赤道东太平洋水体及西南印度洋热液活动区水体悬浮颗粒矿物研究
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摘要
2005年中国环球大洋17航次考察在赤道东太平洋取得了5个站位共54个悬浮体样品。2010年中国第21次大洋考察在西南印度洋热液活动区7个站位的水体中取得了86个悬浮体样品。本文以上述悬浮体样品为研究对象,分别对赤道东太平洋和西南印度洋热液活动区水体悬浮颗粒矿物进行了系统研究。
依据赤道东太平洋研究区各站悬浮颗粒物总量、约4000张颗粒矿物扫描电镜图像和约4000个能谱分析数据及航次取得的水文资料,对赤道东太平洋研究区水体中悬浮体的颗粒物含量、矿物形态、组分及其分布等进行了系统研究,探讨了物源和影响因素。
赤道东太平洋水体悬浮体含量普遍较低,在0.01-0.29mg/L之间。各站之间及同一站位不同水层之间分布不均。西部WS站悬浮体平均含量最高,为东部其余四站的2倍左右；各站悬浮体含量垂向分布大致有高-低-高的分布规律。
赤道东太平洋水体悬浮矿物颗粒中共鉴别出7类38种矿物(化合物),其中3种硫化物矿物颗粒、独居石、轻稀土氢氧化物(氧化物)等是首次在悬浮体中报道。矿物颗粒物源可以分为大气、海洋自生矿物、海底再悬浮及可能的海底火山来源等四种。
水体悬浮颗粒物中普遍发现了重晶石颗粒和集合体。重晶石颗粒形态可分为为卵形或圆形、菱形、箭头形及不规则形4类,根据其溶蚀特征进一步分出了对应的亚类；新发现了箭头状重晶石,属于自然界首次发现,对其成因进行了解释；发现了形态各异的溶蚀重晶石,在水体中普遍存在。对重晶石的含Sr量进行统计,发现Sr较广泛地参与了重晶石的结晶形成过程,提出了重晶石溶蚀形态的选择性溶解形成机制；不同站位水层重晶石颗粒的粒度大小、数量分析表明,重晶石的形成机制可能具有天青石形成模式和有机聚集体形成模式同时并存。重晶石颗粒有时以集合体形式被含粘土有机质、含钙有机质或含Ti的氢氧化物(氧化物)胶体等包裹。海洋重晶石的成因和溶蚀研究,对认识海洋生物地球化学循环和评估古海洋生产力有重要意义。
矿物组合分析发现研究区中部三站矿物以陆源物质和海洋自生物质为主；西部和东部站位矿物组分还含有少量金属硫化物或金属氢氧化物,可能受到海底火山活动的一定影响,与其所处区域的构造活动有关。
依据西南印度洋热液活动区悬浮体样品的颗粒物总量、5000多张矿物扫描电镜图像和近5000个能谱分析数据及航次资料,对西南印度洋热液活动区水体中悬浮体的颗粒物含量、矿物形态、组分及其分布特征等进行了系统研究,分析了与研究区热液活动的关系,提出了热液活动区的大洋水体同样存在作为热液羽状流标志性组分的硫化物矿物悬浮颗粒异常的概念。
西南印度洋热液活动区水体中悬浮体含量在0.17-1.45mg/L之间,高出赤道东太平洋海区5-10倍；各站位悬浮体含量的平均值变化相对不大,但垂向上悬浮体含量变化较大,大致可以分为高-低-高三段。
西南印度洋研究区悬浮大洋水体中共发现42种矿物(化合物)和3种未确定结构的硫化物物相,其中3种硫化物和4种硫化物的矿物形态是大洋悬浮颗粒物中的新发现。二硫化锌是在自然界未曾发现过,四硫化锌则未见任何报道。
提出了“过硫化锌-铁闪锌矿-黄铁矿-黄铜矿”和“黄铜矿-闪锌矿-黄铁矿-磁黄铁矿”两种悬浮颗粒热液硫化物标志性组合,推测其来源分别以中等高温型羽状流喷发为主和高温型羽状流喷发为主。
悬浮硫化物颗粒的数量、形态、组合和分布特征与已有报道的邻近热泉活动区在空间和性质上有明显的对应性。
西南印度洋热液活动区硫化物颗粒的种类、数量和分布等特征,与赤道东太平洋研究区形成了鲜明的对照。西南印度洋热液活动区1500m左右以下的水体中,硫化物颗粒种类多,数量大,其数量的垂向分布也出现明显异常,具有热液羽状流扩散残留痕迹或残余物的性质。这些特点,是赤道东太平洋研究区所没有的。
西南印度洋热液活动区悬浮颗粒物研究表明,热液活动区的大洋水体同样存在热液羽状流标志性组分的硫化物矿物悬浮颗粒异常,悬浮硫化物颗粒的组合和形态等各种特征与邻近的热泉活动区在空间和性质上有明显的对应性,是判识热液活动区的水体特征的依据。热液活动区悬浮颗粒物与热液羽状流悬浮颗粒物相比,分布范围更广泛,样品也较易取得,其特征和分布有助于认识热液喷口的性质和热液羽状流的范围。因此,热液活动区大洋悬浮体颗粒硫化物矿物异常的研究,可能是是判识和追踪热液羽状流和热液活动远景区的一种新途径。
54samples of suspended matter at5survey stations in the Eastern Equatorial PacificOcean were collected during Chinese DY105-17Cruise in2005. And86samples ofsuspended mater at7survey stations in the hydrothermal active areas in the Southwest IndianOcean were collected during Chinese DY115-21Cruise in2010. The suspended particulateminerals in the water column in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean and in the hydrothermalactive areas in the Southwest Indian Ocean were studied systematically based on thesesamples.
Concentration of suspended matter, morphology, composition and distribution of thesuspended particulate minerals were studied based on the data of total suspended matter(TSM) about4000SEM images and4000results of EDX analysis of the suspended particlesfrom the Eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean, their sources and influencial factors werediscussed.
The concentration of TSM in the water columns in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean,ranging from0.01to0.29mg/L, is very low and varies greatly between different stations anddifferent water depths in the same station. The average concentration of the TSM in the WSstation is the highest, being twice of those in the other stations. The vertical profiles of theTSM concentration show the trend of high-low-high from surface to the sea bottom.
