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供应链管理与经营性营运资金管理绩效:影响机理与实证检验
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摘要
在全球经济一体化的背景下,传统的企业同企业之间的竞争已转变为供应链同供应链之间的竞争。营运资金管理是企业财务管理的重要内容,其管理成效决定着企业的生存和发展。本文以供应链管理理论和营运资金管理理论为指导,对供应链管理影响经营性营运资金管理绩效的机理进行系统研究,以期完善供应链管理理论和营运资金管理理论,为企业提升供应链管理绩效和营运资金管理绩效、进而实现企业价值增值提供理论指导和政策建议。
     本文在文献收集与分析的基础上,首先重构供应链及供应链管理的定义,分析供应链的形成过程,指出供应链的联结机制和供应链管理的实质。其次,通过分析供应链管理实质对供应链管理绩效的影响方式,并结合国内外文献对供应链管理绩效评价指标体系的研究,设计基于供应链管理实质的供应链管理绩效评价指标体系。再次,以海尔集团为例,从供应链管理实质的视角剖析供应链管理影响经营性营运资金管理绩效的机理。最后,采用大样本数据对前文提出的理论模型进行实证检验,为我国制造企业提升营运资金管理绩效提供指导和建议。
     本文取得如下研究结论。第一,供应链本质上不仅仅只是一种“结构”,而是一种“组织结构”、且是一种“网状组织结构”,即“介于企业和市场之间的网状组织结构”。供应链有广义和狭义之分,其中狭义的供应链是围绕核心企业,通过对物流、信息流和资金流的控制,从采购原材料开始,到制成中间产品以及最终产品,最后由销售网络把产品送到消费者手中的将供应商、制造商、分销商、零售商、直到最终用户连成一个整体的介于企业和市场之间的网状组织结构,该组织通过契约、信任和信息进行联结。第二,供应链的形成过程是一个动态调整的闭环。利益追求是供应链契约联结的根本原因,信任的建立与加深是供应链形成的核心要素,供应链管理绩效的提升是供应链持续存在的保障,信息沟通和管理贯穿于供应链形成的全过程。第三,供应链契约、信任和信息相互影响,相互作用。其中契约能为信任提供一定程度的保障,信任能促进契约设计的灵活性并简化契约;信任和信息相互促进、相互替代;信息是契约签订的前提条件,契约能促进信息的交流。第四,契约管理、信任管理与信息管理是相互联系、相互影响的不可分割的一个整体。契约执行的好坏和信息沟通与交流的效果影响着信任水平的高低,契约激励和更深更广的信息交流也是提高信任的手段,反过来,提高信任水平会促进更多的合作和更深的交流;有效的信息交流与沟通更有利于契约的设计,契约的修改或调整可以作为防止机密信息外泄的激励约束措施。第五,供应链管理绩效评价应包括四个维度:战略供应商关系、战略客户关系、内部精益生产与延迟策略以及信息共享和信息质量。其中战略供应商关系维度的评价指标包括交易量占比、合作时间长短、付款及时性、质量可靠性、价格稳定性和交货可靠性。战略客户关系维度的评价指标包括顾客满意度、交易量占比、合作时间长短和货款回收及时性,其中顾客满意度又包括价格稳定性、质量可靠性、柔性和交货可靠性。内部精益生产与延迟策略维度的评价指标包括产成品单位成本、生产能力利用率、交货期、研发投入、员工学历和管理幅度。信息共享和信息质量维度的评价指标包括信息技术的匹配性、信息共享的及时性、充分性和可靠性。第六,战略供应商关系及其信息共享能促进战略采购、供应商参与设计、供应商管理库存(VMI)和JIT采购的实现,进而促进核心企业采购渠道营运资金管理绩效的提升;内部精益生产和延迟策略的实现有利于降低材料人工等的耗费、促进JIT/拉式生产和模块化生产等的实现,进而促进核心企业生产渠道营运资金管理绩效的提升;战略客户关系及其信息共享能促进买卖双方共享市场需求信息、制造商管理库存、战略供货和应收账款加速回收的实现,进而促进核心企业营销渠道营运资金管理绩效的提升。第七,实证分析发现,企业应提高生产能力利用率,改善与员工的关系,充分调动人的积极性,以提升生产渠道营运资金管理绩效。良好的供应商的关系和客户关系有助于提升采购渠道和营销渠道营运资金管理绩效。采购渠道营运资金周转期和供应商集中度呈正“U”形关系,供应商一元化和多元化各有利弊,企业应当选择恰当的供应商数量,平衡好供应链整合与供应风险。营销渠道营运资金周转期和客户集中度呈倒“U”形关系,当客户集中度较低(客户较分散)时,企业应加强客户关系管理,保持现有客户,并积极拓展新的客户,降低客户的讨价还价/议价能力,提升营销渠道营运资金管理绩效。当客户集中度较高(客户较集中)时,企业也应重视客户关系管理,并充分利用已有的密切关系,进行销售渠道的整合或再造,提升企业产品的市场占有率,进而提升营销渠道营运资金管理绩效。
     本文的创新之处体现在以下几个方面。第一,重构供应链和供应链管理的定义,解决现有定义中内容与主体之间的矛盾,指出供应链通过契约、信任和信息联结。第二,剖析供应链的形成过程,供应链契约、信任和信息的相互影响及其在供应链形成过程中起的作用,系统探讨供应链管理的实质。第三,设计基于供应链管理实质的供应链管理绩效评价指标体系,为我国制造企业评价供应链管理绩效提供理论指导。第四,剖析供应链管理影响经营性营运资金管理绩效的机理,并对该机理进行实证检验,发现采购渠道营运资金周转期与供应商集中度呈正“U”形关系,营销渠道营运资金周转期与客户集中度呈倒“U”形关系。
On the background of economic globalization, the competition betweenenterprises has changed into the competition between supply chains. Working capitalmanagement is the important part of enterprise’s financial management, theperformance of it decides the survival and development of the enterprise. On the baseof supply chain management theory and working capital management theory, thispaper systematically study the influence mechanism of supply chain management onthe performance of operating working capital management. It’s helpful for improvingthe theory of supply chain management and working capital management, providingtheoretical guidance and recommendations for enterprises enhancing the performanceof supply chain management and working capital management, and then bringingabout enterprise’s value.
