高危路段公路线形安全设计理论与方法研究
|
摘要
公路交通安全与公路条件尤其是线形条件有着密切的关系,连续顺畅的线形、清晰醒目的行车方向、充足的视距保证等符合驾驶期望的路线是车辆安全行驶的基本保障。通过分析道路线形对道路安全的影响,找出高危路段,探讨道路线形安全设计理论及方法是本文的主旨。
本文研究了高危路段及其线形安全设计理论,论述了拟建道路和改扩建道路线形安全设计方法,提出了道路线形安全设计管理建议。论文主要研究成果如下：
首先,通过对交通事故的统计特点分析,研究了道路线形与交通安全的关系,阐明了高危路段的内涵及其线形特征。高危路段线形表现为运行速度协调性差、小半径大超高、大纵坡、行车视距不足等特征。
其次,从公路平面线形组成及组合形式入手,论述了保持线形连续性的条件,阐述了公路行车视距、公路超高设置、公路纵坡设置、合成坡度选取等满足线形安全的设计原理,提出了基于虚拟视景技术设计拟建道路线形和基于三次样条曲线拟合改扩建道路线形的安全设计方法。
对拟建或新建公路：借助计算机虚拟视景技术,开发“基于虚拟与现场相结合的道路勘测设计系统”,对设计线形各项指标,如曲线半径、坡度、超高、行车视距等进行安全审查,使设计线形通过“现场和虚拟”相结合,检查路线设计指标的合理性及设计线形的安全性,识别出高危路段,为设计成果的即时检查和实时修改提供方法和手段。
对改扩建道路：研究了拉格朗日插值法、分段插值法、最小二乘法和样条曲线法等四种道路线形参数拟合方法及特点,提出了基于三次样条曲线拟合法和MATLAB工具软件的改扩建道路线形参数提取方法,分析了平面线形设计参数的确定依据以及拟合精度的影响因素；将拟合技术应用至实际工程,提出识别高危路段线形参数选取的方法及修改建议。
接着,针对道路交通事故与横断面超高设计的高相关性,论文分析了S型曲线的事故发生原因,阐述了S形曲线采用全断面超高方法的特点,提出了S形曲线超高过渡设计基本原理和特征断面超高值的计算方法。
最后,从线形主要参数的选取、路侧设计控制及道路设计管理等方面,提出了线形安全设计的合理化建议。
本文阐述了道路线形与交通安全的关系,为高危路段的判定提供了依据；以新(拟)建、改扩建道路为对象,运用虚拟视景技术和拟合技术研究了公路线形的安全设计；对S型曲线超高设计,提出了全断面超高设计方法。论文研究结论对促进线形设计指标的合理性、合法性及道路线形的安全性具有重要作用,同时,也是对公路线形设计理论的有益补充。
Highway traffic safety has a close relation with road condition, especially the linear conditions. The route which meeting the driving expectstion that contains continuous and smooth linearis, clear direction and sufficient sight distance is the basic guarantee of vehicle safety driving. The purpose of this paper is to find out the great-danger sections and investigate the theory and method of highway alignment safety design, based on analysis of the effect of road linear on road safety.
This paper studies the risk sections and the theory of road linear safety design. The method of highway alignment safety design is also discussed in the newly built and the renovated roads. In addition, few management suggestions on road alignment safety design are put forward. The main research results are as follows:
Firstly, through analyzing the statistical feature of the traffic accident, the paper studied the relationship between road alignment and traffic safety, and clarified the connotations and the linear characteristics of the great-danger road sections. The characteristics include poor coordination of driving speed, small radius but huge superelevation, steep longitudinal gradient, deficiency of driving sight distance and so on.
Secondly, from the composition and the combination of the highway horizontal alignment, the condition of keeping the linear continuity was inquired. Furthermore, the design principle of satisfying the linear safety was discussed, including the highway driving sight distance, superelevation, the longitudinal gradient, and the synthetic slope selection. Meanwhile, the article put forward not only the method to design the newly built road alignment based on virtual scene technology, but also the method of the reconstruction road alignment safety design based on cubic spline curve fitting.
For the newly-built roads:with the aid of virtual scene technology of computer, road reconnaissance design system was developed which can carry on the safety examination for each indicator of the linear design (e.g., curve radius, gradient, superelevation, driving sight distance, etc.). This can make the scene road and the virtual linear into a combination, check the rationality of the design index and the safety of the alignment design, identify high-risk road sections, and provide methods and means for the immediate inspection and real-time modification of the design results.
For reconstruct and extended roads:the paper researched the characteristics of four kinds of curve fitting method which contained Lagrange interpolation method, piecewise interpolation method, least square method and spline curve method, proposed the method of selecting the linear parameter based on cubic spline curve fitting and MATLAB software, analyzed the determining basis of the linear design parameters and the influencing factors of fitting accuracy. By applying the fitting technology in practice, put forward the method of selecting the linear parameter and revising suggestions under great-danger roads.
Furthermore, according to high correlation between the road accidents and the design of the cross-sectional superelevation, the accident reasons of the S-shaped curve were analyzed. Also, the characteristics of the S-shaped curve were expounded using the whole section superelevation method. At the meanwhile, this paper proposed the basic principle of superelevation transition design of S-shaped curve and the calculating method of superelevation of characteristics cross-sections.
Finally, the rationalization proposals of linear safety design were put forward, from the aspects of the selection of main parameters of the linear, roadside alignment design and road design management, etc.
This paper brings forth the judgment basis for high-risk roads, by discussing the relationship between road alignment and traffic safety. Then, taking the newly-built and reconstruct and extended roads as the object, the method of highway alignment safety design was explored, using the virtual scene technology and alignment fitting technology. At last, the whole section superelevation method of S-shaped curve design was proposed. The conclusions of this paper, have an important role for promoting the rationality and legitimacy of alignment design indexes and the safety of road alignment, and are useful supplements for highway alignment design theory.