Based on the on morphological and compositional study on the suspended mineralparticles in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean,38species of7groups of minerals weredistinguished, among which sulfide particles, Monazite and hydroxide (oxide) of light rareearth elements were found for the first time in the study area. Four possible sources of thesuspended mineral particles were deduced: aerosol origin authigenous origin re-suspensionorigin from the sea floor, and possible origin from sub-marine volcanos.
Barite particles were found universal in the water column. Four morphological types of barite crystals were identified:1) ovoid or round crystals;2) rhombic crystals;3) arrow-likecrystals; and4) irregular crystals. Each morphological type was divided into a subtypefeaturing well-formed crystals and subtypes with various dissolution features. The arrow-likemarine barite crystals were found for the first time, and their formation mechanism wasexplained. Various and unique dissolution features with selective dissolution characteristicswere found on the barite crystal surfaces, in the interior of crystals and along their edges.Statistics of the Sr content in barite particles shows that the formation of the various selectivedissolution features and arrow-like crystals are closely linked to the heterogeneousincorporation of Sr into marine barites in biologically maintained solid solutions in themicroenvironments of marine organisms. Based on the study on grain size and numbers ofbarite particles from different water depths, two possible models of the origin of the baritewere proposed: celestite model and organic aggregate model. Aggregated barite particleswere found often enwrapped by organic matter with some siliceous clay or with someCalcium or colloidal hydroxide (oxide) of Titanium. The study on the formation anddissolution of the barite is important and useful to improve our knowledge on thebiogeochemical cycle and to evaluate paleoproductivity in the ocean.
Mineral assemblage from3middle stations were mainly terrigenous and authigenousorigins; Minerals from the west station and the east station contain a few metal sulfides andmetal oxide (hydroxide), indicating the possible influence of sub-marine volcanic activities.The difference between the mineral assemblages are related to the regional tectonic activityin the station locations.
Concentration of suspended matter, morphology, composition and distribution of thesuspended particle minerals in the waters from the hydrothermal active areas in theSouthwest Indian Ocean were studied based on the data of total suspended matter (TSM)about5000SEM images and5000results of EDX analysis of the suspended particles fromthe hydrothermal active areas. The relationship between suspended minerals andhydrothermal activity in the study area are analyzed and found that anomaly of sulfides couldbe a proxy of the hydrothermal plume.
