掷铁饼动作中人体运动协调特征研究
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摘要
1.研究意义与目的
理论意义：对人体运动协调机理的探索是技能学习与控制领域中的一个重要研究方向。解释人体运动协调机理的一个核心问题称之为“自由度问题”。分层控制理论在解释该运动协调问题上具有较强的影响力。基于日常生活中简单动作研究成果而构建运动协调分层控制理论的一些观点还需验证，理论系统还需完善。本研究对具有高爆发力、高技巧性表现的高水平运动员掷铁饼动作中人体运动协调规律的探索，旨在在这种复杂的竞技性动作以及优秀运动员这一群体中对一些分层控制理论观点的验证。
实际意义：对优秀运动员专项技术特征的研究有助于科学评价动作合理性，完善和提高动作质量，优化个体技术，监测训练过程，提高训练水平，在各种竞技体育项目高水平运动员的训练过程中发挥着重要的科技保障作用。对专项技术中优秀运动员运动协调的评价是目前的一个难点问题。本研究将为竞技体育动作中人体运动协调特征的探索及其诊断与评价方法的建立提供借鉴，其所揭示的掷铁饼动作中人体运动协调特征能够为该动作中运动协调诊断与评价提供理论与方法的依据。该项目是我国在各种世界重大比赛中科技攻关重点项目之一。
研究目的：⑴揭示掷铁饼动作中运动系统各元素活动间关联性。⑵揭示在掷铁饼动作中肢体与肌肉层面运动协调元及其活动与运动任务间的关联，体现其基础功能性。⑶揭示高阶段中不同掷铁饼动作水平间肢体与肌肉层面运动协调元及其活动的差异，体现其基础功能性的优化表现。⑷揭示掷铁饼动作中针对重要任务变量时运动协调元活动的灵活性以及其优化表现。⑸在这种竞技性复杂动作以及优秀运动员这一群体中对一些分层控制理论观点的验证。
2.研究方法
文献资料法：在“中国期刊网”、“万方数据库”、“维普中文科技期刊数据库”、“Elsevier Science全文电子期刊数据库”、“springer全文电子期刊”、“EBSCOhost全文数据库”以及“SPORTDiscus数据库”等中外文学术期刊数据库中以运动协调分层控制相关的词汇进行了检索。对所获的相关文献资料进行研读，掌握与本课题研究相关的理论基础，当前研究的不足以及未来研究的趋势。
专家访谈法：在国内外相关文献研读的基础上，对一些不理解的理论观点以及研究的设想与有关专家进行探讨，从而更深入地把握本课题的研究现状与趋势，以及研究设计的合理性、创新性以及可靠性。
数据的测量方法：本研究中采用了一些测量方法对优秀运动员掷铁饼动作中肢体运动与肌肉活动等进行测量。⑴使用两台高速摄像机，采用三维定点定焦摄像法，对比赛与测试中优秀运动员掷铁饼动作进行拍摄，然后采用ariel运动解析系统获取肢体环节的运动学参数；⑵使用芬兰的MegaWin6000-16表面肌电遥测系统对测试的优秀运动员掷铁饼动作中12块肌肉的肌电进行遥测，获得这些肌肉的肌电值；⑶使用两块瑞士Kistler三维测力台对测试的优秀运动员掷铁饼动作中人体受到的三维地面反作用力进行测量。
运动协调分层控制核心概念量化方法：本研究中采用了一些矩阵分解方法对人体运动协调分层控制中的核心概念进行量化。⑴使用函数型主成分分析方法对肢体层面运动协调元及其活动系数进行量化；⑵采用非负矩阵分解方法对肌肉层面运动协调元及其活动系数进行量化；⑶采用多元线性回归与Uncontrolledmanifold analysis相结合方法对运动协调元活动间的补偿功能指数进行量化。
数理统计法：在本研究中采用了描述性统计分析、相关分析、独立样本“t”检验等统计分析方法进行数据处理与分析。
3研究结论
基于运动分层控制理论框架，对掷铁饼动作中肢体、肌肉运动协调元的基础功能性及其优化表现，以及针对重要运动任务时运动协调元活动的灵活性及其优化表现进行探讨，研究认为：
⑴掷铁饼中肢体环节的运动主要受到四种运动协调元活动的控制。第一运动协调元的活动主要是控制掷铁饼动作中两侧下肢的运动协调；第二运动协调元的活动主要是控制掷铁饼动作中上肢与左下肢间以及左右侧上肢间运动协调；第三运动协调元的活动主要是控制掷铁饼动作中两侧上肢间以及人体右侧肢体环节间运动协调；第四运动协调元的活动主要是控制右大腿与右上肢间运动协调。这些运动协调元的活动能够使绕垂直轴角动量的获得、合理肩髋角与拉引角等姿态的形成、上下肢间以及左右侧上肢间动量的传递等任务的实现。随着技术水平的提高，肢体层面运动协调元活动的基础功能性会产生适应性变化，有利于更高要求的运动任务实现。