本文研究了高危路段及其线形安全设计理论,论述了拟建道路和改扩建道路线形安全设计方法,提出了道路线形安全设计管理建议。论文主要研究成果如下：
首先,通过对交通事故的统计特点分析,研究了道路线形与交通安全的关系,阐明了高危路段的内涵及其线形特征。高危路段线形表现为运行速度协调性差、小半径大超高、大纵坡、行车视距不足等特征。
其次,从公路平面线形组成及组合形式入手,论述了保持线形连续性的条件,阐述了公路行车视距、公路超高设置、公路纵坡设置、合成坡度选取等满足线形安全的设计原理,提出了基于虚拟视景技术设计拟建道路线形和基于三次样条曲线拟合改扩建道路线形的安全设计方法。
对拟建或新建公路：借助计算机虚拟视景技术,开发“基于虚拟与现场相结合的道路勘测设计系统”,对设计线形各项指标,如曲线半径、坡度、超高、行车视距等进行安全审查,使设计线形通过“现场和虚拟”相结合,检查路线设计指标的合理性及设计线形的安全性,识别出高危路段,为设计成果的即时检查和实时修改提供方法和手段。
对改扩建道路：研究了拉格朗日插值法、分段插值法、最小二乘法和样条曲线法等四种道路线形参数拟合方法及特点,提出了基于三次样条曲线拟合法和MATLAB工具软件的改扩建道路线形参数提取方法,分析了平面线形设计参数的确定依据以及拟合精度的影响因素；将拟合技术应用至实际工程,提出识别高危路段线形参数选取的方法及修改建议。
接着,针对道路交通事故与横断面超高设计的高相关性,论文分析了S型曲线的事故发生原因,阐述了S形曲线采用全断面超高方法的特点,提出了S形曲线超高过渡设计基本原理和特征断面超高值的计算方法。
最后,从线形主要参数的选取、路侧设计控制及道路设计管理等方面,提出了线形安全设计的合理化建议。
本文阐述了道路线形与交通安全的关系,为高危路段的判定提供了依据；以新(拟)建、改扩建道路为对象,运用虚拟视景技术和拟合技术研究了公路线形的安全设计；对S型曲线超高设计,提出了全断面超高设计方法。论文研究结论对促进线形设计指标的合理性、合法性及道路线形的安全性具有重要作用,同时,也是对公路线形设计理论的有益补充。
Highway traffic safety has a close relation with road condition, especially the linear conditions. The route which meeting the driving expectstion that contains continuous and smooth linearis, clear direction and sufficient sight distance is the basic guarantee of vehicle safety driving. The purpose of this paper is to find out the great-danger sections and investigate the theory and method of highway alignment safety design, based on analysis of the effect of road linear on road safety.
This paper studies the risk sections and the theory of road linear safety design. The method of highway alignment safety design is also discussed in the newly built and the renovated roads. In addition, few management suggestions on road alignment safety design are put forward. The main research results are as follows:
Firstly, through analyzing the statistical feature of the traffic accident, the paper studied the relationship between road alignment and traffic safety, and clarified the connotations and the linear characteristics of the great-danger road sections. The characteristics include poor coordination of driving speed, small radius but huge superelevation, steep longitudinal gradient, deficiency of driving sight distance and so on.
Secondly, from the composition and the combination of the highway horizontal alignment, the condition of keeping the linear continuity was inquired. Furthermore, the design principle of satisfying the linear safety was discussed, including the highway driving sight distance, superelevation, the longitudinal gradient, and the synthetic slope selection. Meanwhile, the article put forward not only the method to design the newly built road alignment based on virtual scene technology, but also the method of the reconstruction road alignment safety design based on cubic spline curve fitting.
For the newly-built roads:with the aid of virtual scene technology of computer, road reconnaissance design system was developed which can carry on the safety examination for each indicator of the linear design (e.g., curve radius, gradient, superelevation, driving sight distance, etc.). This can make the scene road and the virtual linear into a combination, check the rationality of the design index and the safety of the alignment design, identify high-risk road sections, and provide methods and means for the immediate inspection and real-time modification of the design results.
For reconstruct and extended roads:the paper researched the characteristics of four kinds of curve fitting method which contained Lagrange interpolation method, piecewise interpolation method, least square method and spline curve method, proposed the method of selecting the linear parameter based on cubic spline curve fitting and MATLAB software, analyzed the determining basis of the linear design parameters and the influencing factors of fitting accuracy. By applying the fitting technology in practice, put forward the method of selecting the linear parameter and revising suggestions under great-danger roads.
Furthermore, according to high correlation between the road accidents and the design of the cross-sectional superelevation, the accident reasons of the S-shaped curve were analyzed. Also, the characteristics of the S-shaped curve were expounded using the whole section superelevation method. At the meanwhile, this paper proposed the basic principle of superelevation transition design of S-shaped curve and the calculating method of superelevation of characteristics cross-sections.
Finally, the rationalization proposals of linear safety design were put forward, from the aspects of the selection of main parameters of the linear, roadside alignment design and road design management, etc.
This paper brings forth the judgment basis for high-risk roads, by discussing the relationship between road alignment and traffic safety. Then, taking the newly-built and reconstruct and extended roads as the object, the method of highway alignment safety design was explored, using the virtual scene technology and alignment fitting technology. At last, the whole section superelevation method of S-shaped curve design was proposed. The conclusions of this paper, have an important role for promoting the rationality and legitimacy of alignment design indexes and the safety of road alignment, and are useful supplements for highway alignment design theory.
引文
[1]中华人民共和国交通部.中国道路运输发展报告(2011)[M],北京：人民交通出版社,2012.
[2]EDUARDO A VASCONCELLOS. Reassessing traffic accidents in developing countries [J], Transport Policy,1996,4(2):263-269.
[3]张宇.浅谈公路危险路段的界定标准[J],道路交通管理,2004(12)：13-15.
[4]Berhanu,G..Effects of road and traffic factors on road safety in Ethiopia[D].PH.D Dissertation of Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.2000.
[5]朱照宏,景天然,w·杜尔特按公路线形确定行车速度和燃油消耗[J],同济大学学报(自然科学版),1989,17(4)：427-434.
[6]汪双杰,周荣贵,孙小端等.公路运行速度设计理论与方法[M],北京：人民交通出版社,2010.
[7]冯桂炎.公路设计交通安全审查手册[M],北京：人民交通出版社,2000.
[8]郭忠印,方守恩.道路安全工程[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2003.
[9]刘运通.道路交通安全指南[M],北京：人民交通出版社,2004.
[10]中国工程建设标准化协会公路工程委员会.公路项目安全性评价指南(JTG/TB06-2004)[S],北京：人民交通出版社,2004.
[11]许润龙,吴克海,雷茂锦等.《道路安全审计理论及应用》[M],北京：人民交通出版社,2007.
[12]程文,郭忠印,孔令旗.路线线形与道路安全关系的研究[J],合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版),2002,25(5)：704-706.
[13]裴玉龙,马骥.道路交通事故道路条件成因分析及预防对策研究[J],中国公路学报,2003,16(4)：77-82.
[14]梁夏,郭忠印,方守恩.道路线形与道路安全性关系的统计分析[J],同济大学学报,2002,30(2),203-206.
[15]徐进.道路几何设计对车辆行驶特性的影响机理研究[D],成都：西南交通大学博士学位论文,2009.