The concentrations of suspended particles in the hydrothermal active areas of SouthwestIndian Ocean ranged from0.17to1.45mg/L, which are about5-10times higher than that in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean. The average concentration of the total suspendedmatter (TSM) does not vary greatly between stations, while it varies dramatically in thevertical direction. The vertical profiles of the TSM show the trend of high-low-high fromsurface to the bottom water.
Total of42species of minerals and3species of structure-unidentified sulfides werefound in the water column in the hydrothermal active areas of Southwest Indian Ocean. The3species and4morphological forms of sulfide minerals were found for the first time, amongwhich ZnS2has not been found in nature and ZnS4has never been reported before.
Two sulfides mineral assemblages named “Zinc persulfide-marmatite-pyrite-chalcopyrite” and “chalcopyrite-sphalerite-pyrite-pyrrhotite” were proposed. They mainlyresponsed to hydrothermal plumes erupted in middle-high temperature and high temperature,respectively.
The amount, morphology, assemblage and distribution of the suspended sulfideparticles were found to have good accordance with the adjacent hydrothermal active areas inspace and habitude.
The species, amounts and distributions of the suspended sulfide particles in thehydrothermal active areas of the Southwest Indian Ocean are much different from that in theEastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean. The abundant species, high amounts and vertical anomalydistribution of the sulfides particles in the water column beyond1500m of depth in thehydrothermal active areas of the Southwest Indian Ocean showed the characteristics of thetrail or scraps of the hydrothermal plume diffusion, which was not found in the EasternEquatorial Pacific Ocean.
The study on the suspended particles in the waters from the hydrothermal active areasof Southwest Indian Ocean indicates that the anomaly of suspended sulfides as the proxy ofhydrothermal plume were also exist in the water column. The characteristics such as theassemblage and morphology of the sulfides have good accordance with the adjacenthydrothermal active areas in space and habitude, that would offer a basic judgment of thefeatures of the ocean waters in terms of existence of hydrothermal activities. The research onthe characteristics and distribution of the suspended sulfide particles will be conduce to thehabitude of the hydrothermal vent and the extension of the plume and is more convenient since the distribution of the suspended sulfide particles is more abroad and the samples isrelatively easily to be achieved than the hydrothermal plumes. Therefore, study on theabnormality of the suspended sulfide particles in the hydrothermal active areas could be anew approach to identify and trace hydrothermal plume and the perspective hydrothermalvent areas.
依据赤道东太平洋研究区各站悬浮颗粒物总量、约4000张颗粒矿物扫描电镜图像和约4000个能谱分析数据及航次取得的水文资料,对赤道东太平洋研究区水体中悬浮体的颗粒物含量、矿物形态、组分及其分布等进行了系统研究,探讨了物源和影响因素。
赤道东太平洋水体悬浮体含量普遍较低,在0.01-0.29mg/L之间。各站之间及同一站位不同水层之间分布不均。西部WS站悬浮体平均含量最高,为东部其余四站的2倍左右；各站悬浮体含量垂向分布大致有高-低-高的分布规律。
赤道东太平洋水体悬浮矿物颗粒中共鉴别出7类38种矿物(化合物),其中3种硫化物矿物颗粒、独居石、轻稀土氢氧化物(氧化物)等是首次在悬浮体中报道。矿物颗粒物源可以分为大气、海洋自生矿物、海底再悬浮及可能的海底火山来源等四种。