⑵在掷铁饼动作中，主要存在四种肌肉运动协调元的活动，支配运动系统完成该动作。第一种运动协调元主要活动区域在第二双支撑阶段，侧重于组织右腓肠肌外侧、右股二头肌、右股直肌、左股直肌、左腹外斜肌、右肱二头肌以及右腕屈肌的同步收缩；第二种运动协调元主要活动区域在两个单支撑阶段以及第二双支撑阶段，侧重于组织右腓肠肌外侧、右股二头肌、右股直肌、左股二头肌、右竖直肌、右腕屈肌的同步收缩；第三种运动协调元主要活动区域在两个双支撑阶段，侧重于组织右股二头肌、右臀大肌、左股直肌以及右竖直肌的同步收缩；第四种运动协调元主要活动区域在第一单支撑阶段后期与腾空阶段，侧重于组织左腓肠肌外侧、左股二头肌、左股直肌、左臀大肌、右竖直肌、左腹外斜肌的同步收缩。这些运动协调元在掷铁饼动作各阶段的活动与这些阶段中的运动任务密切关联。随着运动成绩的提高，第二、第三、第四种运动协调元活动的基础功能性会产生适应性变化，有利于更高要求的运动任务实现。
⑶在掷铁饼动作中针对铁饼速度、人体重心位移、左脚尖位移、拉引角、肩髋角运动任务中运动协调元活动的功能变异性占主导地位，体现了中枢神经系统为了确保这些运动任务的实现对其实施的控制。在该动作中，精英运动员在腾空阶段中针对左脚尖位移与肩髋角运动协调元活动的功能变异性的主导地位较高，在第二单支撑阶段与第二双支撑阶段中针对铁饼速度与拉引角运动协调元活动的功能变异性的主导地位较高，在全动作过程中针对重心位移运动协调元活动的功能变异性的主导地位较高。在腾空阶段中其较高的控制程度主要源自较高的运动协调元活动的功能变异性；然而，在第二单支撑与双支撑中其较高的控制程度主要源自较低的运动协调元活动的非功能变异性。
掷铁饼动作的结构比较复杂，技巧性较高，而且要求人体尽量发挥自身的爆发力来完成（竞技目的性）。在这种特殊动作以及优秀运动员这一群体中该理论的应用对其自身具有一定的验证作用。本研究认为：
⑴在掷铁饼动作中，大量运动器官的活动完全可以由少量的运动协调元的灵活组合来实现，这一点支持由运动协调元实施低层次控制的观点。
⑵在掷铁饼动作中，各肢体或肌肉运动协调元的活动具有较为明显的基础功能性，能够使一些运动子任务顺利实现，这一点支持运动协调元活动的运动任务导向性观点。
⑶在掷铁饼动作中随着运动成绩或运动水平的提高时也存在运动协调元活动的相位移动，这一点支持中枢神经系统通过运动协调元活动相位移动这一简单的方式来应对人体内外约束条件的变化，体现了其简化控制的原则。然而，在这些复杂的、以竞技为目的的动作中，单纯的采用这种简化的控制方式不易于运动任务的实现，中枢神经系统还会适时的增强运动协调元活动的幅度以及通过多种运动协调共同活动增强单个运动器官的活动强度等。
⑷在掷铁饼动作中，针对一些重要运动任务变量时运动协调元活动的功能变异性均占主导性地位，这点支持中枢神经系统通过利用运动协调元活动的灵活性来控制重要运动任务变量，使其顺利实现。
⑸在掷铁饼动作中，在高阶段中运动水平提高时运动协调元活动功能变异性的主导地位会提高，在腾空阶段中其源自功能变异性的增加，在第二单支撑与双支撑阶段中源自非功能变异性的降低。这些并不与运动协调元灵活性发展理论中观点相一致。
1. Research significance and research aims
Theoretical significance: Exploration of human movement coordinationmechanism is one of the most important research parts in the area of skilllearning and control. Work out the core problem of human movementcoordination which is called “freedom of degree”. Hierarchical control theoryhas strong influence on explaining coordination problems. Some of the ideasof movement coordination of hierarchical control theory, which is based onresearch results of simple actions in daily life still need to be verified, theorysystem also should be developed. In order to verify and develop some ideas ofhierarchical control theory in the complex competitive actions as well as eliteathletes. This article explored the law of human movement coordination aboutdiscus action of high level athletes, who have high power and high technicalperformance.
