施氮量对烤烟氮代谢及品质形成的影响
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摘要
2005-2006年在河南农业大学科教园区进行盆栽试验,供试烤烟品种为K326,供试土壤为潮土,试验依据氮素用量设3个处理:NO(CK):不施氮肥;N1:施氮3g·盆~(-1)(以N计,下同);N2:施氮6g·盆~(-1),研究了施氮量对烤烟氮代谢及品质形成的影响。试验结果表明:
1施氮量对烤烟发育过程中各器官干重积累的影响
氮素胁迫(NO处理)或施氮较多(N2处理)均不利于前期单株干重的积累和烤烟发育前、中期茎、根干重的积累。氮素胁迫(NO处理)对烤烟发育前期叶片干重积累的影响不大,而施氮较多(N2处理)不利于烤烟发育前期叶片干重的积累。
2施氮量对烤烟发育过程中氮代谢相关酶活性的影响
叶片硝酸还原酶活性和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性随施氮量的增加而增加。氮素胁迫(NO处理)导致叶片提早由氮代谢进入碳代谢;施氮较多(N2处理)后期叶片酶活性仍维持较高水平,推迟氮代谢向碳代谢转化,不利于烟叶落黄。氮素胁迫(NO处理)或施氮较多(N2处理)均不同程度地抑制根系硝酸还原酶活性和发育前期根系谷氨酰胺合成酶活性。
3施氮量对烤烟发育过程中色素含量的影响
各种色素含量均随施氮量的增加而增加。移栽后55～85d,各种色素含量包括叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶黄素、新黄质、紫黄质和β-胡萝卜素均随着生育期的推进呈下降趋势;打顶后叶绿素b、叶黄素和新黄质含量有所上升,施氮量越多上升幅度越大。
4施氮量对烤烟发育过程中叶片主要含氮化合物含量和积累强度的影响
总氮、蛋白质氮和游离氨基酸氮含量均随施氮量的增加而增加;叶片总氮、蛋白质氮和游离氨基酸氮含量随着生育期的推进而降低。移栽后35d以前氮素胁迫(NO处理)或施氮较多(N2处理)均不同程度地降低叶片总氮、蛋白质氮和游离氨基酸氮的积累强度;移栽后35～45d,三者的积累强度随施氮量的增加而快速增加。
NO处理三个部位叶片烟碱含量一直很低,变幅也不大;烟碱积累强度一直较小。N1和N2处理中部叶和上部叶随生育期推进烟碱含量增加,移栽后65d以后中部叶和上部叶烟碱含量快速增加。移栽后0～35d 3个处理烟碱积累强度差别不大;移栽后35d以后烟碱积累强度随施氮量的增加而增加;移栽后65～75d是N1和N2处理烟碱快速积累期,此期N2处理的积累强度是N1处理的1.2倍。
叶片NO_3~--N含量随施氮量的增加而增加。下部叶生育前期NO_3~--N含量较高、后期较低,变幅较大;中部叶和上部叶含量较低、变幅不大。NO_3~--N积累强度一直较小,在移栽后0～35d和移栽后65～75d其积累强度随施氮量的增加而增大。
5烤烟发育过程中氮代谢相关酶活性、色素含量及主要含氮化合物含量的关系
氮代谢相关酶活性及色素含量的相关分析表明,根系硝酸还原酶活性与总类胡萝卜素含量达到显著相关,与其它指标相关不显著;其余指标间的相关均达到极显著水平。灰色关联度分析结果表明,叶片硝酸还原酶活性与蛋白质氮含量的关联系数＞叶片硝酸还原酶活性与总氮含量的关联系数＞叶片硝酸还原酶活性与游离氨基酸氮含量的关联系数。
6施氮量对烤后烟叶品质的影响
烤后烟叶含梗率、单叶重和叶质重均随施氮量的增加而增加,3个处理烤后烟叶平衡含水率、抗张力均表现为N1＞N2＞N0。
烟叶蛋白质、NO_3~--N、NO_2~--N和烟碱含量均随施氮量的增加呈增加趋势。3个处理烤后烟叶氯含量N1处理最低。3个处理钾氯比呈现出N1＞N2＞NO的趋势。
随施氮量的增加,烤后烟叶N、P和S含量显著增加,K、B和Mn含量有所增加,Mg、Fe、Cu和Zn含量有所降低。
N1处理新植二烯、糠醛、糠醇、茄酮、巨豆三烯酮-2、巨豆三烯酮-4和法尼基丙酮含量最高;但施氮较多(N2处理)明显降低新植二烯和糠醇含量,同时降低糠醛、茄酮、巨豆三烯酮-2、巨豆三烯酮-4和法尼基丙酮含量。N1处理会明显提高类西柏烷类致香物质含量,可以提高烟叶苯丙氨酸类致香物质和棕色化产物类致香物质含量,但施氮较多(N2处理)不同程度地降低这三大类致香物质的含量。
烤后烟叶苹果酸、L-酸和丙二酸含量均呈现出随施量的增加而增加的趋势,柠檬酸含量呈现出N1＞N2＞NO的趋势。
Pot-cultivation experiment was conducted for two years(2005 and 2006)to study the effects of nitrogen rates on nitrogen metabolism and quality formation of flue-cured tobacco with K326 on Fluvo-aquic soil in the science garden of He Nan Agricultural University(mao zhuang).The treatments respectively were:NO(CK): nitrogen was not applied;N1:3g N·pot~(-1);N2:6g N·pot~(-1).The results indicated that:
1 Effects of nitrogen rates on the dry weights accumulation of different parts of flue-cured tobacco during the period of growth
Nitrogen stress(NO treatment)or over-applied nitrogen(N2 treatment)reduced the dry weights accumulation of total plant of flue-cured tobacco at early stage and that of stalk and roots at early and middle stages.Nitrogen stress(NO treatment)had less effect on the dry weights accumulation of leaves while over-applied nitrogen(N2 treatment)reduced that at early stage.