水体悬浮颗粒物中普遍发现了重晶石颗粒和集合体。重晶石颗粒形态可分为为卵形或圆形、菱形、箭头形及不规则形4类,根据其溶蚀特征进一步分出了对应的亚类；新发现了箭头状重晶石,属于自然界首次发现,对其成因进行了解释；发现了形态各异的溶蚀重晶石,在水体中普遍存在。对重晶石的含Sr量进行统计,发现Sr较广泛地参与了重晶石的结晶形成过程,提出了重晶石溶蚀形态的选择性溶解形成机制；不同站位水层重晶石颗粒的粒度大小、数量分析表明,重晶石的形成机制可能具有天青石形成模式和有机聚集体形成模式同时并存。重晶石颗粒有时以集合体形式被含粘土有机质、含钙有机质或含Ti的氢氧化物(氧化物)胶体等包裹。海洋重晶石的成因和溶蚀研究,对认识海洋生物地球化学循环和评估古海洋生产力有重要意义。
矿物组合分析发现研究区中部三站矿物以陆源物质和海洋自生物质为主；西部和东部站位矿物组分还含有少量金属硫化物或金属氢氧化物,可能受到海底火山活动的一定影响,与其所处区域的构造活动有关。
依据西南印度洋热液活动区悬浮体样品的颗粒物总量、5000多张矿物扫描电镜图像和近5000个能谱分析数据及航次资料,对西南印度洋热液活动区水体中悬浮体的颗粒物含量、矿物形态、组分及其分布特征等进行了系统研究,分析了与研究区热液活动的关系,提出了热液活动区的大洋水体同样存在作为热液羽状流标志性组分的硫化物矿物悬浮颗粒异常的概念。
西南印度洋热液活动区水体中悬浮体含量在0.17-1.45mg/L之间,高出赤道东太平洋海区5-10倍；各站位悬浮体含量的平均值变化相对不大,但垂向上悬浮体含量变化较大,大致可以分为高-低-高三段。
西南印度洋研究区悬浮大洋水体中共发现42种矿物(化合物)和3种未确定结构的硫化物物相,其中3种硫化物和4种硫化物的矿物形态是大洋悬浮颗粒物中的新发现。二硫化锌是在自然界未曾发现过,四硫化锌则未见任何报道。
提出了“过硫化锌-铁闪锌矿-黄铁矿-黄铜矿”和“黄铜矿-闪锌矿-黄铁矿-磁黄铁矿”两种悬浮颗粒热液硫化物标志性组合,推测其来源分别以中等高温型羽状流喷发为主和高温型羽状流喷发为主。
悬浮硫化物颗粒的数量、形态、组合和分布特征与已有报道的邻近热泉活动区在空间和性质上有明显的对应性。
西南印度洋热液活动区硫化物颗粒的种类、数量和分布等特征,与赤道东太平洋研究区形成了鲜明的对照。西南印度洋热液活动区1500m左右以下的水体中,硫化物颗粒种类多,数量大,其数量的垂向分布也出现明显异常,具有热液羽状流扩散残留痕迹或残余物的性质。这些特点,是赤道东太平洋研究区所没有的。
西南印度洋热液活动区悬浮颗粒物研究表明,热液活动区的大洋水体同样存在热液羽状流标志性组分的硫化物矿物悬浮颗粒异常,悬浮硫化物颗粒的组合和形态等各种特征与邻近的热泉活动区在空间和性质上有明显的对应性,是判识热液活动区的水体特征的依据。热液活动区悬浮颗粒物与热液羽状流悬浮颗粒物相比,分布范围更广泛,样品也较易取得,其特征和分布有助于认识热液喷口的性质和热液羽状流的范围。因此,热液活动区大洋悬浮体颗粒硫化物矿物异常的研究,可能是是判识和追踪热液羽状流和热液活动远景区的一种新途径。
54samples of suspended matter at5survey stations in the Eastern Equatorial PacificOcean were collected during Chinese DY105-17Cruise in2005. And86samples ofsuspended mater at7survey stations in the hydrothermal active areas in the Southwest IndianOcean were collected during Chinese DY115-21Cruise in2010. The suspended particulateminerals in the water column in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean and in the hydrothermalactive areas in the Southwest Indian Ocean were studied systematically based on thesesamples.
Concentration of suspended matter, morphology, composition and distribution of thesuspended particulate minerals were studied based on the data of total suspended matter(TSM) about4000SEM images and4000results of EDX analysis of the suspended particlesfrom the Eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean, their sources and influencial factors werediscussed.
The concentration of TSM in the water columns in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean,ranging from0.01to0.29mg/L, is very low and varies greatly between different stations anddifferent water depths in the same station. The average concentration of the TSM in the WSstation is the highest, being twice of those in the other stations. The vertical profiles of theTSM concentration show the trend of high-low-high from surface to the sea bottom.
Based on the on morphological and compositional study on the suspended mineralparticles in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean,38species of7groups of minerals weredistinguished, among which sulfide particles, Monazite and hydroxide (oxide) of light rareearth elements were found for the first time in the study area. Four possible sources of thesuspended mineral particles were deduced: aerosol origin authigenous origin re-suspensionorigin from the sea floor, and possible origin from sub-marine volcanos.