Practical significance: Research on special technical feature of eliteathletes have contributed to scientific evaluation of the rationality, perfect andimprove the quality of action, optimization individual technology, monitoring thetraining process, improve the level of training. It also works as scientificsafeguard. One difficult problem is the evaluation of movement coordination.Our research provides reference for diagnosis and the establishment of theevaluation method of human body movement coordination. It reveals thecharacteristics of discus action movement coordination can give theory andmethods to the diagnosis and evaluation of elite discus athletes’ motioncoordination. Discus throwing event has being listed as one of the majornational key scientific and technological projects.
Research aims:(1) Reveal the correlation between each element in thediscus throwing movement system.(2) Reveal the correlation between bodyand muscle synergy, and activities and movement tasks, show its basicfunctionality.(3) Reveal its difference in body and muscle synergy, and in activity, and reflect its basic functional optimization performance, in differentdiscus action in the stage of high level.(4) Reveal flexibility of synergy and itsoptimal performance according to variable of important task.(5) Validate anddevelop the viewpoint of hierarchical control in the competitive and complexmovement and in the group of elite athletes.
2．Research methods
Literature: Using relevant words include movement coordination toretrieve various database, include “Chinese Journal Net”,“Wan Fang Data”,“VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals”,“Elsevier Science Full-textDigital Periodicals Data”,“Springer Full-text Digital Periodicals Data”,“EBSCOhost Full-text Database” and “SPORTDiscus Data”. By studying therelevant literature, the author mastered the basic theory related to this topicresearch, the shortcomings of current research and future research trend.
Expert interview: On the basis of reviewing relative literature, the authorinterviewed relevant experts on theoretical perspectives which don’tunderstand and research expectations, so as to grasp the present researchingstatus and trends, and the rationality, innovation and reliability of the researchdesign.
Data measuring method: Some measurement method is adopted in thissubject to measure elite athletes’ body movement and muscle activity in thediscus action.(1)Application of three-dimensional fixed point videotapemethod, the research Use two high-speed cameras to film excellent discusthrowing athletes in competition and test, then using Ariel motion analysissystem to get body kinematics parameters.(2) Using the FinnishMegaWin6000-16methods of electromagnetic telemetry system to telemeterelectromyography of excellent discus-throwing athletes’12muscles, andobtain the muscle electromyography values.(3) Using two pieces of SwissKistler three-dimensional strain to measure3d ground reaction force thatexcellent discus-throwing athletes get, when they are throwing discuses.
Quantization method for core concept of movement coordination of hierarchical control: Some matrix decomposition method is adopted in thisresearch to quantify the key concepts in human movement coordination ofhierarchical control.(1) Functional principal component analysis method isused to quantify motor coordination of body synergies and its activitycoefficient.(2) Nonnegative matrix decomposition method is used to quantifymotor coordination of muscle synergies and its activity coefficient.(3) Usingthe combination of multiple linear regression and the uncontrolled manifoldanalysis method to quantify the index of compensation function duringmovement synergies campaign.
Mathematical statistics: In this research, data are processed bydescriptive statistics analysis, correlation analysis, independent sample testson the "t" statistical analysis methods, etc.