2 Effects of nitrogen rates on enzymes actiivties in nitrogen metabolism of flue-cured tobacco during the period of growth
NR and GS activities of flue-cured tobacco leaves increased with the nitrogen-applied amount increasing at different stages of the growth.Nitrogen stress (NO treatment)advanced carbon metabolism phrase while over-applied nitrogen(N2 treatment)kept enzymes activities at higher level and delayed the nitrogen metabolism phrase. Nitrogen stress(NO treatment)or over-applied nitrogen(N2 treatment)reduced GS activities at early stage and NR activities of roots by different degrees.
3 Effects of nitrogen rates on the contents of pigments of flue-cured tobacco during the period of growth
The content of each pigment of the three treatments increased with the nitrogen-applied amount increasing,and the content of all pigments including chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b,lutein,neoxanthin,violaxanthin andβ-carotene of the three treatments took on decreasing tendency with the plants growing during 45～85d after transplanting.The contents ofβ-carotene,lutein and neoxanthin slightly increased and the increased extent became bigger with the nitrogen-applied amount increasing.
4 Effects of nitrogen rates on the content and accumulation intensity of main N-containing compounds of flue-cured tobacco during the period of growth
The content of total-N,protein-N and free amino acids-N of flue-cured tobacco leaves decreased with the plants growing,and that of flue-cured tobacco leaves of the three treatments increased with the nitrogen-applied amount increasing at different stages of the growth.Nitrogen stress(NO treatment)or over-applied nitrogen(N2 treatment)decreased by different degrees the accumulation intensity of total-N, protein-N and free amino acids-N of flue-cured tobacco leaves before 35d after transplanting,while the accumulation intensity of that of the three treatments rapidly increased during 35～45d after transplanting.
The contents of nicotine of NO treatment were very little,and theirs change extent was also small.The contents of nicotine of cutters and upper leaves of N1 treatment and N2 treatment increased with the plants growing,and that rapidly increased after 65d after transplanting.The accumulation intensity of nicotine of NO treatment were very little,and that of N1 treatment and N2 treatment were small at early and middle growth stages while that were big at later growth stage.The difference of the accumulation intensity of nicotine between the three treatments wasn't obvious during 0～35d after transplanting,and the accumulation intensity of N2 treatment was 1.2 times of that of N1 treatment during 65～75d after transplanting.
