用于版权保护的音频数字水印算法研究
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摘要
随着互联网以及多媒体通讯的发展,对多媒体产品版权保护和鉴别要求越来越强烈,而数字水印技术是解决数字版权保护问题的有效手段。目前,对静态图像数字水印技术的研究己经日趋成熟,音频数字水印也正成为新的研究热点。
本文在详细分析数字音频水印技术特点和需求的基础上,以直观的二值图像作为水印信息,以音频数据为嵌入对象,从提高数字水印的不可察觉性和鲁棒性出发,探讨了两种新的用于版权保护的数字音频盲水印方法。
一是基于离散小波变换的盲音频水印算法。在对作为水印的二值图像进行Arnold置乱处理,将其转化为一维序列后,再对原始音频信号实施分段离散小波变换并根据离散小波变换近似分量的能量自适应确定嵌入强度,选择小波变换近似分量的偶数点系数嵌入水印,水印嵌入的次数等于原始音频分成的段数。水印检测不需要原始音频信号,提高了水印的工程应用价值。
二是引入了基于倒谱变换和离散余弦变换相结合的音频水印算法。算法中对二值水印图像进行了置乱处理,增加了水印信息的安全性。将原始音频信号分段并对每段音频数据实施倒谱变换,再对倒谱系数进行离散余弦变换,采用量化原理将水印信息嵌入到离散余弦变换的低频系数中,保证了水印的不可感知性以及鲁棒性。在水印检测过程中不需要原始音频信号,是一种盲水印算法。与目前大部分文献采用的倒谱变换方法相比,本算法有更好的不可感知性及鲁棒性。
仿真实验表明,本课题提出的两种算法具有较好的不可感知性,对一些基本的信号处理操作具有很强的鲁棒性,并且均实现了水印的盲检测,具有很好的实用价值。
With the development of the internet and multimedia, the protection for the intellectual copyright becomes more and more urgent and important, meanwhile, the digital watermarking is the effective means to solve the intellectual copyright problems. Recently, research on the still image watermarking technology becomes more and more matured; while the research on audio digital watermarking is becoming a hot topic.
With the two-dimension binary image as watermarking information, the audio data as embedded target, on the basis of analyzing the digital technological characteristic and demand of audio watermarking in detail, in order to enhance the imperceptible and robust of the digital watermarking, this paper discusses two new digital blind watermarking methods of audio for copyright protection.
At one hand, there is the digital blind watermarking algorithm of audio based on discrete wavelet transform. First, the watermarking image has been processed by Arnold disorder transform, then converted it into a one-dimension sequence; Second, the audio data has been divided and discrete wavelet transform; Third, determine the embedding strength of watermarking adaptively according to the energy of the DWT approximate coefficient, and choose the even number of wavelet coefficient to embed watermarking. The times of the watermarking has been embedded repeatedly equal to the segments number of the audio has been divided. The watermark can be extracted without the original audio signal. This helps it to use in the actual project.
On the other hand, it discusses the digital watermarking algorithm of audio based on cepstrum transform and discrete cosine transform. The algorithm increases the watermarking security by disordering the watermarking. The audio signal has been divided and cepstrum transform, and use the coefficient of cepstrum transform to discrete cosine transform. Embedding the watermarking on the low-frequency of the discrete cosine transform using quantization theory improves the watermarking's imperceptible and robust. .The watermarking can be extracted without the original audio. Compared with the methods based on cepstrum transform proposed in the most papers at present, the algorithm of this paper has better imperceptible and robust.
The experimental result demonstrates that the watermarking is imperceptible and the algorithms are robust to many basic signal operations. The watermark can be extracted without the original audio. The blind watermarking detection has very good practical value.