[16]许金良,石飞荣,杨宏志,李建士.基于计算机仿真的公路安全设计方法[J],中国公路学报,2004,17(02)：1-5.
[17]廖朝华.基于运营安全的山区高速公路路线设计新理念[J],公路,2004,(4)：52-55.
[18]王恒.路线设计的安全性检查探究[J],公路,2010,(9)：18-21.
[19]富志鹏,吴智勇,荆琳.高速公路中央分隔带波形梁护栏高度的研究[J],公路交通科技,2010,27(9)：143-148.
[20]郭腾峰,刘建蓓,汪双杰.基于运行速度特征的公路平曲线设计半径推荐取值研究[J],中国公路学报,2010/S,8-12.
[21]钱勇生,赵书学,广晓平.公路设计应考虑的交通安全因素研究[J],兰州交通大学学报(自然科学版),2005,24(1)：130-134.
[22]黄建镇,丁艺.线形诱导标志在带有缓和曲线的平曲线上的设置[J],森林工程,2004,(3)：51-52+55-58.
[23]向红艳,朱顺应.山区高速公路曲线超高与汽车行驶安全[J],公路,2007(4)：34-37.
[24]胡圣能,许金良,杨宏志.曲率变化率在公路线形质量设计的应用研究[J],郑州大学学报(工学版),2010,31(3)：101-105.
[25]王福建,曾学贵.公路行车视距检验的三维表面模型方法[J],公路交通科技,1999(01)：19-22.
[26]沈文.公路事故多发路段研究[D],西安：长安大学博士学位论文,2002.
[27]陈永胜.高速公路安全设计基础理论及关键技术研究[D],北京：北京工业大学博士学位论文,2001.
[28]易思蓉.虚拟环境铁路选线设计系统的理论与方法研究[D],成都：西南交通大学博士学位论文,2005.
[29]熊坚,杨延,万华森,房锐,秦雅琴,郭凤香,张发春,李志厚,贾现广,陈亮,张文勰.基于驾驶模拟器的道路交通信息系统及安全评价研究[Z].项目立项编号：gkls027940.鉴定日期：2009-04-02.
[30]熊坚,万华森,吴华金,房锐,秦雅琴,郭凤香,易涛,李国华,丁立,李铁宏,廖英,高晶.云南高等级公路三维虚拟实景数学模型的研究及应用[z],项目立项编号：gkls009363.鉴定日期：2007-04-26.
[31]汪双杰,郭腾峰,刘建蓓,罗满良.中国公路运行速度体系与工程应用技术研究[J],中国公路学报,2010/S,1-7+23.
[32]郑永钦.欧洲的SAFESTAR研究计划[J],北美交通信息,1999,19(6)：12-14.
[33]余顺新编译.欧洲规范与英国公路设计[J],中外公路,2010,30(06)：1-5.
[34]刘东旭.澳大利亚的交通安全设计介绍[J],中外公路,2001,21(04)：49-50.
[35) Austroad Publication Online. Guide to Road Design[R]. Sydney:Austroad Publication Online,2008.
[36]刘子剑.美国高速公路几何设计(上)[J],国外公路,2001,21(02)：1-7.
[37]刘子剑.美国高速公路几何设计(下)[J],国外公路,2001,21(03)：1-4.
[38]张涛,江文智.浅谈美国公路设计[J],黑龙江交通科技,2008(6)：19-21.
[39]邓泽英编译.美国公路交通安全的新趋势[J],国外公路,2000,20(01)：9-13.
[40]Hadi, M.A.,Aruldhas, J.,Chow, L.F., and Wattleworth, J.A..Estimating safety effects of cross-section design for various highway types using negative binomial regression.Transportation Research Record 1500,TRB,National Research Council,Washington,D.C.,1995,169-177.
[41]Eric T. Donnell, Ph.D., PE.Speed Concepts:Informational Guide[R], Federal Highway Administration U.S. Department of Transportation. Washington, DC,2009.
[42]刘春,姜德义编译.德国加强公路道路交通安全的主要方向[J],中外公路,2004,24(05)：124-126.
[43]孙瑜,程建川编译.德国公路设计标准中的新理念[J],中外公路,2007,27(1)：1-4.
[44]丁小军.欧洲(法国)公路设计标准、规范体系的特点及构成[J],公路,2008(9)1-4.
[45]曲怀海.日本高速公路线形设计要领的修改建议[J],中外公路,2002,22(2)：21-23.
[46]刘玉增.交通事故黑点的智能排查及整治对策的研究[D],成都：西南交通大学博士学位论文,2005.
[47]National Center for Statistics & Analysis.Traffic Safety Facts 2000.Report DOT-HS-809-333.NHTSA, U.S.Department of Transportation,2002:15-20.
[48]Elke H, Filip Van den B, GeertW. Combining road safety information in a performance index[J], Accident Analysis and Prevention,2008(40):1337-1344.
[49]刘谷,廖志高,马青娜.基于单元法的事故多发路段的鉴别分析[J],交通科技,2010(03)：113-115.
[50]刘伟.交通事故多发路段危险因素的模糊诊断法[J],重庆交通大学学报(自然科学版),2009,28(4)：733-735.
[51]任福田,刘小明.鉴别危险路段方法的研究进展[J],中国交通工程,1998,(4)：13-15.
[52]阎莹,刘浩学,游小青,张巍.道路交通事故多发位置鉴别新方法的探讨[J],交通运输系统工程与信息,2005,05(03)：82-86.
[53]林丽,张永强,高敏杰.道路交通事故黑点成因鉴别与改善对策[J],南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2010,34(6)：157-160.
[54]Benoit D, Geert W, Koen V. Traffic accident segmentation by means of latent class clustering[J], Accident Analysis and Prevention,2008(40):1257-1266.
[55]许润龙,吴克海,雷茂锦等.《道路安全审计理论及应用》[M],北京：人民交通出版社,2007.
[56]《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》.第十届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第五次会议通过(2003年10月28日),2004年5月1日实施.
[57]郭也平.浏醴高速公路路线设计安全性评价研究[J],公路,2012,(11)：151-156.
[58]张飞军.基于熵的公路路线设计安全评价研究[D],长春：吉林大学博士学位论文,2007.
[59]孟祥海,关志强,郑来.基于几何线形指标的山区高速公路安全性评价[J],中国公路学报,2011,24(2)：103-108.
[60]王忠仁.路侧安全设施设计[J],上海公路,2006,(4)：8-13.
[61]王忠仁.路侧安全设施设计[J],上海公路,2007,(1)：11-14.
[62]李文权.高速公路路侧标志遮挡问题[J],交通运输工程学报,2006,6(3)：97-102.