3．Research conclusions
Framework based on hierarchical control theory, the research discusedthe fundamental functionality and optimization of movement coordination ofbody and muscle synergies in the discus throwing action, and its flexibility andoptimization according to important movement tasks. The study finds that:
(1) There are four limbs movement coordination synergies in the discusaction to control the movement of the body. The first movement coordinationsynergy mainly controls the motion of the hip axis. The second movementcoordination synergy mainly controls the relative motion of the shoulder andhip axis. The third movement coordination synergy mainly controls the motionof the shoulder axis. The fourth movement coordination synergy mainlycontrols the relative motion of gravity center of human body and the discus.The movement of these body motor coordination synergies would be able toachieve the rotation of the body parts, reasonable shoulder hip angle andangle of pull, and form the energy transmission between the upper and lowerextremities as well as between the left and right side upper limb, etc..
(2) The main activity area of the first movement coordination synergy is inthe second double support phase, the late towards, it focuses on organizing right lateral gastrocnemius, right biceps femoris muscle, left rectus femoris, leftexternal oblique muscle, right bicipital muscle of arm and right wrist flexormuscle in synchrony. The main activity area of the second movementcoordination synergy is in the two single support phases and the seconddouble support phase; it focuses on organizing the lateral of gastrocnemiusmuscle, right biceps femoris muscle, left rectus femoris, left external obliquemuscle, right vertical muscle and right wrist flexor muscle in synchrony. Themain activity area of the third movement coordination synergy is in the twodouble support phase; it focuses on organizing right biceps femoris muscle,the right gluteus, left rectus femoris and right vertical muscle in synchrony. Themain activity area of the fourth movement coordination synergy is in the latefirst single support phase and the flight phase; it focuses on organizing leftlateral gastrocnemius, left biceps femoris muscle, left rectus femoris, leftgluteus and right vertical muscle and left external oblique muscle in synchrony.These movement coordination synergies at every stage of the discusmovement activities closely associated with the movement tasks in thesestages. There is a close correlation relation among the activity in the second,third and fourth kind of movement coordination synergy with performance, inthe discus action.
(3) For discus speed, displacement of body center of gravity, displacementof left toe, pull angle, angle of shoulder hip, beneficial variation of movementcoordination synergy activity is in a dominant position, it reflects that in order toensure the fulfillment of these tasks the central nervous system takes Controlof them. In this action, beneficial variation of movement coordination synergiesof left toe displacement and angle of shoulder hip is in a dominant position,among elite athletes. For the discus speed and pull angle, beneficial variationof movement coordination synergy activity is in a dominant position, in thesecond single support and double support phase. For the displacement ofbody center of gravity, beneficial variation of movement coordination synergyactivity is in a dominant position. As the beneficial variation of movement coordination synergy activity is high, it has a high degree of control in the flightphase. However, the low harmful variation of movement coordination synergyactivity causes a high degree of control in the second single support anddouble support phase. The internal and external environment of human bodyhave a different interference in human motion, it causes different controlstrategy of the central nervous system, thus forming the differences.
Discus action structure is complicated, high technical, and requires thebody try to exert its power to finish it (competitive purpose). It has certainverification and development for the application of the theory, in this specialaction and in the group of elite athletes. This research believes that:
(1) In discus action, a lot of activity in the sport organs may completelyachieve by the flexible combination of a small amount of movementcoordination synergies, which supports the view the control of low level isfinished by movement coordination synergy.
(2) In discus action, the movement coordination synergy activity of limbsand muscles is evident in the foundation, to ensure the realization of somemovement subtasks. It supports the view task orientation of movementcoordination synergy activity.
(3) As the improvement of sport achievement and sport level, the phase ofmovement coordination synergy activity may also shift, it supports the view thecentral nervous system uses a simple way of movement coordination synergyphase shift to deal with the changes of internal and external constraint ofhuman body. And it embodies the principle of the simplified control. However,in these complex, for the purpose of competitive action, the simple way ofusing the simplified control is not easy to exercise the realization of the task,the central nervous system can properly increase the magnitude to movementcoordination synergy activities and through joint activities of a variety ofmovement coordination to enhance the intensity of individual sports organs.
(4) According to some important task variable, beneficial variation ofmovement coordination synergy activity is in a dominant position, in discus action. This support of the central nervous system by using the flexibility ofmovement coordination synergy activities to control important task variable,makes it work smoothly.
(5) In discus action, with the sport level improves in the high stage thedominant position of beneficial variation of movement coordination synergyactivity will be enhanced. It comes from the increase of beneficial variation inthe flight phase, the decrease of harmful variation in the second single supportand double support phase. It is not fully consistent with the flexibilitydevelopment theory of movement coordination synergy.