本文在详细分析数字音频水印技术特点和需求的基础上,以直观的二值图像作为水印信息,以音频数据为嵌入对象,从提高数字水印的不可察觉性和鲁棒性出发,探讨了两种新的用于版权保护的数字音频盲水印方法。
一是基于离散小波变换的盲音频水印算法。在对作为水印的二值图像进行Arnold置乱处理,将其转化为一维序列后,再对原始音频信号实施分段离散小波变换并根据离散小波变换近似分量的能量自适应确定嵌入强度,选择小波变换近似分量的偶数点系数嵌入水印,水印嵌入的次数等于原始音频分成的段数。水印检测不需要原始音频信号,提高了水印的工程应用价值。
二是引入了基于倒谱变换和离散余弦变换相结合的音频水印算法。算法中对二值水印图像进行了置乱处理,增加了水印信息的安全性。将原始音频信号分段并对每段音频数据实施倒谱变换,再对倒谱系数进行离散余弦变换,采用量化原理将水印信息嵌入到离散余弦变换的低频系数中,保证了水印的不可感知性以及鲁棒性。在水印检测过程中不需要原始音频信号,是一种盲水印算法。与目前大部分文献采用的倒谱变换方法相比,本算法有更好的不可感知性及鲁棒性。
仿真实验表明,本课题提出的两种算法具有较好的不可感知性,对一些基本的信号处理操作具有很强的鲁棒性,并且均实现了水印的盲检测,具有很好的实用价值。
With the development of the internet and multimedia, the protection for the intellectual copyright becomes more and more urgent and important, meanwhile, the digital watermarking is the effective means to solve the intellectual copyright problems. Recently, research on the still image watermarking technology becomes more and more matured; while the research on audio digital watermarking is becoming a hot topic.
With the two-dimension binary image as watermarking information, the audio data as embedded target, on the basis of analyzing the digital technological characteristic and demand of audio watermarking in detail, in order to enhance the imperceptible and robust of the digital watermarking, this paper discusses two new digital blind watermarking methods of audio for copyright protection.
At one hand, there is the digital blind watermarking algorithm of audio based on discrete wavelet transform. First, the watermarking image has been processed by Arnold disorder transform, then converted it into a one-dimension sequence; Second, the audio data has been divided and discrete wavelet transform; Third, determine the embedding strength of watermarking adaptively according to the energy of the DWT approximate coefficient, and choose the even number of wavelet coefficient to embed watermarking. The times of the watermarking has been embedded repeatedly equal to the segments number of the audio has been divided. The watermark can be extracted without the original audio signal. This helps it to use in the actual project.
On the other hand, it discusses the digital watermarking algorithm of audio based on cepstrum transform and discrete cosine transform. The algorithm increases the watermarking security by disordering the watermarking. The audio signal has been divided and cepstrum transform, and use the coefficient of cepstrum transform to discrete cosine transform. Embedding the watermarking on the low-frequency of the discrete cosine transform using quantization theory improves the watermarking's imperceptible and robust. .The watermarking can be extracted without the original audio. Compared with the methods based on cepstrum transform proposed in the most papers at present, the algorithm of this paper has better imperceptible and robust.
The experimental result demonstrates that the watermarking is imperceptible and the algorithms are robust to many basic signal operations. The watermark can be extracted without the original audio. The blind watermarking detection has very good practical value.
引文
[1]孙圣和,陆哲明,牛夏牧等。数字水印技术及应用。北京:科学出版社,2004。14-24。
[2]赵东宁。一种带水印的文本版权保护方法:[硕士学位论文]。解放军理工大学,2004。
[3]吴绍权,黄继武,黄达人。基于小波变换的自同步音频水印算法。计算机学报,2004。27(3):365-370。
[4]李跃强。数字音频水印算法研究:[硕士学位论文]。湖南大学,2006。
[5]杨行峻,迟惠生等。语音信号数字处理。北京:电子工业出版社,1995。34-47。
[6]王炳锡。语音编码。西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2002。
[7]王炳锡,陈琦,邓峰森。数字水印技术。西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2003。107-110
[8]崔丽莉。音频数字水印技术的研究:[硕士学位论文]。吉林大学,2004。
[9]Ozer,Ramkumar,Akansu.FFT Based Signaling for Multimedia Stegano Graphy[A].Proc.IEEE Int.Conf.On Acoustics,Speech,and Signal Processing[C].Istanbul,Turkey,June2000.1979-1982.
[10]陈琦,王炳锡。一种基于DCT变换的语音数字水印算法研究[J]。信号处理,2001。17(3):238-241。
[11]Gruhl D,Lu A,Bender W.Echohiding.In:Anderson R.J.ed.Proceeding of the 1st Information Hiding Workshop.LNCS 1174,Berlin:Germany Springer-Verlag,1996.295-315.