[63]Wu, Chi-Hung Evelyn.Causal analysis of highway crashes:A systematic analysis approach with subjective and statistical methods[D].Ph.D.Dissertation of the Georgia Institute of Technology.US A.2002.
[64]Ramirez, Maria; Diaz, Vicente; Garcia-Pozuelo, Daniel. A test for lateral vehicle safety related to road design[J], Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers:Transport,2012, 165 (3):187-194.
[65]Panagiotis Ch. Anastasopoulos, Fred L. Mannering, Venky N. Shankar, John E. Haddock. A study of factors affecting highway accident rates using the random-parameters tobit model, Accident Analysis and Prevention[J],2011, (45):628-633.
[66]钟连德,孙小端.高速公路安全与交通流特征参数关系[J],北京工业大学学报,2013,39(2)：251-256.
[67]Hatamabadi Hamidreza, Vafaee Reza. Hadadi Mashyaneh, Abdalvand Ali, Esnaashari Hamidreza, Soori Hamid. Epidemiologic study of road traffic injuries by road user type characteristics and road environment in Iran:a community-based approach[J], Traffic injury prevention,2012,13(1):61-64.
[68]刘建蓓,郭忠印,胡江碧,张媛.公路路线设计安全性评价方法与标准[J],中国公路学报,2010/S,28-35.
[69]赵一飞.高速公路交通安全若干问题研究[D],西安：长安大学博士学位论文,2009.
[70]张航,丁文霞,龚万明.高等级公路线形连续性分析与评价[J],公路交通科技,2007(3)：122-125.
[71]FU R, GUO Y, YUAN W, etal. The Correlation between Gradients of Descending Roads and Accident Rates[J], Safety Science,2011,49 (3):416-423.
[72]Guangquan Lu, Bo Cheng, Seigo Kuzumaki, Bingsong Mei.Relationship Between Road Traffic Accidents and Conflicts Recorded by Drive Recorders[J], Traffic Injury Prevention,2011, 12(4):320-326.
[73]Shi Jianyun, XU Kaili. Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation of Urban Road Safety State[C],Proceedings of 2012 (Shenyang) International Colloquium on Safety Science and Technology,2012.
[74]中华人民共和国交通运输部JTG B01-2003公路工程技术标准[S],北京：人民交通出版社,2003.
[75]Zhanghang, Dengke. Setting truck escape Ramps on the long down-slope road in mountainous areas[C].2009 International Conference on Urban Transportation Systems, Shanghai, China,426-432.
[76]王华荣,孙小端,贺玉龙等.山区双车道公路尾随相撞事故与道路线形的关系[J],北京工业大学学报,2010,36(9)：1236-1241.
[77]中华人民共和国交通运输部JTG D20-2006公路路线设计规范[S],北京：人民交通出版社,2006.
[78]杨少伟.道路勘测设计(第三版)[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2009.
[79]G.Gibreed,.S.M.Easa. State of the highway geometric design consistency.Journal of transportation engineering 1999 (7):443-450.
[80]Francesco Saverio Capaldo. Road Sight Design and Driver Eye Height:Experimental Measures[J], Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,2012,9 (53),732-741.
[81]麻辉东,张海忠.高速公路平面设计中的横净距计算与运用[J],公路,2011(8)：129-133.
[82]张萍.公路三维视距计算方法综述[J],公路交通科技(应用技术版),2012(06)：202-204.
[83]Maria Castro, Luis Iglesias, Jose A. Sanchez, Luis Ambrosio.Sight distance analysis of highways using GIS tools[J], Transportation Research Part C,2011,19(6):997-1005.
[84]王佐,刘建蓓,郭腾峰.公路空间视距计算方法与检测技术[J],长安大学学报(自然科学版),2007,(06)：44-47.
[85]Zhanghang, Huangyun, Dengke.Safety Analysis on Road Sight Distance[C],2008 International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation, Changsha, China.461-465.
[86]张航.抛物线型竖曲线最小长度的确定[J],测绘工程,2001,10(3)：59-61.
[87]张宏彬,严静星.公路小半径曲线段事故机理及对策研究[J],现代交通技术,2010,07(5)：8-10.
[88]郑景凡,李清波.公路合成纵坡的原理及其应用[J],中外公路,2009,29(2)：22-25.
[89]长安大学.连续长大下坡路段安全保障技术研究[R],2007.
[90]王红艳.浅析动态透视图设计对公路设计的辅助作用[J],黑龙江交通科技,2012(9)：16-17.
[91]禹宁.透视图分析平纵线形的组合[J],北方交通,2008(8)：4-5.
[92]Miller,T.R.,Luchter,S.and Brinkman,C.P..Crash costs and safety investment[J].Crash Prevention and Analysis,1989,21(4):305-315.
[93]Peter C.Compes.Perspectives of accident research by safety science[J].Journal of Occupational Accidents,1982,4(2),105-119.
[94]龚万明,呙勇,张航.基于灰色理论的事故黑点改造效果分析[J],西部交通科技,2008(05)：68-71.
[95]Opara,Ethelbert O.A comprehensive method to improve highway traffic safety[D].Ph.D.Dissertation of Texas A&M University, USA,1998.
[96]De Leur.Paul.Improved approaches to manage road safety infrastructure[D].Ph.D.Dissertation of the University of British Columbia,Canada,2001.
[97]李强,王蓉蓉,路维,胡江碧.平原区双车道公路交通条件与交通安全的关系研究[J],公路,2012(5)：223-228.
[98]唐柳.基于主动安全理念的道路线形设计[J],湖南交通科技,2009,35(01)：153-156.
[99]Hang,Zhang,Teng,Sun.Influence of traffic safety on road alignment design[C].Multimodal Approach to Sustained Transportation System Development-Information, Technology, Implementation-Proceedings of the 1st Int. Conf.on Transportation Information and Safety, 1280-1285,2011.
[100]汤振兴,朱晓娟.高速公路路线设计与沿线景观协调性研究[J],安徽农业科学,2011,39(1)：369-372.
[101]符锌砂.公路航空摄影测量与遥感[M],北京：人民交通出版社,2003.
[102]胡明霞.山区公路交通安全审计研究[J],安徽建筑,2011,(1)：111-112+99.
[103]刘兆惠.高等级公路交通安全综合评价及多元事故预测模型研究[D].长春：吉林大学博士学位论文,2007.
[104]吴德华,方守恩.高速公路线形设计的质量量化评价模型[J]，同济大学学报(自然科学版),2005,33(11)：1469-1473.
[105]李曌,王金安.高速公路工程道路交通安全评价研究及工程应用[J],中国安全生产科学技术,2011,7(7)：120-124.