理论意义：对人体运动协调机理的探索是技能学习与控制领域中的一个重要研究方向。解释人体运动协调机理的一个核心问题称之为“自由度问题”。分层控制理论在解释该运动协调问题上具有较强的影响力。基于日常生活中简单动作研究成果而构建运动协调分层控制理论的一些观点还需验证，理论系统还需完善。本研究对具有高爆发力、高技巧性表现的高水平运动员掷铁饼动作中人体运动协调规律的探索，旨在在这种复杂的竞技性动作以及优秀运动员这一群体中对一些分层控制理论观点的验证。
实际意义：对优秀运动员专项技术特征的研究有助于科学评价动作合理性，完善和提高动作质量，优化个体技术，监测训练过程，提高训练水平，在各种竞技体育项目高水平运动员的训练过程中发挥着重要的科技保障作用。对专项技术中优秀运动员运动协调的评价是目前的一个难点问题。本研究将为竞技体育动作中人体运动协调特征的探索及其诊断与评价方法的建立提供借鉴，其所揭示的掷铁饼动作中人体运动协调特征能够为该动作中运动协调诊断与评价提供理论与方法的依据。该项目是我国在各种世界重大比赛中科技攻关重点项目之一。
研究目的：⑴揭示掷铁饼动作中运动系统各元素活动间关联性。⑵揭示在掷铁饼动作中肢体与肌肉层面运动协调元及其活动与运动任务间的关联，体现其基础功能性。⑶揭示高阶段中不同掷铁饼动作水平间肢体与肌肉层面运动协调元及其活动的差异，体现其基础功能性的优化表现。⑷揭示掷铁饼动作中针对重要任务变量时运动协调元活动的灵活性以及其优化表现。⑸在这种竞技性复杂动作以及优秀运动员这一群体中对一些分层控制理论观点的验证。
2.研究方法
文献资料法：在“中国期刊网”、“万方数据库”、“维普中文科技期刊数据库”、“Elsevier Science全文电子期刊数据库”、“springer全文电子期刊”、“EBSCOhost全文数据库”以及“SPORTDiscus数据库”等中外文学术期刊数据库中以运动协调分层控制相关的词汇进行了检索。对所获的相关文献资料进行研读，掌握与本课题研究相关的理论基础，当前研究的不足以及未来研究的趋势。
专家访谈法：在国内外相关文献研读的基础上，对一些不理解的理论观点以及研究的设想与有关专家进行探讨，从而更深入地把握本课题的研究现状与趋势，以及研究设计的合理性、创新性以及可靠性。
数据的测量方法：本研究中采用了一些测量方法对优秀运动员掷铁饼动作中肢体运动与肌肉活动等进行测量。⑴使用两台高速摄像机，采用三维定点定焦摄像法，对比赛与测试中优秀运动员掷铁饼动作进行拍摄，然后采用ariel运动解析系统获取肢体环节的运动学参数；⑵使用芬兰的MegaWin6000-16表面肌电遥测系统对测试的优秀运动员掷铁饼动作中12块肌肉的肌电进行遥测，获得这些肌肉的肌电值；⑶使用两块瑞士Kistler三维测力台对测试的优秀运动员掷铁饼动作中人体受到的三维地面反作用力进行测量。
运动协调分层控制核心概念量化方法：本研究中采用了一些矩阵分解方法对人体运动协调分层控制中的核心概念进行量化。⑴使用函数型主成分分析方法对肢体层面运动协调元及其活动系数进行量化；⑵采用非负矩阵分解方法对肌肉层面运动协调元及其活动系数进行量化；⑶采用多元线性回归与Uncontrolledmanifold analysis相结合方法对运动协调元活动间的补偿功能指数进行量化。
数理统计法：在本研究中采用了描述性统计分析、相关分析、独立样本“t”检验等统计分析方法进行数据处理与分析。
3研究结论
基于运动分层控制理论框架，对掷铁饼动作中肢体、肌肉运动协调元的基础功能性及其优化表现，以及针对重要运动任务时运动协调元活动的灵活性及其优化表现进行探讨，研究认为：
⑴掷铁饼中肢体环节的运动主要受到四种运动协调元活动的控制。第一运动协调元的活动主要是控制掷铁饼动作中两侧下肢的运动协调；第二运动协调元的活动主要是控制掷铁饼动作中上肢与左下肢间以及左右侧上肢间运动协调；第三运动协调元的活动主要是控制掷铁饼动作中两侧上肢间以及人体右侧肢体环节间运动协调；第四运动协调元的活动主要是控制右大腿与右上肢间运动协调。这些运动协调元的活动能够使绕垂直轴角动量的获得、合理肩髋角与拉引角等姿态的形成、上下肢间以及左右侧上肢间动量的传递等任务的实现。随着技术水平的提高，肢体层面运动协调元活动的基础功能性会产生适应性变化，有利于更高要求的运动任务实现。