[12]Huang Ji Wu,Wang Yong,Shi Y.Q.A blind audio watermarking algorithm with self-synchronization.In:Proceedings of IEEE International Symposiumon Circuits and Systems,Arizona,USA,2002.3:627-630.
[13]Lie Wen Ntung,Chang Li Chun.Robust and high-quality time-domain audio watermarking subject to sychoacoustic masking.In:Proceedings of IEEE International Synposiumon Circuits and Systems,Arizona,USA,2002,2:45-48.
[14]A.Piva,M.Barni,F.Bartonlini,V.Cappellini.DCT based watermark recovering without resorting to the uncorrupted original image[A].Proc.IEEE Int.Conf.On Acoustics,Speech,and Signal Processing[C].Istanbul,Turkey,June1997.520-523.
[15]陈琦,王炳锡。一种基于DCT变换的语音数字水印算法研究[J]。信号处理,2001。17(3):238-241。
[16]]Niu,Xinxin,Yang,Yixian.New algorithm for digital watermarking based on the wavelet transform[J].Jisuanji Xuebao/Chinese Journal of Computers,v23,n1,Jan,2000.21-27
[17]Bender W,Gruhl D,Morimoto N,et al.Techniques for data hiding[J].IBM Sysetm Journal,1996.35:313-336.
[18]S.Tsekeridou,I.Pittas.Embedding self-similar watermarks in the wavelet domain[A].Proc.IEEE Int.Conf.On Acoustics,Speech and Signal Processing[C].Istanbul,Turkey,June2000.1967-1970.
[19]J.F.Tilki,A.A.Beex.Encoding a hidden digital signal a true onto an audio signal using psychoacoustic masking[A].The 7th International Conference no Signal Processing Applications and Technology:vol.2[C],1996.476-480.
[20]Stefan Katzenbeisser,Fabien A.P.Petitcolas.Information Hiding Techniques for Steganography and Digital Watermarking[M].Artech House,INC,2000.
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[24]N.D.Jayant,J.D.Johnston,and R.J.Safranek.Signal compression based on models of human perception.Proc.IEEE,vol.81,Oct.1993.1385-1422.
[25]Podilchuk CI,Delp EJ.Digital watermarking:algorithm and application.IEEE Signal Processing Magazine,July 2001.1053-5888.
[26]M.Arnod.Attacks on Digital Audio Watermarks and Countermeasures.Proceedings of Third International Conference on Web Delivering of Music,Sep2003.55-62.
[27]Martin K,Febien A,Petitcolas P.A Fair Benchmark for Image Watermarking Systems.Proceedings of Electronic Imaging.Washington:SPIE Press,1999.226-239.
[28]王向阳,杨红颖,赵红。一种新的自适应量化数字音频水印算法。声学技术,2004,3:117-120。
[29]王泳,黄继武,Yun Q.Shi。 快速重同步的有意义音频水印盲检测算法。计算机研究与发展,2003。2:215-230。
[30]王向阳,杨红颖。基于离散余弦变换的自适应数字音频水印技术研究。小型微型计算机系统,2004。10:1825-1827。
[31]张开文,张新鹏,王朔中。图像及音频信号中隐蔽嵌入信息存在性的统计检验[J]。电子与信息学报,2003。7:872-877。
[32]杨洋,陈小平。一种变换域的音频多水印算法探索。微电子学与计算机,2004。6:63-66。
[33]梁华庆,赵丽丽,钮心忻等。一种基于心理声学模型的小波包域音频数字水印算法。石油大学学报(自然科学版),2003。6:112-115。
[34]王让定,徐达文,陈金儿。基于频率掩蔽效应的自适应音频数字水印技术。计算机工程与应用,2004。15:31-33。
[35]颜菲,季兵,章德。抑制原始信号影响的数字音频水印算法。计算机应用,2003。12:111-113。
[36]C.S.Burrus,R.A.Gopinath,H.Guo.Introduction to Wavelets and wavelet Transforms.1998.21(9):838-843.