     On the basis of collecting and analyzing relevant literatures, this paper firstlyredefines the definition of supply chain and supply chain management, analyzes theestablishment of supply chain, points out the coupling mechanism of supply chain andthe essence of the supply chain management. Secondly, on the found of analyzing theinfluence of the essence of supply chain management on its performance andsummarizing researches on the performance assessment of supply chain management,this paper constructs the indicators system of the supply chain managementperformance assessment. Thirdly, with Haier’s example, this paper analyzes theinfluence mechanism of supply chain management on the performance of operatingworking capital management, constructs the theoretical model of supply chainmanagement influencing the performance of operating working capital management.Finally, using the data of China listed companies in machinery and equipmentmanufacturing industry from2010to2011, this paper tests the above theoreticalmodel, provides suggestions for manufacturing enterprises to improve working capitalmanagement performance.
     The main conclusions are as follows.
     Firstly, the supply chain is not only a “structure”, but it is also a “framework”. Itis a “netlike framework” between enterprise and market in essence. The supply chaincontains two levels, which is the broad and the narrow level. The narrow one is anetlike framework between enterprise and market, which centers on the coreenterprise, binds suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers, and the end users asa whole through the control of the logistics flow, information flow and capital flowstarting from procurement of raw materials, producing intermediate and final productsto delivering it to customers by the sales network. The supply chain’s enterprises arebound together through contract, trust and information.
     Secondly, the formation process of the supply chain is a dynamic and closedcycle, which is in the state of continuous adjustment. The pursuit of interests is thebasic reason of the single enterprises joining together by trading contract. Thebuilding and enhancing of trust are the core elements of supply chain formation. Thecontinuous improvement of the supply chain performance provides security for thepersistence of the supply chain. The communication and management of theinformation run through the whole process of the supply chain formation.
     Thirdly, the supply chain contract, trust and information influence and interactmutually. For example, the contract provides a certain degree of security for the trust.Adversely, the trust can simplify the contract and make it more flexible. Theinformation and the trust promote and replace mutually. The information is aprerequisite for the contract, and the contract is able to promote the exchange of theinformation.