[106]傅工范,方守恩.公路网安全评价指标体系研究[J],中国安全生产科学技术,2006,2(2)：34-38.
[107]杨宏志,许金良,李建士.基于计算机仿真的公路线形设计评价[J],中国公路学报,2005,18(01)：14-18.
[108]王秋燕,符锌砂.路线设计一体化及三维渲染设计[J],科学技术与工程,2010,10(1)：320-323.
[109]许振辉,秦涛,刘士宽,费昀.三维道路建模及可视化方法研究[J],公路,2011(3)：161-164.
[110]Tsai, Victor J.D.Delaunay triangulations in TIN cretion:an overview and a linear-time algorithm[J], International Jounal of GIS,1993,7 (6):501-524.
[111]亢孟军.数字高程模型不规则四边形网建模方法研究[D],武汉：武汉大学博士学位论文,2011.
[112]交通部公路司编著.新理念公路设计指南[M],北京：人民交通出版社,2005.
[113]Min-Wook Kang, Manoj K. Jha, Paul Schonfeld.Applicability of highway alignment optimization models[J], Transportation Research Part C,2011,21(1):257-286.
[114]Xin Liu, Xin Xu, Bin Dai.Vision-based long-distance lane perception and front vehicle location for full autonomous vehicles on highway roads[J], Journal of Central South University, 2011,19(5):213-217.
[115]Ismail K,Sayed T.New algorithm for calculating 3D available sight distance[J], Journal Transportation Engineering,2007,133(10):572-581.
[116]廖朝华.高速公路改扩建工程关键技术研究[D],武汉：武汉理工大学博士学位论文,2009.
[117]陈德华.旧路改造中平面线形拟合的理论探讨[J],公路,2012(2)：93-94.
[118]莫延英.用导线控制点恢复公路中线[J],青海交通科技,2011(2)：50-52.
[119]李世纬,廖朝华,刘利民.高速公路改扩建工程路线设计探讨,中外公路,2010,30(3)：1-3.
[120]张航,黄云,龚良甫.基于三次样条函数拟合公路平面线形方法研究[J],武汉理工大学学报(交通科学与工程版),2007,31(5)：925-927.
[121]李庆扬,王能超,易大义.数值分析[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2008.
[122]徐金明MATLAB实用教程[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2008.
[123]Hang, Zhang; Yun, Huang; Liu, Fucheng; Chen, Xiaofang. Analysis of the error on fitting highway alignment based on the cubic spline function[C],2009 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Computing Technology and Automation, Changsha, China,487-490.
[124]武汉市公路勘察设计院.岱黄高速改扩建工程可行性研究报告[R],2008.
[125]王长松,王红,丁佳军.基于Hough变换的道路线形检测方法[J],现代交通技术,2012,9(6)：11-14.
[126]王秋平,王磊娟,张琦,刘婷婷,白洋.工矿企业厂外道路纵断面优化设计研究[J],西安建筑科技大学学报(自然科学版),2012,44(1)：14-19.
[127]刘少文,李硕,刘海,王忠仁,姜艺.山西省山区高速公路平曲线设计安全评价—兼论中国平曲线设计及其标准[J],中外公路,2012,32(6)：2-6.
[128]周应新,杨泽龙,刘向南,王玉昌,岳锐强,方绍林.连续下坡公路安全保障系统设计概述[J],公路,2010(5)：212-215.
[129]王书伏,张江洪,王佐.东西高速公路避险车道设计[J],中外公路,2009,29(03)：362-366.
[130]Miaou, s. and Lum, H..Modeling vehicle accident and highway geometric design relationships[J]. Accidents Analysis and Prevention,1993,25(6):689-709.
[131]王杰林.公路设计中超高缓和段的处理[J],山东交通科技,2005(3)：51-53.
[132]彭向荣.公路S型曲线超高设计方法探讨[J],广东公路交通,2007(2)：43-44.
[133]雷莉,何本万.浅析高危路段道路交通安全保障措施[J],交通科技,2008(5)：33-35.
[134]M.E.Ossiander,P.Cummings.Freeway Speed Limits and Traffic Fatalities in Washington.Accident Analysis and Prevention.2002,34:13-18.
[135]Roads and traffic authority. Speed Problem Definition and countermeasure Summary, Speed.Australia,2000,102-109.
[136]高海龙,刘兴旺.公路限速值设计方法研究[J],公路交通科技,2009,26(8)：145-148.
[137]徐婷,孙小端,谢昌荣,王伟力.一级公路限速值合理性研究[J],北京工业大学学报,2010,36,(12)：1677-1681.
[138]侯训田,丛林,郭忠印等.公路急弯路段安全保障措施研究[J],北方交通,2007(2)：15-18.
[139]许金良,王海君,杨少伟.基于遗传算法的公路纵断面优化[J],交通运输工程学报,2003(2)：48-52.
[140]潘兵宏.山区高速公路平均纵坡研究[D],西安：长安大学博士学位论文,2008.
[141]张逢桂.山区高速公路长坡路段路线设计之探索[J],公路,2012(1)：39-45.
[142]蒙华,范德敏,唐伯明.路肩震动带在美国的设计与使用[J],重庆交通大学学报(自然科学版),2006,25(6)：70-74.
[143]Kayode Samuel Adekeye, Omololu Stephen Aluko. Design of Cusum Scheme for Monitoring Road Accident Fatal ities[J], Open Journal of Statistics,2012,02(02):213-218.
[144]Zhang hang, Tian dongjun.Research on the experiments of the reasonable longitudinal gradient at alignments of mountain highways based on the driver's physiological reactions[J], Scientific Research Monthly,2007,6(12):36-38.
[145]廖军洪,邵春福,邬洪波,孙轶轩,王书灵.连续长大下坡心率与线形指标关系模型[J],交通运输系统工程与信息,2012,12(4),184-189.
[2]EDUARDO A VASCONCELLOS. Reassessing traffic accidents in developing countries [J], Transport Policy,1996,4(2):263-269.
[3]张宇.浅谈公路危险路段的界定标准[J],道路交通管理,2004(12)：13-15.
[4]Berhanu,G..Effects of road and traffic factors on road safety in Ethiopia[D].PH.D Dissertation of Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.2000.
[5]朱照宏,景天然,w·杜尔特按公路线形确定行车速度和燃油消耗[J],同济大学学报(自然科学版),1989,17(4)：427-434.
[6]汪双杰,周荣贵,孙小端等.公路运行速度设计理论与方法[M],北京：人民交通出版社,2010.
[7]冯桂炎.公路设计交通安全审查手册[M],北京：人民交通出版社,2000.
[8]郭忠印,方守恩.道路安全工程[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2003.
[9]刘运通.道路交通安全指南[M],北京：人民交通出版社,2004.