The content of NO_3~--N of flue-cured tobacco leaves of the three treatments increased with the nitrogen-applied amount increasing.The content of NO_3~--N of lower leaves was high at early stage and low at later stage,and its change extent was big.The contents of NO_3~--N of cutters and upper leaves were low at every growth stage,and theirs change extents were little.The accumulation intensity of NO_3~--N was continuously small,and that increased with the nitrogen-applied amount increasing during 0～35d and 65～75d after transplanting.
5 The relationship of enzymes actiivties in nitrogen metabolism,the contents of pigments and the contents of N-containing compounds
Correlations analysis of enzymes actiivties in nitrogen assimilation and pigments indicated that the correlations of NR ativities of roots and the contents of carotenioids reached significant level,and that of other indexes reached most significant level. Grey relationship analysis on enzymes actiivties in nitrogen metabolism and the contents of N-containing compounds during the period of flue-cured tobacco growth showed that the Grey relationship coefficient between NR ativities of roots and the contents of protein-N＞that of between NR ativities of roots and the contents of total-N＞that of between NR ativities of roots and the contents of free amino acids-N. 6 Effects of nitrogen rates on the quality of flue-cured tobacco
The midrib ratio,weight per leaf and weight per area of flue-cured tobacco leaves all increased with the nitrogen-applied amount increasing.The balance water ratio and the tensile of the three treatments took on the tendency of "N1＞N2＞NO".
The contents of protein,nicotine,NO_3~--N and NO_2~--N all increased with the nitrogen-applied amount increasing,and the content of chlorine of N1 treatment was the smallest among the three treatments.The ratio of K/C1 of the three treatments was in the order of "N1＞N2＞NO".
The contents of nitrogen,phosphorus and sulfur significantly increased with the nitrogen-applied amount increasing,while that of potassium,boron and manganese increased and that of magnesium,iron,copper and zinc decreased.
N1 treatment increased the contents of neophytadiene,furfural,furfurol,solanone, megastignone-2,megasfignone-4,and famesyl acetone,while N2 treatment obviously decreased the contents of neophytadiene and furfurol and decreased the contents of furfural,solanone,megastignone-2,megastignone-4 and farnesyl acetone.N1 treatment obviously increased the contents of aroma constituents of cembranenoids and increased that of phenylalanines and browing reaction products,but over-applied nitrogen(N2 treatment)decreased the contents of the three kinds of aroma constituents by different degrees.
The contents of malic acid,oxalic acid and malonic acid increased with the nitrogen-applied amount increasing,while that of citric acid took on the tendency of "N1＞N2＞NO".
1施氮量对烤烟发育过程中各器官干重积累的影响
氮素胁迫(NO处理)或施氮较多(N2处理)均不利于前期单株干重的积累和烤烟发育前、中期茎、根干重的积累。氮素胁迫(NO处理)对烤烟发育前期叶片干重积累的影响不大,而施氮较多(N2处理)不利于烤烟发育前期叶片干重的积累。