⑵在掷铁饼动作中，主要存在四种肌肉运动协调元的活动，支配运动系统完成该动作。第一种运动协调元主要活动区域在第二双支撑阶段，侧重于组织右腓肠肌外侧、右股二头肌、右股直肌、左股直肌、左腹外斜肌、右肱二头肌以及右腕屈肌的同步收缩；第二种运动协调元主要活动区域在两个单支撑阶段以及第二双支撑阶段，侧重于组织右腓肠肌外侧、右股二头肌、右股直肌、左股二头肌、右竖直肌、右腕屈肌的同步收缩；第三种运动协调元主要活动区域在两个双支撑阶段，侧重于组织右股二头肌、右臀大肌、左股直肌以及右竖直肌的同步收缩；第四种运动协调元主要活动区域在第一单支撑阶段后期与腾空阶段，侧重于组织左腓肠肌外侧、左股二头肌、左股直肌、左臀大肌、右竖直肌、左腹外斜肌的同步收缩。这些运动协调元在掷铁饼动作各阶段的活动与这些阶段中的运动任务密切关联。随着运动成绩的提高，第二、第三、第四种运动协调元活动的基础功能性会产生适应性变化，有利于更高要求的运动任务实现。
⑶在掷铁饼动作中针对铁饼速度、人体重心位移、左脚尖位移、拉引角、肩髋角运动任务中运动协调元活动的功能变异性占主导地位，体现了中枢神经系统为了确保这些运动任务的实现对其实施的控制。在该动作中，精英运动员在腾空阶段中针对左脚尖位移与肩髋角运动协调元活动的功能变异性的主导地位较高，在第二单支撑阶段与第二双支撑阶段中针对铁饼速度与拉引角运动协调元活动的功能变异性的主导地位较高，在全动作过程中针对重心位移运动协调元活动的功能变异性的主导地位较高。在腾空阶段中其较高的控制程度主要源自较高的运动协调元活动的功能变异性；然而，在第二单支撑与双支撑中其较高的控制程度主要源自较低的运动协调元活动的非功能变异性。
掷铁饼动作的结构比较复杂，技巧性较高，而且要求人体尽量发挥自身的爆发力来完成（竞技目的性）。在这种特殊动作以及优秀运动员这一群体中该理论的应用对其自身具有一定的验证作用。本研究认为：
⑴在掷铁饼动作中，大量运动器官的活动完全可以由少量的运动协调元的灵活组合来实现，这一点支持由运动协调元实施低层次控制的观点。
⑵在掷铁饼动作中，各肢体或肌肉运动协调元的活动具有较为明显的基础功能性，能够使一些运动子任务顺利实现，这一点支持运动协调元活动的运动任务导向性观点。
⑶在掷铁饼动作中随着运动成绩或运动水平的提高时也存在运动协调元活动的相位移动，这一点支持中枢神经系统通过运动协调元活动相位移动这一简单的方式来应对人体内外约束条件的变化，体现了其简化控制的原则。然而，在这些复杂的、以竞技为目的的动作中，单纯的采用这种简化的控制方式不易于运动任务的实现，中枢神经系统还会适时的增强运动协调元活动的幅度以及通过多种运动协调共同活动增强单个运动器官的活动强度等。
⑷在掷铁饼动作中，针对一些重要运动任务变量时运动协调元活动的功能变异性均占主导性地位，这点支持中枢神经系统通过利用运动协调元活动的灵活性来控制重要运动任务变量，使其顺利实现。
⑸在掷铁饼动作中，在高阶段中运动水平提高时运动协调元活动功能变异性的主导地位会提高，在腾空阶段中其源自功能变异性的增加，在第二单支撑与双支撑阶段中源自非功能变异性的降低。这些并不与运动协调元灵活性发展理论中观点相一致。
1. Research significance and research aims
Theoretical significance: Exploration of human movement coordinationmechanism is one of the most important research parts in the area of skilllearning and control. Work out the core problem of human movementcoordination which is called “freedom of degree”. Hierarchical control theoryhas strong influence on explaining coordination problems. Some of the ideasof movement coordination of hierarchical control theory, which is based onresearch results of simple actions in daily life still need to be verified, theorysystem also should be developed. In order to verify and develop some ideas ofhierarchical control theory in the complex competitive actions as well as eliteathletes. This article explored the law of human movement coordination aboutdiscus action of high level athletes, who have high power and high technicalperformance.