[10]中国工程建设标准化协会公路工程委员会.公路项目安全性评价指南(JTG/TB06-2004)[S],北京：人民交通出版社,2004.
[11]许润龙,吴克海,雷茂锦等.《道路安全审计理论及应用》[M],北京：人民交通出版社,2007.
[12]程文,郭忠印,孔令旗.路线线形与道路安全关系的研究[J],合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版),2002,25(5)：704-706.
[13]裴玉龙,马骥.道路交通事故道路条件成因分析及预防对策研究[J],中国公路学报,2003,16(4)：77-82.
[14]梁夏,郭忠印,方守恩.道路线形与道路安全性关系的统计分析[J],同济大学学报,2002,30(2),203-206.
[15]徐进.道路几何设计对车辆行驶特性的影响机理研究[D],成都：西南交通大学博士学位论文,2009.
[16]许金良,石飞荣,杨宏志,李建士.基于计算机仿真的公路安全设计方法[J],中国公路学报,2004,17(02)：1-5.
[17]廖朝华.基于运营安全的山区高速公路路线设计新理念[J],公路,2004,(4)：52-55.
[18]王恒.路线设计的安全性检查探究[J],公路,2010,(9)：18-21.
[19]富志鹏,吴智勇,荆琳.高速公路中央分隔带波形梁护栏高度的研究[J],公路交通科技,2010,27(9)：143-148.
[20]郭腾峰,刘建蓓,汪双杰.基于运行速度特征的公路平曲线设计半径推荐取值研究[J],中国公路学报,2010/S,8-12.
[21]钱勇生,赵书学,广晓平.公路设计应考虑的交通安全因素研究[J],兰州交通大学学报(自然科学版),2005,24(1)：130-134.
[22]黄建镇,丁艺.线形诱导标志在带有缓和曲线的平曲线上的设置[J],森林工程,2004,(3)：51-52+55-58.
[23]向红艳,朱顺应.山区高速公路曲线超高与汽车行驶安全[J],公路,2007(4)：34-37.
[24]胡圣能,许金良,杨宏志.曲率变化率在公路线形质量设计的应用研究[J],郑州大学学报(工学版),2010,31(3)：101-105.
[25]王福建,曾学贵.公路行车视距检验的三维表面模型方法[J],公路交通科技,1999(01)：19-22.
[26]沈文.公路事故多发路段研究[D],西安：长安大学博士学位论文,2002.
[27]陈永胜.高速公路安全设计基础理论及关键技术研究[D],北京：北京工业大学博士学位论文,2001.
[28]易思蓉.虚拟环境铁路选线设计系统的理论与方法研究[D],成都：西南交通大学博士学位论文,2005.
[29]熊坚,杨延,万华森,房锐,秦雅琴,郭凤香,张发春,李志厚,贾现广,陈亮,张文勰.基于驾驶模拟器的道路交通信息系统及安全评价研究[Z].项目立项编号：gkls027940.鉴定日期：2009-04-02.
[30]熊坚,万华森,吴华金,房锐,秦雅琴,郭凤香,易涛,李国华,丁立,李铁宏,廖英,高晶.云南高等级公路三维虚拟实景数学模型的研究及应用[z],项目立项编号：gkls009363.鉴定日期：2007-04-26.
[31]汪双杰,郭腾峰,刘建蓓,罗满良.中国公路运行速度体系与工程应用技术研究[J],中国公路学报,2010/S,1-7+23.
[32]郑永钦.欧洲的SAFESTAR研究计划[J],北美交通信息,1999,19(6)：12-14.
[33]余顺新编译.欧洲规范与英国公路设计[J],中外公路,2010,30(06)：1-5.
[34]刘东旭.澳大利亚的交通安全设计介绍[J],中外公路,2001,21(04)：49-50.
[35) Austroad Publication Online. Guide to Road Design[R]. Sydney:Austroad Publication Online,2008.
[36]刘子剑.美国高速公路几何设计(上)[J],国外公路,2001,21(02)：1-7.
[37]刘子剑.美国高速公路几何设计(下)[J],国外公路,2001,21(03)：1-4.
[38]张涛,江文智.浅谈美国公路设计[J],黑龙江交通科技,2008(6)：19-21.
[39]邓泽英编译.美国公路交通安全的新趋势[J],国外公路,2000,20(01)：9-13.
[40]Hadi, M.A.,Aruldhas, J.,Chow, L.F., and Wattleworth, J.A..Estimating safety effects of cross-section design for various highway types using negative binomial regression.Transportation Research Record 1500,TRB,National Research Council,Washington,D.C.,1995,169-177.
[41]Eric T. Donnell, Ph.D., PE.Speed Concepts:Informational Guide[R], Federal Highway Administration U.S. Department of Transportation. Washington, DC,2009.
[42]刘春,姜德义编译.德国加强公路道路交通安全的主要方向[J],中外公路,2004,24(05)：124-126.
[43]孙瑜,程建川编译.德国公路设计标准中的新理念[J],中外公路,2007,27(1)：1-4.
[44]丁小军.欧洲(法国)公路设计标准、规范体系的特点及构成[J],公路,2008(9)1-4.
[45]曲怀海.日本高速公路线形设计要领的修改建议[J],中外公路,2002,22(2)：21-23.
[46]刘玉增.交通事故黑点的智能排查及整治对策的研究[D],成都：西南交通大学博士学位论文,2005.
[47]National Center for Statistics & Analysis.Traffic Safety Facts 2000.Report DOT-HS-809-333.NHTSA, U.S.Department of Transportation,2002:15-20.
[48]Elke H, Filip Van den B, GeertW. Combining road safety information in a performance index[J], Accident Analysis and Prevention,2008(40):1337-1344.
[49]刘谷,廖志高,马青娜.基于单元法的事故多发路段的鉴别分析[J],交通科技,2010(03)：113-115.
[50]刘伟.交通事故多发路段危险因素的模糊诊断法[J],重庆交通大学学报(自然科学版),2009,28(4)：733-735.
[51]任福田,刘小明.鉴别危险路段方法的研究进展[J],中国交通工程,1998,(4)：13-15.
[52]阎莹,刘浩学,游小青,张巍.道路交通事故多发位置鉴别新方法的探讨[J],交通运输系统工程与信息,2005,05(03)：82-86.
[53]林丽,张永强,高敏杰.道路交通事故黑点成因鉴别与改善对策[J],南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2010,34(6)：157-160.
[54]Benoit D, Geert W, Koen V. Traffic accident segmentation by means of latent class clustering[J], Accident Analysis and Prevention,2008(40):1257-1266.