2施氮量对烤烟发育过程中氮代谢相关酶活性的影响
叶片硝酸还原酶活性和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性随施氮量的增加而增加。氮素胁迫(NO处理)导致叶片提早由氮代谢进入碳代谢;施氮较多(N2处理)后期叶片酶活性仍维持较高水平,推迟氮代谢向碳代谢转化,不利于烟叶落黄。氮素胁迫(NO处理)或施氮较多(N2处理)均不同程度地抑制根系硝酸还原酶活性和发育前期根系谷氨酰胺合成酶活性。
3施氮量对烤烟发育过程中色素含量的影响
各种色素含量均随施氮量的增加而增加。移栽后55～85d,各种色素含量包括叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶黄素、新黄质、紫黄质和β-胡萝卜素均随着生育期的推进呈下降趋势;打顶后叶绿素b、叶黄素和新黄质含量有所上升,施氮量越多上升幅度越大。
4施氮量对烤烟发育过程中叶片主要含氮化合物含量和积累强度的影响
总氮、蛋白质氮和游离氨基酸氮含量均随施氮量的增加而增加;叶片总氮、蛋白质氮和游离氨基酸氮含量随着生育期的推进而降低。移栽后35d以前氮素胁迫(NO处理)或施氮较多(N2处理)均不同程度地降低叶片总氮、蛋白质氮和游离氨基酸氮的积累强度;移栽后35～45d,三者的积累强度随施氮量的增加而快速增加。
NO处理三个部位叶片烟碱含量一直很低,变幅也不大;烟碱积累强度一直较小。N1和N2处理中部叶和上部叶随生育期推进烟碱含量增加,移栽后65d以后中部叶和上部叶烟碱含量快速增加。移栽后0～35d 3个处理烟碱积累强度差别不大;移栽后35d以后烟碱积累强度随施氮量的增加而增加;移栽后65～75d是N1和N2处理烟碱快速积累期,此期N2处理的积累强度是N1处理的1.2倍。
叶片NO_3~--N含量随施氮量的增加而增加。下部叶生育前期NO_3~--N含量较高、后期较低,变幅较大;中部叶和上部叶含量较低、变幅不大。NO_3~--N积累强度一直较小,在移栽后0～35d和移栽后65～75d其积累强度随施氮量的增加而增大。
5烤烟发育过程中氮代谢相关酶活性、色素含量及主要含氮化合物含量的关系
氮代谢相关酶活性及色素含量的相关分析表明,根系硝酸还原酶活性与总类胡萝卜素含量达到显著相关,与其它指标相关不显著;其余指标间的相关均达到极显著水平。灰色关联度分析结果表明,叶片硝酸还原酶活性与蛋白质氮含量的关联系数＞叶片硝酸还原酶活性与总氮含量的关联系数＞叶片硝酸还原酶活性与游离氨基酸氮含量的关联系数。
6施氮量对烤后烟叶品质的影响
烤后烟叶含梗率、单叶重和叶质重均随施氮量的增加而增加,3个处理烤后烟叶平衡含水率、抗张力均表现为N1＞N2＞N0。
烟叶蛋白质、NO_3~--N、NO_2~--N和烟碱含量均随施氮量的增加呈增加趋势。3个处理烤后烟叶氯含量N1处理最低。3个处理钾氯比呈现出N1＞N2＞NO的趋势。
随施氮量的增加,烤后烟叶N、P和S含量显著增加,K、B和Mn含量有所增加,Mg、Fe、Cu和Zn含量有所降低。
N1处理新植二烯、糠醛、糠醇、茄酮、巨豆三烯酮-2、巨豆三烯酮-4和法尼基丙酮含量最高;但施氮较多(N2处理)明显降低新植二烯和糠醇含量,同时降低糠醛、茄酮、巨豆三烯酮-2、巨豆三烯酮-4和法尼基丙酮含量。N1处理会明显提高类西柏烷类致香物质含量,可以提高烟叶苯丙氨酸类致香物质和棕色化产物类致香物质含量,但施氮较多(N2处理)不同程度地降低这三大类致香物质的含量。
烤后烟叶苹果酸、L-酸和丙二酸含量均呈现出随施量的增加而增加的趋势,柠檬酸含量呈现出N1＞N2＞NO的趋势。
Pot-cultivation experiment was conducted for two years(2005 and 2006)to study the effects of nitrogen rates on nitrogen metabolism and quality formation of flue-cured tobacco with K326 on Fluvo-aquic soil in the science garden of He Nan Agricultural University(mao zhuang).The treatments respectively were:NO(CK): nitrogen was not applied;N1:3g N·pot~(-1);N2:6g N·pot~(-1).The results indicated that:
1 Effects of nitrogen rates on the dry weights accumulation of different parts of flue-cured tobacco during the period of growth
Nitrogen stress(NO treatment)or over-applied nitrogen(N2 treatment)reduced the dry weights accumulation of total plant of flue-cured tobacco at early stage and that of stalk and roots at early and middle stages.Nitrogen stress(NO treatment)had less effect on the dry weights accumulation of leaves while over-applied nitrogen(N2 treatment)reduced that at early stage.
2 Effects of nitrogen rates on enzymes actiivties in nitrogen metabolism of flue-cured tobacco during the period of growth
NR and GS activities of flue-cured tobacco leaves increased with the nitrogen-applied amount increasing at different stages of the growth.Nitrogen stress (NO treatment)advanced carbon metabolism phrase while over-applied nitrogen(N2 treatment)kept enzymes activities at higher level and delayed the nitrogen metabolism phrase. Nitrogen stress(NO treatment)or over-applied nitrogen(N2 treatment)reduced GS activities at early stage and NR activities of roots by different degrees.