Barite particles were found universal in the water column. Four morphological types of barite crystals were identified:1) ovoid or round crystals;2) rhombic crystals;3) arrow-likecrystals; and4) irregular crystals. Each morphological type was divided into a subtypefeaturing well-formed crystals and subtypes with various dissolution features. The arrow-likemarine barite crystals were found for the first time, and their formation mechanism wasexplained. Various and unique dissolution features with selective dissolution characteristicswere found on the barite crystal surfaces, in the interior of crystals and along their edges.Statistics of the Sr content in barite particles shows that the formation of the various selectivedissolution features and arrow-like crystals are closely linked to the heterogeneousincorporation of Sr into marine barites in biologically maintained solid solutions in themicroenvironments of marine organisms. Based on the study on grain size and numbers ofbarite particles from different water depths, two possible models of the origin of the baritewere proposed: celestite model and organic aggregate model. Aggregated barite particleswere found often enwrapped by organic matter with some siliceous clay or with someCalcium or colloidal hydroxide (oxide) of Titanium. The study on the formation anddissolution of the barite is important and useful to improve our knowledge on thebiogeochemical cycle and to evaluate paleoproductivity in the ocean.
Mineral assemblage from3middle stations were mainly terrigenous and authigenousorigins; Minerals from the west station and the east station contain a few metal sulfides andmetal oxide (hydroxide), indicating the possible influence of sub-marine volcanic activities.The difference between the mineral assemblages are related to the regional tectonic activityin the station locations.
Concentration of suspended matter, morphology, composition and distribution of thesuspended particle minerals in the waters from the hydrothermal active areas in theSouthwest Indian Ocean were studied based on the data of total suspended matter (TSM)about5000SEM images and5000results of EDX analysis of the suspended particles fromthe hydrothermal active areas. The relationship between suspended minerals andhydrothermal activity in the study area are analyzed and found that anomaly of sulfides couldbe a proxy of the hydrothermal plume.
The concentrations of suspended particles in the hydrothermal active areas of SouthwestIndian Ocean ranged from0.17to1.45mg/L, which are about5-10times higher than that in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean. The average concentration of the total suspendedmatter (TSM) does not vary greatly between stations, while it varies dramatically in thevertical direction. The vertical profiles of the TSM show the trend of high-low-high fromsurface to the bottom water.
Total of42species of minerals and3species of structure-unidentified sulfides werefound in the water column in the hydrothermal active areas of Southwest Indian Ocean. The3species and4morphological forms of sulfide minerals were found for the first time, amongwhich ZnS2has not been found in nature and ZnS4has never been reported before.
Two sulfides mineral assemblages named “Zinc persulfide-marmatite-pyrite-chalcopyrite” and “chalcopyrite-sphalerite-pyrite-pyrrhotite” were proposed. They mainlyresponsed to hydrothermal plumes erupted in middle-high temperature and high temperature,respectively.
The amount, morphology, assemblage and distribution of the suspended sulfideparticles were found to have good accordance with the adjacent hydrothermal active areas inspace and habitude.
The species, amounts and distributions of the suspended sulfide particles in thehydrothermal active areas of the Southwest Indian Ocean are much different from that in theEastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean. The abundant species, high amounts and vertical anomalydistribution of the sulfides particles in the water column beyond1500m of depth in thehydrothermal active areas of the Southwest Indian Ocean showed the characteristics of thetrail or scraps of the hydrothermal plume diffusion, which was not found in the EasternEquatorial Pacific Ocean.
The study on the suspended particles in the waters from the hydrothermal active areasof Southwest Indian Ocean indicates that the anomaly of suspended sulfides as the proxy ofhydrothermal plume were also exist in the water column. The characteristics such as theassemblage and morphology of the sulfides have good accordance with the adjacenthydrothermal active areas in space and habitude, that would offer a basic judgment of thefeatures of the ocean waters in terms of existence of hydrothermal activities. The research onthe characteristics and distribution of the suspended sulfide particles will be conduce to thehabitude of the hydrothermal vent and the extension of the plume and is more convenient since the distribution of the suspended sulfide particles is more abroad and the samples isrelatively easily to be achieved than the hydrothermal plumes. Therefore, study on theabnormality of the suspended sulfide particles in the hydrothermal active areas could be anew approach to identify and trace hydrothermal plume and the perspective hydrothermalvent areas.
引文
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金翔龙,1997.东太平洋多金属结核矿带海洋地质与矿床特征.海洋出版社,北京.
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