[55]许润龙,吴克海,雷茂锦等.《道路安全审计理论及应用》[M],北京：人民交通出版社,2007.
[56]《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》.第十届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第五次会议通过(2003年10月28日),2004年5月1日实施.
[57]郭也平.浏醴高速公路路线设计安全性评价研究[J],公路,2012,(11)：151-156.
[58]张飞军.基于熵的公路路线设计安全评价研究[D],长春：吉林大学博士学位论文,2007.
[59]孟祥海,关志强,郑来.基于几何线形指标的山区高速公路安全性评价[J],中国公路学报,2011,24(2)：103-108.
[60]王忠仁.路侧安全设施设计[J],上海公路,2006,(4)：8-13.
[61]王忠仁.路侧安全设施设计[J],上海公路,2007,(1)：11-14.
[62]李文权.高速公路路侧标志遮挡问题[J],交通运输工程学报,2006,6(3)：97-102.
[63]Wu, Chi-Hung Evelyn.Causal analysis of highway crashes:A systematic analysis approach with subjective and statistical methods[D].Ph.D.Dissertation of the Georgia Institute of Technology.US A.2002.
[64]Ramirez, Maria; Diaz, Vicente; Garcia-Pozuelo, Daniel. A test for lateral vehicle safety related to road design[J], Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers:Transport,2012, 165 (3):187-194.
[65]Panagiotis Ch. Anastasopoulos, Fred L. Mannering, Venky N. Shankar, John E. Haddock. A study of factors affecting highway accident rates using the random-parameters tobit model, Accident Analysis and Prevention[J],2011, (45):628-633.
[66]钟连德,孙小端.高速公路安全与交通流特征参数关系[J],北京工业大学学报,2013,39(2)：251-256.
[67]Hatamabadi Hamidreza, Vafaee Reza. Hadadi Mashyaneh, Abdalvand Ali, Esnaashari Hamidreza, Soori Hamid. Epidemiologic study of road traffic injuries by road user type characteristics and road environment in Iran:a community-based approach[J], Traffic injury prevention,2012,13(1):61-64.
[68]刘建蓓,郭忠印,胡江碧,张媛.公路路线设计安全性评价方法与标准[J],中国公路学报,2010/S,28-35.
[69]赵一飞.高速公路交通安全若干问题研究[D],西安：长安大学博士学位论文,2009.
[70]张航,丁文霞,龚万明.高等级公路线形连续性分析与评价[J],公路交通科技,2007(3)：122-125.
[71]FU R, GUO Y, YUAN W, etal. The Correlation between Gradients of Descending Roads and Accident Rates[J], Safety Science,2011,49 (3):416-423.
[72]Guangquan Lu, Bo Cheng, Seigo Kuzumaki, Bingsong Mei.Relationship Between Road Traffic Accidents and Conflicts Recorded by Drive Recorders[J], Traffic Injury Prevention,2011, 12(4):320-326.
[73]Shi Jianyun, XU Kaili. Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation of Urban Road Safety State[C],Proceedings of 2012 (Shenyang) International Colloquium on Safety Science and Technology,2012.
[74]中华人民共和国交通运输部JTG B01-2003公路工程技术标准[S],北京：人民交通出版社,2003.
[75]Zhanghang, Dengke. Setting truck escape Ramps on the long down-slope road in mountainous areas[C].2009 International Conference on Urban Transportation Systems, Shanghai, China,426-432.
[76]王华荣,孙小端,贺玉龙等.山区双车道公路尾随相撞事故与道路线形的关系[J],北京工业大学学报,2010,36(9)：1236-1241.
[77]中华人民共和国交通运输部JTG D20-2006公路路线设计规范[S],北京：人民交通出版社,2006.
[78]杨少伟.道路勘测设计(第三版)[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2009.
[79]G.Gibreed,.S.M.Easa. State of the highway geometric design consistency.Journal of transportation engineering 1999 (7):443-450.
[80]Francesco Saverio Capaldo. Road Sight Design and Driver Eye Height:Experimental Measures[J], Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,2012,9 (53),732-741.
[81]麻辉东,张海忠.高速公路平面设计中的横净距计算与运用[J],公路,2011(8)：129-133.
[82]张萍.公路三维视距计算方法综述[J],公路交通科技(应用技术版),2012(06)：202-204.
[83]Maria Castro, Luis Iglesias, Jose A. Sanchez, Luis Ambrosio.Sight distance analysis of highways using GIS tools[J], Transportation Research Part C,2011,19(6):997-1005.
[84]王佐,刘建蓓,郭腾峰.公路空间视距计算方法与检测技术[J],长安大学学报(自然科学版),2007,(06)：44-47.
[85]Zhanghang, Huangyun, Dengke.Safety Analysis on Road Sight Distance[C],2008 International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation, Changsha, China.461-465.
[86]张航.抛物线型竖曲线最小长度的确定[J],测绘工程,2001,10(3)：59-61.
[87]张宏彬,严静星.公路小半径曲线段事故机理及对策研究[J],现代交通技术,2010,07(5)：8-10.
[88]郑景凡,李清波.公路合成纵坡的原理及其应用[J],中外公路,2009,29(2)：22-25.
[89]长安大学.连续长大下坡路段安全保障技术研究[R],2007.
[90]王红艳.浅析动态透视图设计对公路设计的辅助作用[J],黑龙江交通科技,2012(9)：16-17.
[91]禹宁.透视图分析平纵线形的组合[J],北方交通,2008(8)：4-5.
[92]Miller,T.R.,Luchter,S.and Brinkman,C.P..Crash costs and safety investment[J].Crash Prevention and Analysis,1989,21(4):305-315.
[93]Peter C.Compes.Perspectives of accident research by safety science[J].Journal of Occupational Accidents,1982,4(2),105-119.
[94]龚万明,呙勇,张航.基于灰色理论的事故黑点改造效果分析[J],西部交通科技,2008(05)：68-71.
[95]Opara,Ethelbert O.A comprehensive method to improve highway traffic safety[D].Ph.D.Dissertation of Texas A&M University, USA,1998.
[96]De Leur.Paul.Improved approaches to manage road safety infrastructure[D].Ph.D.Dissertation of the University of British Columbia,Canada,2001.
[97]李强,王蓉蓉,路维,胡江碧.平原区双车道公路交通条件与交通安全的关系研究[J],公路,2012(5)：223-228.
[98]唐柳.基于主动安全理念的道路线形设计[J],湖南交通科技,2009,35(01)：153-156.
[99]Hang,Zhang,Teng,Sun.Influence of traffic safety on road alignment design[C].Multimodal Approach to Sustained Transportation System Development-Information, Technology, Implementation-Proceedings of the 1st Int. Conf.on Transportation Information and Safety, 1280-1285,2011.
