益相关者的战略共识水平,从而改善企业战略执行的效果。
文章的结尾部分,运用相关理论对本文的研究结果进行了总结和分析,对未通过检验的研究假设给出自己的解释,并且讨论了本文的不足之处和未来研究的方向。笔者认为,企业家社会资本与战略执行之间的关系及作用机制研究,将成为未来战略管理研究的重要课题。
Accompanied with the tide of economic globalization and the mushroom growth of information technology, strategy had increasingly become the focus of competition between enterprises. Cruel reality showed that correct strategy decision does not always lead to good performance, because the ability of execution affected the strategy performance at the same time. Being the key decision-maker and the leader of strategy execution, entrepreneurs played important roles in strategy performance undoubtedly. Therefore, research on the relationship between entrepreneur and enterprise strategy would have theoretical values and realistic meanings.
However, most current literatures focused on the relationship between entrepreneur and strategy choice. The influence to strategy process especially to strategy implementation needs more attention and further study. Usually, the traditional research of entrepreneur based on Upper Echelons Theory and Cognitive Theory. They viewed the entrepreneurs as atoms, and isolated the entrepreneurs' individual characteristics from their social characteristics. It was forgotten that the "social person" with their network resources will have influence on the strategy decision and strategy implementation. Under the special environments of transition economy in China, the old orders were broken, while the new systems had not been established yet. Although the traditional "Difference Sequence Pattern" was still alive, it had been entrusted with new era characteristics. Social Capitals, especially Entrepreneur Social Capitals were playing more and more important roles in the social economy of China. Therefore, when we study on strategy implementation from the view of Entrepreneur Social Capital, and explore the mechanisms between them, it will not only conducive to management theory research, but also settle for the needs of enterprise development in new era.
This article attempts to reveal the relationship between Entrepreneur Social Capital and Strategy Performance from a new perspective. By quoting the intervening variable--Strategy Consensus, we tried to build a relational model of Entrepreneur Social Capital, Strategy Consensus and Strategy Performance. We analyzed the data of questionnaire survey by using statistical software, verified the positive correlations between the three variables, and tested the partial mediating effect of Strategy Consensus.
Firstly, we reviewed the definitions of core concepts in this article such as Social Capital and Strategy Consensus. We defined Entrepreneur Social Capital as below:"The sum of relations which embedded in the entrepreneurial social network, it can be used or transferred, through which we can gain various resources benefit to the enterprise management activities and productions". Moreover, we extended the connotation of Strategy Consensus:"The shared understandings of corporate stakeholders on enterprise strategy ". Then, based on the related literatures and classical theories, combined with the current social situations in China, we have proposed the theoretical framework and the research hypothesis. We put forward the hypothesis:Entrepreneur Social Capital positively would influence Strategy Consensus; Entrepreneur Social Capital would have positive effects on Strategy Performance; Strategy Consensus would influence the Strategy Performance. With all these assumptions, we also proposed that:Strategy Consensus is an internal mechanism, through which the Entrepreneur Social Capital has an indirect and positive effect on Strategy Performance. Finally, we built up the relational model to explain the relationships between these three conceptions.
In order to obtain effective data, we must rely on scientific research methods and reasonable measuring tools. Based on other scholar's maturity scales, and combined with the actual research needs, we selected network structure, relation strength and the degree of trust as three dimensions of Entrepreneur Social Capital. We used consensus scope and consensus degree as two dimensions for measurement of Strategy Consensus. For strategy performance, we used a comprehensive index that was composed of financial effect, time effect, execution effect and ability effect. It took more than six months for us to complete the data collection works, such as questionnaire design, sample selection, questionnaires survey, and data processing. Ultimately, we have gotten146valid questionnaires from various types of enterprises.
In empirical study part, we firstly used the software of SPSS16.0and Lisrel8.70to test reliability and validity of the scale and the data. It was showed that reliability and validity are good, and there were no serious common method variances and multi-colinearity problems. Then, the sample data were estimated by descriptive statistics analysis, through which the hypothesis are revealed correct in direction. Finally, we processed the linear regression analysis by using Baron and Kenny's intermediary identification method, verified the relationships between independent variable, dependent variable and mediating variable step by step. The empirical results showed that:network structure, relation strength and trust degree will all have positive effects on strategy performance; network structure and trust degree have significant and positive correlations with strategy consensus, but relation strength has no significant correlation with strategy consensus; significantly, strategy consensus has positive effects on strategy performance, and it did play an intermediary role in the relationship between Entrepreneur Social Capital and Strategy Performance. We also found that degree of strategy change has certain influence on Strategy Consensus, while pattern of strategy decision has no great impact on consensus.
The possible theoretical contributions of this paper includes:we have explored a new path of social capital and strategy management, we have reconsidered the essence and connotation of Entrepreneur Social Capital, we have expanded the research scope of strategy consensus, we have verified the relationships between Entrepreneur Social Capital and Strategy Performance, and we have confirmed the intermediary role of Strategy Consensus. The conclusions of this article also provided beneficial inspirations for management practice:Consensus on major strategic issues from internal and external stakeholders would be the important premise to enterprise strategy implementation, entrepreneurs should strengthen their social network construction, make full use of it to raise the strategy consensus level, so as to improve the enterprises strategy performance.
At the end of this thesis, we summarized and analyzed the research results, explained the research hypothesis by using fundamental theories, and discussed the deficiency in this paper and the research directions in the future. Finally, we pointed out that the relationship and the mechanism between Entrepreneur Social Capital and Strategy Execution process will be a key point of management research.
引文
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