     Fourthly, the contract management, the trust management and the informationmanagement impact and interact mutually, they are inseparable. The trust levelbetween them is influenced by the effectiveness of the contract execution and theefficiency of the information communication. The incentives from the contract, thewidth and the depth of the information communication are means of improving thetrust. On the other side, the improvement of the trust level will promote morecooperation and communication. The exchange and communication of theinformation are helpful to the design of the contract, the modification or adjustment ofthe contract can be used as an incentive measures to prevent the leakage of theconfidential information.
     Fifthly, the performance evaluation of the supply chain management shouldcontain four dimensions: the strategic supplier relationship, the strategic customerrelationship, the internal lean production and postponement, the information sharingand its quality. The evaluating indicators of the strategic supplier relationship includethe ratio of trading volume, the length of cooperation, the timeliness of payment, thequality reliability, the price stability and the delivery reliability. The evaluatingindicators of the strategic customer relationship contain the customer satisfaction, theratio of trading volume, the length of cooperation, and the timeliness of makingcollections. The customer satisfaction is composed of the price stability, the qualityreliability, the flexibility and the delivery reliability. The evaluating indicators of theinternal lean production and postponement include the product unit cost, the rate ofcapacity utilization, the delivery time, the R&D investment, the educationalbackground of staff and the management range. The evaluating indicators of theinformation dimensions contain the matching of the information technology, thetimeliness, the sufficiency and the reliability of the sharing information.
     Sixthly, the relationship with the strategic suppliers and information sharing withthem can promote the strategic sourcing, the supplier earlier involvement (in design),the vendor management inventory (VMI) and the just in time (JIT) procurement,which will enhance the performance of working capital management in procurementchannel. The internal lean production and postponement can promote the JIT/pull andmodular production, help to reduce the material and labor consumption, which will enhance the performance of working capital management in production channel. Therelationship with the strategic customers and information sharing with them canpromote the demand information sharing, the manufacturers management inventory,the strategic delivery and the recovery of accounts receivable, which will enhance theperformance of working capital management in marketing channel.
     Seventhly, the conclusions of the empirical test are as follows. In order toimprove the performance of the production channel’s working capital management,the enterprise should not only raise the utilization rate of its production capacity, but itshould also improve relations with employees and fully mobilize the enthusiasm ofpeople. The good relationship with the suppliers and customers are helpful forimproving the performance of procurement channel’s and marketing channel’sworking capital management. The relationship of the days of procurement channel’sworking capital outstanding and the supplier concentration is positively “U”-shaped.The unified and diversified of the suppliers have their pros and cons, so the enterpriseshould select the appropriate number of suppliers and balance between the supplychain integration and the supply risk for the enhancement of the procurementchannel’s working capital management performance. The relationship of the days ofmarketing channel’s working capital outstanding and the customer concentration isinverted “U”-shaped. When the customer concentration is low, the enterprise shouldstrengthen the customer relationship management, keep the existing customers, andactively develop new customers to reduce the customer’s bargaining power andimprove the efficiency of marketing channel’s working capital management. Whenthe customer concentration is high, the enterprise should also pay attention to thecustomer relationship management, make full use of the existing close relationship,integrate or reengineer the marketing channel to enhance the product’s market shareand improve the performance of marketing channel’s working capital management.
     The innovation of this paper lies in the following aspects. Firstly, it redefines thedefinition of supply chain and supply chain management, solves the contradictionbetween the content and the subjects in existing definition, and points out that thecoupling mechanism of the supply chain is the contract, the trust and the information.Secondly, it analyzes the forming process of the supply chain, the interaction betweenthe contract, the trust and the information and theirs role on it, discusses the essenceof supply chain management. Thirdly, it designs the performance measurementindicators system based on the essence of the supply chain management, which canprovide theoretical guidance for China manufacturing enterprises to evaluate itsperformance. Fourthly, it studies the influence mechanism of supply chainmanagement on the performance of operating working capital management, finds thatthe relationship of the days of procurement channel’s working capital outstanding andthe supplier concentration is positively “U”-shaped, and the relationship of the days ofmarketing channel’s working capital outstanding and the customer concentration isinverted “U”-shaped through empirical test.
引文
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