[100]汤振兴,朱晓娟.高速公路路线设计与沿线景观协调性研究[J],安徽农业科学,2011,39(1)：369-372.
[101]符锌砂.公路航空摄影测量与遥感[M],北京：人民交通出版社,2003.
[102]胡明霞.山区公路交通安全审计研究[J],安徽建筑,2011,(1)：111-112+99.
[103]刘兆惠.高等级公路交通安全综合评价及多元事故预测模型研究[D].长春：吉林大学博士学位论文,2007.
[104]吴德华,方守恩.高速公路线形设计的质量量化评价模型[J]，同济大学学报(自然科学版),2005,33(11)：1469-1473.
[105]李曌,王金安.高速公路工程道路交通安全评价研究及工程应用[J],中国安全生产科学技术,2011,7(7)：120-124.
[106]傅工范,方守恩.公路网安全评价指标体系研究[J],中国安全生产科学技术,2006,2(2)：34-38.
[107]杨宏志,许金良,李建士.基于计算机仿真的公路线形设计评价[J],中国公路学报,2005,18(01)：14-18.
[108]王秋燕,符锌砂.路线设计一体化及三维渲染设计[J],科学技术与工程,2010,10(1)：320-323.
[109]许振辉,秦涛,刘士宽,费昀.三维道路建模及可视化方法研究[J],公路,2011(3)：161-164.
[110]Tsai, Victor J.D.Delaunay triangulations in TIN cretion:an overview and a linear-time algorithm[J], International Jounal of GIS,1993,7 (6):501-524.
[111]亢孟军.数字高程模型不规则四边形网建模方法研究[D],武汉：武汉大学博士学位论文,2011.
[112]交通部公路司编著.新理念公路设计指南[M],北京：人民交通出版社,2005.
[113]Min-Wook Kang, Manoj K. Jha, Paul Schonfeld.Applicability of highway alignment optimization models[J], Transportation Research Part C,2011,21(1):257-286.
[114]Xin Liu, Xin Xu, Bin Dai.Vision-based long-distance lane perception and front vehicle location for full autonomous vehicles on highway roads[J], Journal of Central South University, 2011,19(5):213-217.
[115]Ismail K,Sayed T.New algorithm for calculating 3D available sight distance[J], Journal Transportation Engineering,2007,133(10):572-581.
[116]廖朝华.高速公路改扩建工程关键技术研究[D],武汉：武汉理工大学博士学位论文,2009.
[117]陈德华.旧路改造中平面线形拟合的理论探讨[J],公路,2012(2)：93-94.
[118]莫延英.用导线控制点恢复公路中线[J],青海交通科技,2011(2)：50-52.
[119]李世纬,廖朝华,刘利民.高速公路改扩建工程路线设计探讨,中外公路,2010,30(3)：1-3.
[120]张航,黄云,龚良甫.基于三次样条函数拟合公路平面线形方法研究[J],武汉理工大学学报(交通科学与工程版),2007,31(5)：925-927.
[121]李庆扬,王能超,易大义.数值分析[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2008.
[122]徐金明MATLAB实用教程[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2008.
[123]Hang, Zhang; Yun, Huang; Liu, Fucheng; Chen, Xiaofang. Analysis of the error on fitting highway alignment based on the cubic spline function[C],2009 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Computing Technology and Automation, Changsha, China,487-490.
[124]武汉市公路勘察设计院.岱黄高速改扩建工程可行性研究报告[R],2008.
[125]王长松,王红,丁佳军.基于Hough变换的道路线形检测方法[J],现代交通技术,2012,9(6)：11-14.
[126]王秋平,王磊娟,张琦,刘婷婷,白洋.工矿企业厂外道路纵断面优化设计研究[J],西安建筑科技大学学报(自然科学版),2012,44(1)：14-19.
[127]刘少文,李硕,刘海,王忠仁,姜艺.山西省山区高速公路平曲线设计安全评价—兼论中国平曲线设计及其标准[J],中外公路,2012,32(6)：2-6.
[128]周应新,杨泽龙,刘向南,王玉昌,岳锐强,方绍林.连续下坡公路安全保障系统设计概述[J],公路,2010(5)：212-215.
[129]王书伏,张江洪,王佐.东西高速公路避险车道设计[J],中外公路,2009,29(03)：362-366.
[130]Miaou, s. and Lum, H..Modeling vehicle accident and highway geometric design relationships[J]. Accidents Analysis and Prevention,1993,25(6):689-709.
[131]王杰林.公路设计中超高缓和段的处理[J],山东交通科技,2005(3)：51-53.
[132]彭向荣.公路S型曲线超高设计方法探讨[J],广东公路交通,2007(2)：43-44.
[133]雷莉,何本万.浅析高危路段道路交通安全保障措施[J],交通科技,2008(5)：33-35.
[134]M.E.Ossiander,P.Cummings.Freeway Speed Limits and Traffic Fatalities in Washington.Accident Analysis and Prevention.2002,34:13-18.
[135]Roads and traffic authority. Speed Problem Definition and countermeasure Summary, Speed.Australia,2000,102-109.
[136]高海龙,刘兴旺.公路限速值设计方法研究[J],公路交通科技,2009,26(8)：145-148.
[137]徐婷,孙小端,谢昌荣,王伟力.一级公路限速值合理性研究[J],北京工业大学学报,2010,36,(12)：1677-1681.
[138]侯训田,丛林,郭忠印等.公路急弯路段安全保障措施研究[J],北方交通,2007(2)：15-18.
[139]许金良,王海君,杨少伟.基于遗传算法的公路纵断面优化[J],交通运输工程学报,2003(2)：48-52.
[140]潘兵宏.山区高速公路平均纵坡研究[D],西安：长安大学博士学位论文,2008.
[141]张逢桂.山区高速公路长坡路段路线设计之探索[J],公路,2012(1)：39-45.
[142]蒙华,范德敏,唐伯明.路肩震动带在美国的设计与使用[J],重庆交通大学学报(自然科学版),2006,25(6)：70-74.
[143]Kayode Samuel Adekeye, Omololu Stephen Aluko. Design of Cusum Scheme for Monitoring Road Accident Fatal ities[J], Open Journal of Statistics,2012,02(02):213-218.
[144]Zhang hang, Tian dongjun.Research on the experiments of the reasonable longitudinal gradient at alignments of mountain highways based on the driver's physiological reactions[J], Scientific Research Monthly,2007,6(12):36-38.
[145]廖军洪,邵春福,邬洪波,孙轶轩,王书灵.连续长大下坡心率与线形指标关系模型[J],交通运输系统工程与信息,2012,12(4),184-189.