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施肥和密度对丹参(Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge)生长发育和有效成分积累的影响
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摘要
本文以河南道地药材裕丹参为材料,采用两因素随机设计,分别研究了施肥和密度对一年生丹参花芽分化、生长动态和产量品质的影响。结果表明:
     (1)丹参花芽分化主要分为花芽未分化期(花序原基形成期)、花序原基伸长期、小花原基形成期、苞叶分化期、萼片分化期、花瓣分化期和雄蕊分化期、雌蕊分化期等8个主要阶段。施肥和密度对丹参花芽分化的影响不明显。
     (2)丹参地上部分的单株鲜重在8月底前呈增长趋势,7月份增长速度最快,9月初开始降低;地上部分干重的增长时间稍长,在9月初前一直增加,此后开始下降:植株高度在前期呈直线增长趋势,开花后增长缓慢。
     密度越大,丹参植株越小鲜重越低,植株生长的趋势缓慢。增施氮肥使地上部分生长盛期提前,提高单株地上部分鲜重;增施钾肥有利于地上干物质的积累。方差分析表明,施肥、密度对单株地上干重的效应都达到显著水平,其交互效应不显著。随着密度的增加,株高的生长受到抑制;增施磷钾肥有利于株高的增加。
     (3)丹参种植后先发根,增加根的数量,然后进行根的伸长和增粗生长。根数的增长呈“S”型曲线,根直径的增加而呈上升趋势。地下部分(根系)的鲜重和干重前期增长缓慢,8月份开始快速增加,此后稳定增加,10月份之后增长逐渐减慢,甚至停止。一年生丹参根冠比随着生长天数的增加,逐渐增加,8月份以后增加速度更快。根地下部分的干物质积累明显滞后于地上部分。
     施肥和密度对单株根数的影响均达到了1%显著水平,但二者交互效应不显著。对单株干鲜重而言,施肥、密度以及其交互效用都达到了1%显著水平,其中均以株行距为30×35cm。N:P_2O_5:K_2O=1:1:2的处理最优。当株行距为20×25cm,N:P_2O_5:K_2O=1:1:2时,丹参收获时根冠比最大。
     (4)丹参周皮的厚度有先提高,后降低的趋势。皮层和韧皮部的生长曲线呈现“W”型,一年中出现两次快速生长过程。木质部在前期呈下降趋势,中期的生长呈抛物线型,后期呈直线型开始增厚。增施磷钾肥会促进周皮、皮层和韧皮部的发育,钾肥更有利于木质部的生长发育。当株行距为20×25cm时,皮层和韧皮部、木质部厚度最大。
     (5)丹参酮ⅡA主要分布在周皮中,其含量在丹参生长前期比较低,9月达到最高,之后开始下降;丹参酮ⅡA总量9月达到高峰,此后开始下降,在10月以后缓慢上升。丹酚酸B在根中主要分布在皮层、韧皮部和木质部中,丹参中丹酚酸B的积累随着生长而有两次升高的趋势。5~7月份进行第一次增长高峰,8月份开始第二次积累。丹酚酸B总量在8月之后开始迅速增加,9月和10月保持平稳,10月之后又开始增加。根(干品)产量的增长速度呈现“慢—快—慢”的变化趋势。5~7月份生长较慢,7~9月份开始快速增长,此后趋于平缓。
     施肥、密度对根干鲜产量的影响均达到了1%显著水平,其交互效应仅对干产量的作用达到了差异极显著水平。株行距为20×25cm时,丹参酮ⅡA的含量最高。增施磷钾肥可以
    缓解丹参酮ⅡA含量的降低趋势,增施钾肥有利于提高丹参中丹酚酸B的含量。综合产量
    和有效成分含量及总量考虑,株行距为20×25cm、N∶P_2O_5∶K_2O=1∶1∶2的处理最优,
    一年生丹参在11月之后采收较好。
This paper used Henan purity medicinal Yu Salvia miltiorrhiza as material, adopted two factors random design,studied separately that effects of fertilization and density on annual Salvia miltiorrhiza flower bud differentiation, growth dynamic,production and quality.The main results are as follows: (\)Salvia miltiorrhiza flower bud differentiation can be divided into eight stages mainly, such as: flower bud last differentiation(inflorescence primordium formative stage), Inflorescence primordium elongation,Floret primodium formative stage,Bracteal leaf differentiation,Sepal differentiation.Petal differentiation and Stamen differentiation,Pistil differentiation and so on.I fertilization and density have no effects on flower bud differentiation .