[37]陈武凡。小波分析及其在图像处理中的应用。北京:科学出版社,2002。1-35。
[38]李建平。小波分析与信号处理—理论、应用及软件实现。重庆:重庆出版社,1997。
[39]王剑。基于模数运算的DWT域数字音频水印。计算机工程,2004。3:44-45。
[40]于晓敏。基于离散小波变换的音频数字水印算法研究。齐齐哈尔大学学报,vol.23,No.1,Jan 2007。60-64。
[41]胥虎军。信息隐藏与恢复若干算法的研究:[硕士学位论文]。西北大学,2006。
[42]Arnold,V.I.et al.Ergodic Problems of Classical Mechanics,Matherntical Physics Monograph Series,New York:W.A.Benjamin,INC,1968
[43]K.Ramchandran,M.Vetterli,C.Herley.Wavelets,Subband Coding,and Best Bases.Proceedings of the IEEE.1996,4(84).541-559.
[44]Cohen A,Daubechies I,Feauveau J.C.Biorthogonal Bases of Compactly Supported Wavelets.Comm.Pure Appl.Math.1992,42.485-560.
[45]Daubechies I.Ten Lecture on Wavelets.Philadelphia:Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.1992.
[46]王向阳,赵红。用于MP3作品版权保护的数字水印新算法。小型微型计算机系统,vol.27,No.12,Dec 2006。2363-2368。
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[48]张敏瑞,易克初。倒谱域音频与图像水印算法。西安电子科技大学学报(自然科学版),2003。6:730-738。
[49]D.Gruhl,A.Lu,W.Bender.Echo hiding,in Proc.Information Hiding Workshop,University of Cambridge,UK,1996.295-315.
[50]张敏瑞,易克初。倒谱域音频与图像水印算法。西安电子科技大学学报(自然科学版),2003。6:730-738。
[51]胡晓峰,吴玲达。多媒体系统原理与应用。北京:人民邮电出版社,1997。
[52]Memon N,Wong P W.Protecting digital media content[J].Communications of the ACM 1998.41(7):35-43.
[2]赵东宁。一种带水印的文本版权保护方法:[硕士学位论文]。解放军理工大学,2004。
[3]吴绍权,黄继武,黄达人。基于小波变换的自同步音频水印算法。计算机学报,2004。27(3):365-370。
[4]李跃强。数字音频水印算法研究:[硕士学位论文]。湖南大学,2006。
[5]杨行峻,迟惠生等。语音信号数字处理。北京:电子工业出版社,1995。34-47。
[6]王炳锡。语音编码。西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2002。
[7]王炳锡,陈琦,邓峰森。数字水印技术。西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2003。107-110
[8]崔丽莉。音频数字水印技术的研究:[硕士学位论文]。吉林大学,2004。
[9]Ozer,Ramkumar,Akansu.FFT Based Signaling for Multimedia Stegano Graphy[A].Proc.IEEE Int.Conf.On Acoustics,Speech,and Signal Processing[C].Istanbul,Turkey,June2000.1979-1982.
[10]陈琦,王炳锡。一种基于DCT变换的语音数字水印算法研究[J]。信号处理,2001。17(3):238-241。
[11]Gruhl D,Lu A,Bender W.Echohiding.In:Anderson R.J.ed.Proceeding of the 1st Information Hiding Workshop.LNCS 1174,Berlin:Germany Springer-Verlag,1996.295-315.
[12]Huang Ji Wu,Wang Yong,Shi Y.Q.A blind audio watermarking algorithm with self-synchronization.In:Proceedings of IEEE International Symposiumon Circuits and Systems,Arizona,USA,2002.3:627-630.
[13]Lie Wen Ntung,Chang Li Chun.Robust and high-quality time-domain audio watermarking subject to sychoacoustic masking.In:Proceedings of IEEE International Synposiumon Circuits and Systems,Arizona,USA,2002,2:45-48.
[14]A.Piva,M.Barni,F.Bartonlini,V.Cappellini.DCT based watermark recovering without resorting to the uncorrupted original image[A].Proc.IEEE Int.Conf.On Acoustics,Speech,and Signal Processing[C].Istanbul,Turkey,June1997.520-523.
[15]陈琦,王炳锡。一种基于DCT变换的语音数字水印算法研究[J]。信号处理,2001。17(3):238-241。
[16]]Niu,Xinxin,Yang,Yixian.New algorithm for digital watermarking based on the wavelet transform[J].Jisuanji Xuebao/Chinese Journal of Computers,v23,n1,Jan,2000.21-27
[17]Bender W,Gruhl D,Morimoto N,et al.Techniques for data hiding[J].IBM Sysetm Journal,1996.35:313-336.