Practical significance: Research on special technical feature of eliteathletes have contributed to scientific evaluation of the rationality, perfect andimprove the quality of action, optimization individual technology, monitoring thetraining process, improve the level of training. It also works as scientificsafeguard. One difficult problem is the evaluation of movement coordination.Our research provides reference for diagnosis and the establishment of theevaluation method of human body movement coordination. It reveals thecharacteristics of discus action movement coordination can give theory andmethods to the diagnosis and evaluation of elite discus athletes’ motioncoordination. Discus throwing event has being listed as one of the majornational key scientific and technological projects.
Research aims:(1) Reveal the correlation between each element in thediscus throwing movement system.(2) Reveal the correlation between bodyand muscle synergy, and activities and movement tasks, show its basicfunctionality.(3) Reveal its difference in body and muscle synergy, and in activity, and reflect its basic functional optimization performance, in differentdiscus action in the stage of high level.(4) Reveal flexibility of synergy and itsoptimal performance according to variable of important task.(5) Validate anddevelop the viewpoint of hierarchical control in the competitive and complexmovement and in the group of elite athletes.
2．Research methods
Literature: Using relevant words include movement coordination toretrieve various database, include “Chinese Journal Net”,“Wan Fang Data”,“VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals”,“Elsevier Science Full-textDigital Periodicals Data”,“Springer Full-text Digital Periodicals Data”,“EBSCOhost Full-text Database” and “SPORTDiscus Data”. By studying therelevant literature, the author mastered the basic theory related to this topicresearch, the shortcomings of current research and future research trend.
Expert interview: On the basis of reviewing relative literature, the authorinterviewed relevant experts on theoretical perspectives which don’tunderstand and research expectations, so as to grasp the present researchingstatus and trends, and the rationality, innovation and reliability of the researchdesign.
Data measuring method: Some measurement method is adopted in thissubject to measure elite athletes’ body movement and muscle activity in thediscus action.(1)Application of three-dimensional fixed point videotapemethod, the research Use two high-speed cameras to film excellent discusthrowing athletes in competition and test, then using Ariel motion analysissystem to get body kinematics parameters.(2) Using the FinnishMegaWin6000-16methods of electromagnetic telemetry system to telemeterelectromyography of excellent discus-throwing athletes’12muscles, andobtain the muscle electromyography values.(3) Using two pieces of SwissKistler three-dimensional strain to measure3d ground reaction force thatexcellent discus-throwing athletes get, when they are throwing discuses.
Quantization method for core concept of movement coordination of hierarchical control: Some matrix decomposition method is adopted in thisresearch to quantify the key concepts in human movement coordination ofhierarchical control.(1) Functional principal component analysis method isused to quantify motor coordination of body synergies and its activitycoefficient.(2) Nonnegative matrix decomposition method is used to quantifymotor coordination of muscle synergies and its activity coefficient.(3) Usingthe combination of multiple linear regression and the uncontrolled manifoldanalysis method to quantify the index of compensation function duringmovement synergies campaign.
Mathematical statistics: In this research, data are processed bydescriptive statistics analysis, correlation analysis, independent sample testson the "t" statistical analysis methods, etc.