3 Effects of nitrogen rates on the contents of pigments of flue-cured tobacco during the period of growth
The content of each pigment of the three treatments increased with the nitrogen-applied amount increasing,and the content of all pigments including chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b,lutein,neoxanthin,violaxanthin andβ-carotene of the three treatments took on decreasing tendency with the plants growing during 45～85d after transplanting.The contents ofβ-carotene,lutein and neoxanthin slightly increased and the increased extent became bigger with the nitrogen-applied amount increasing.
4 Effects of nitrogen rates on the content and accumulation intensity of main N-containing compounds of flue-cured tobacco during the period of growth
The content of total-N,protein-N and free amino acids-N of flue-cured tobacco leaves decreased with the plants growing,and that of flue-cured tobacco leaves of the three treatments increased with the nitrogen-applied amount increasing at different stages of the growth.Nitrogen stress(NO treatment)or over-applied nitrogen(N2 treatment)decreased by different degrees the accumulation intensity of total-N, protein-N and free amino acids-N of flue-cured tobacco leaves before 35d after transplanting,while the accumulation intensity of that of the three treatments rapidly increased during 35～45d after transplanting.
The contents of nicotine of NO treatment were very little,and theirs change extent was also small.The contents of nicotine of cutters and upper leaves of N1 treatment and N2 treatment increased with the plants growing,and that rapidly increased after 65d after transplanting.The accumulation intensity of nicotine of NO treatment were very little,and that of N1 treatment and N2 treatment were small at early and middle growth stages while that were big at later growth stage.The difference of the accumulation intensity of nicotine between the three treatments wasn't obvious during 0～35d after transplanting,and the accumulation intensity of N2 treatment was 1.2 times of that of N1 treatment during 65～75d after transplanting.
The content of NO_3~--N of flue-cured tobacco leaves of the three treatments increased with the nitrogen-applied amount increasing.The content of NO_3~--N of lower leaves was high at early stage and low at later stage,and its change extent was big.The contents of NO_3~--N of cutters and upper leaves were low at every growth stage,and theirs change extents were little.The accumulation intensity of NO_3~--N was continuously small,and that increased with the nitrogen-applied amount increasing during 0～35d and 65～75d after transplanting.
5 The relationship of enzymes actiivties in nitrogen metabolism,the contents of pigments and the contents of N-containing compounds
Correlations analysis of enzymes actiivties in nitrogen assimilation and pigments indicated that the correlations of NR ativities of roots and the contents of carotenioids reached significant level,and that of other indexes reached most significant level. Grey relationship analysis on enzymes actiivties in nitrogen metabolism and the contents of N-containing compounds during the period of flue-cured tobacco growth showed that the Grey relationship coefficient between NR ativities of roots and the contents of protein-N＞that of between NR ativities of roots and the contents of total-N＞that of between NR ativities of roots and the contents of free amino acids-N. 6 Effects of nitrogen rates on the quality of flue-cured tobacco
The midrib ratio,weight per leaf and weight per area of flue-cured tobacco leaves all increased with the nitrogen-applied amount increasing.The balance water ratio and the tensile of the three treatments took on the tendency of "N1＞N2＞NO".
The contents of protein,nicotine,NO_3~--N and NO_2~--N all increased with the nitrogen-applied amount increasing,and the content of chlorine of N1 treatment was the smallest among the three treatments.The ratio of K/C1 of the three treatments was in the order of "N1＞N2＞NO".
The contents of nitrogen,phosphorus and sulfur significantly increased with the nitrogen-applied amount increasing,while that of potassium,boron and manganese increased and that of magnesium,iron,copper and zinc decreased.
N1 treatment increased the contents of neophytadiene,furfural,furfurol,solanone, megastignone-2,megasfignone-4,and famesyl acetone,while N2 treatment obviously decreased the contents of neophytadiene and furfurol and decreased the contents of furfural,solanone,megastignone-2,megastignone-4 and farnesyl acetone.N1 treatment obviously increased the contents of aroma constituents of cembranenoids and increased that of phenylalanines and browing reaction products,but over-applied nitrogen(N2 treatment)decreased the contents of the three kinds of aroma constituents by different degrees.
The contents of malic acid,oxalic acid and malonic acid increased with the nitrogen-applied amount increasing,while that of citric acid took on the tendency of "N1＞N2＞NO".
引文
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