[18]S.Tsekeridou,I.Pittas.Embedding self-similar watermarks in the wavelet domain[A].Proc.IEEE Int.Conf.On Acoustics,Speech and Signal Processing[C].Istanbul,Turkey,June2000.1967-1970.
[19]J.F.Tilki,A.A.Beex.Encoding a hidden digital signal a true onto an audio signal using psychoacoustic masking[A].The 7th International Conference no Signal Processing Applications and Technology:vol.2[C],1996.476-480.
[20]Stefan Katzenbeisser,Fabien A.P.Petitcolas.Information Hiding Techniques for Steganography and Digital Watermarking[M].Artech House,INC,2000.
[21]N.Cvejic et al.Audio Watermarking Using m-Sequences and Temporal Masking.IEEE Workshop on the Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics,2001.227-230.
[22]L.Boney et al.Digital Watermarks for Audio Signals.Proceedings of the Third IEEE International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems,June1996.473-480.
[23]P.Moulin and J.A.O'Sullivan.Information-Theoretic Analysis of Watermarking.2000 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics,Speech,and Signal Processing,vol.6,2000.3630-3633.
[24]N.D.Jayant,J.D.Johnston,and R.J.Safranek.Signal compression based on models of human perception.Proc.IEEE,vol.81,Oct.1993.1385-1422.
[25]Podilchuk CI,Delp EJ.Digital watermarking:algorithm and application.IEEE Signal Processing Magazine,July 2001.1053-5888.
[26]M.Arnod.Attacks on Digital Audio Watermarks and Countermeasures.Proceedings of Third International Conference on Web Delivering of Music,Sep2003.55-62.
[27]Martin K,Febien A,Petitcolas P.A Fair Benchmark for Image Watermarking Systems.Proceedings of Electronic Imaging.Washington:SPIE Press,1999.226-239.
[28]王向阳,杨红颖,赵红。一种新的自适应量化数字音频水印算法。声学技术,2004,3:117-120。
[29]王泳,黄继武,Yun Q.Shi。 快速重同步的有意义音频水印盲检测算法。计算机研究与发展,2003。2:215-230。
[30]王向阳,杨红颖。基于离散余弦变换的自适应数字音频水印技术研究。小型微型计算机系统,2004。10:1825-1827。
[31]张开文,张新鹏,王朔中。图像及音频信号中隐蔽嵌入信息存在性的统计检验[J]。电子与信息学报,2003。7:872-877。
[32]杨洋,陈小平。一种变换域的音频多水印算法探索。微电子学与计算机,2004。6:63-66。
[33]梁华庆,赵丽丽,钮心忻等。一种基于心理声学模型的小波包域音频数字水印算法。石油大学学报(自然科学版),2003。6:112-115。
[34]王让定,徐达文,陈金儿。基于频率掩蔽效应的自适应音频数字水印技术。计算机工程与应用,2004。15:31-33。
[35]颜菲,季兵,章德。抑制原始信号影响的数字音频水印算法。计算机应用,2003。12:111-113。
[36]C.S.Burrus,R.A.Gopinath,H.Guo.Introduction to Wavelets and wavelet Transforms.1998.21(9):838-843.
[37]陈武凡。小波分析及其在图像处理中的应用。北京:科学出版社,2002。1-35。
[38]李建平。小波分析与信号处理—理论、应用及软件实现。重庆:重庆出版社,1997。
[39]王剑。基于模数运算的DWT域数字音频水印。计算机工程,2004。3:44-45。
[40]于晓敏。基于离散小波变换的音频数字水印算法研究。齐齐哈尔大学学报,vol.23,No.1,Jan 2007。60-64。
[41]胥虎军。信息隐藏与恢复若干算法的研究:[硕士学位论文]。西北大学,2006。
[42]Arnold,V.I.et al.Ergodic Problems of Classical Mechanics,Matherntical Physics Monograph Series,New York:W.A.Benjamin,INC,1968
[43]K.Ramchandran,M.Vetterli,C.Herley.Wavelets,Subband Coding,and Best Bases.Proceedings of the IEEE.1996,4(84).541-559.
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