3．Research conclusions
Framework based on hierarchical control theory, the research discusedthe fundamental functionality and optimization of movement coordination ofbody and muscle synergies in the discus throwing action, and its flexibility andoptimization according to important movement tasks. The study finds that:
(1) There are four limbs movement coordination synergies in the discusaction to control the movement of the body. The first movement coordinationsynergy mainly controls the motion of the hip axis. The second movementcoordination synergy mainly controls the relative motion of the shoulder andhip axis. The third movement coordination synergy mainly controls the motionof the shoulder axis. The fourth movement coordination synergy mainlycontrols the relative motion of gravity center of human body and the discus.The movement of these body motor coordination synergies would be able toachieve the rotation of the body parts, reasonable shoulder hip angle andangle of pull, and form the energy transmission between the upper and lowerextremities as well as between the left and right side upper limb, etc..
(2) The main activity area of the first movement coordination synergy is inthe second double support phase, the late towards, it focuses on organizing right lateral gastrocnemius, right biceps femoris muscle, left rectus femoris, leftexternal oblique muscle, right bicipital muscle of arm and right wrist flexormuscle in synchrony. The main activity area of the second movementcoordination synergy is in the two single support phases and the seconddouble support phase; it focuses on organizing the lateral of gastrocnemiusmuscle, right biceps femoris muscle, left rectus femoris, left external obliquemuscle, right vertical muscle and right wrist flexor muscle in synchrony. Themain activity area of the third movement coordination synergy is in the twodouble support phase; it focuses on organizing right biceps femoris muscle,the right gluteus, left rectus femoris and right vertical muscle in synchrony. Themain activity area of the fourth movement coordination synergy is in the latefirst single support phase and the flight phase; it focuses on organizing leftlateral gastrocnemius, left biceps femoris muscle, left rectus femoris, leftgluteus and right vertical muscle and left external oblique muscle in synchrony.These movement coordination synergies at every stage of the discusmovement activities closely associated with the movement tasks in thesestages. There is a close correlation relation among the activity in the second,third and fourth kind of movement coordination synergy with performance, inthe discus action.
(3) For discus speed, displacement of body center of gravity, displacementof left toe, pull angle, angle of shoulder hip, beneficial variation of movementcoordination synergy activity is in a dominant position, it reflects that in order toensure the fulfillment of these tasks the central nervous system takes Controlof them. In this action, beneficial variation of movement coordination synergiesof left toe displacement and angle of shoulder hip is in a dominant position,among elite athletes. For the discus speed and pull angle, beneficial variationof movement coordination synergy activity is in a dominant position, in thesecond single support and double support phase. For the displacement ofbody center of gravity, beneficial variation of movement coordination synergyactivity is in a dominant position. As the beneficial variation of movement coordination synergy activity is high, it has a high degree of control in the flightphase. However, the low harmful variation of movement coordination synergyactivity causes a high degree of control in the second single support anddouble support phase. The internal and external environment of human bodyhave a different interference in human motion, it causes different controlstrategy of the central nervous system, thus forming the differences.
Discus action structure is complicated, high technical, and requires thebody try to exert its power to finish it (competitive purpose). It has certainverification and development for the application of the theory, in this specialaction and in the group of elite athletes. This research believes that:
(1) In discus action, a lot of activity in the sport organs may completelyachieve by the flexible combination of a small amount of movementcoordination synergies, which supports the view the control of low level isfinished by movement coordination synergy.
(2) In discus action, the movement coordination synergy activity of limbsand muscles is evident in the foundation, to ensure the realization of somemovement subtasks. It supports the view task orientation of movementcoordination synergy activity.
(3) As the improvement of sport achievement and sport level, the phase ofmovement coordination synergy activity may also shift, it supports the view thecentral nervous system uses a simple way of movement coordination synergyphase shift to deal with the changes of internal and external constraint ofhuman body. And it embodies the principle of the simplified control. However,in these complex, for the purpose of competitive action, the simple way ofusing the simplified control is not easy to exercise the realization of the task,the central nervous system can properly increase the magnitude to movementcoordination synergy activities and through joint activities of a variety ofmovement coordination to enhance the intensity of individual sports organs.
(4) According to some important task variable, beneficial variation ofmovement coordination synergy activity is in a dominant position, in discus action. This support of the central nervous system by using the flexibility ofmovement coordination synergy activities to control important task variable,makes it work smoothly.
(5) In discus action, with the sport level improves in the high stage thedominant position of beneficial variation of movement coordination synergyactivity will be enhanced. It comes from the increase of beneficial variation inthe flight phase, the decrease of harmful variation in the second single supportand double support phase. It is not fully consistent with the flexibilitydevelopment theory of movement coordination synergy.
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