    (2)Salvia miltiorrhiza individual fresh weight of overground part showed increase tendendcy in the late August,and reached the fastest increase speed in the July, then began to descend at the beginning September;dry weight of overground part had long increasing, being all increasing before early September, then began to descend after this;The increase tendency of plant height showed a straight line ,and increased slowly after florescence.
    The smaller density,the smaller plant, the lower individual fresh weight, plant growth slower. Applying nitrogenous fertilizer made the overground growth peak ahead, promoted single plant overground fresh weight; Adding of K fertilizer was better for the overground dry weight accumulating. The results of variance analysis indicate that, effects of fertilization and density on single plantoverground weight all reached the significant difference level, but interaction had no significant difference. Density showed negative effects to plant height growth; Adding P,Kfertilizer was better to the plant height growth.
    (3)The plant radicated and increase root numbers at first,then began elongation and wide growth. Root numbers increased as 'S' curve,widen of root diameter showed ascended trendency.Fresh and dry weight of underground part (root) slowly increased in prophase,in August began increase fastly, then increased steadily,after October slowly increased gradually,even stoped. Annual Salvia militiorrhiza root/shoot ratio increased gradually with increasing of growth days,after August increasing speed is faster than before. Dry weight accumulation of underground part Iaged clearly behind overground part.
    
     Effect of fertilization and density on single root numbers had reached 1%significanct level, interaction has no significant difference.As for single fresh weight and dry weight, fertilization,density and theirs interaction all reacher 1%significanct level,the optimum is the treatment of space between plants and rows 30×35cm,When space between plants and rows are 20×25cm, N:P_2O_5:K_2O=1:1:2,Salvia miltiorrhiza have the biggest of root/shoot ratio at harvest.
     (4)The growth tendency of the peridrm depth showed firest ascended then descended. The growth curve of cortex and phleom looked as "W",and there had two speediness growing process. Xylem depth showed a descend tendency in prior period, a parabolical tendency in middle period, a straightness tendency in later period.Adding of P,K fertilizer promoted the development of periderm、cortex and phleom, Kalium fertilizer was better to the development of xylem. The depth of cortex、phleom and xylem were the thickest,when space between plants and rows was 20×25cm.
     (5) TanshionⅡA chiefly distributed in peridem,its content was slow in prophase growth of Salvia militiorrhiza, in September it reached the highest,then began to descend; total weight of TanshinonⅡA reached peak, after this began to descend. Danfenshuan B chiefly distributed in cortex,phloem and xylem,its content have twice ascended tendency.The first increase peak is from May to July, then began the second accumulation. Danfenshuan B content began fast increasing in August, Total weight of DanfensuanB began increasing fastly after Agust, in September and October it keep steady, then increased after October again. Increase speed of root (dry) output present 'slow-quick-slow' change tendency.Growth slowly from May to July, begin fast increase from July to September, after this trends grew steady.
     Effect of fertilization and density on root fresh weight and dry weight have reached 1%significance level,but interaction only significant affect dry weight.When space between plants and rows are 20×25cm, TanshinonⅡA content reached the heighest.Increasing P,K fertilizer can ameliorate the descended tendency of TanshinonⅡA content, Increasing K fertilizer advanced Danfenshuan B content highten.Considering synthetic output,effective ingredient content and total weight,the optimum was the treatment of space between plants and rows 30×35cm, N:P_2O_5:K_2O =1:1:2,annual Salvia militiorrhiza harvest was better after November.
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