湖南主要森林生态系统碳汇功能经济价值及其生态对策研究
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摘要
森林生态系统是全球碳循环的一个重要组成部分,其对全球碳循环的影响是人们一直关注的焦点之一,近年来森林碳汇的生态效益和经济效益也越来越受到世界各国的重视。湖南省地处亚热带,是中国南方重点林区省之一,植被类型丰富,本文以湖南几种主要森林类型为研究对象,通过实测的估算方法以及基于湖南森林资源资料(1999-2003),对不同森林的器官碳含量、区域森林生态系统碳贮量的估算方法及固碳能力,森林碳汇能力的经济价值估算等方面进行了研究,旨在探索准确估算区域森林生态系统的碳汇能力及其经济价值评估的合适方法,并对提高湖南省森林生态系统碳汇量及其经济价值等探讨了相应的生态对策。经过大量的数据采集和实验研究工作,主要研究结果如下：
湖南省主要森林树种各器官碳含量均在40.05%-58.12%之间,主要森林树种的平均碳含量以马尾松最高,达到55.00%,杉木50.22%,湿地松51.54%；阔叶树中以枫香的碳含量最高(52.68%),其次是栎林(50.08%),最小是樟树(46.38%)。碳密度从大到小的排列顺序为：栎林>樟树>枫香>杉木>马尾松>湿地松。植被的总碳贮量为222.0258×106t C,其中针叶林占46.14%,阔叶树占53.86%。土壤的平均碳含量表现为：枫香>栎林>马尾松>杉木>湿地松>樟树,表层土(0-15cm)的碳含量最高,并随着土壤深度的增加而下降,且有机碳含量差异逐渐减小。土壤单位面积的有机碳贮量按大小排序表现为：栎林>杉木>枫香>马尾松>湿地松>樟树,土壤总碳贮量为1053.1124×106t C,不同森林树种的土壤碳贮量大小排序是：杉木>马尾松>栎林>樟树>湿地松>枫香。
湖南的主要森林类型生态系统的总碳贮量为1275.1382×106t C,其中土壤碳贮量占82.59%；而植被仅占17.41%。不同森林类型生态系统的碳贮量分别为：杉木林(417.7117×106t C)、马尾松林(349.9851×106tC)、樟树林(315.6598×106t C)、栎林(145.2242×106t C)、湿地松林(33.8316×106t C)、枫香林(12.7258×106t C)。
选择了综合几个造林成本价位来取算术平均值的方法,把单价的不统一性结合起来以便对森林的碳汇价值做出准确和合理的评估。按照不同的造林成本估算方法,得到平均经济价值为34.77亿元；以瑞典碳税来估算,则为158.75亿元,由造林成本价值和瑞典碳税的算术平均所估算出来的主要森林植被的碳汇平均总经济价值为16.85亿元,土壤的碳经济价值平均为79.91亿元；湖南主要森林生态系统碳汇功能的总经济价值为96.76亿元,固定CO2的经济价值达355.18亿元,各种森林类型的碳汇能力与其经济价值成正比。
利用湖南省森林资源清查资料数据,对湖南省’森林植被的碳贮量进行估算。结果表明：湖南省主要森林植被总的碳贮量为94.935×106t C,与实测得到的碳贮量相差127.091×106t C。以阔叶林的碳贮量最大,占34.24%,其次是杉木林和马尾松林,其碳贮量之和达到了58.482×106t C,占61.6%。不同龄级组中,按碳贮量的大小依次排列为：阔叶林>马尾松林>杉木林>国外松林>柏木林；幼龄林中以阔叶林居多,占59.36%；近熟林中的碳贮量以马尾松的比较突出,在成熟林和过熟林中则以杉木的碳贮量为最多,基本规律为：杉木>阔叶林>马尾松>国外松>柏木。基于森林资源资料得到的湖南森林的平均碳密度较小。中、幼龄林较多,近、成、过熟林较少。
根据造林成本和瑞典碳税的计算方法,基于森林资源清查资料的湖南省的森林碳汇总价值为70723.26万元,固定CO2的经济效益可达到259554.36万元。其中以阔叶林的经济价值最高,占34.88%,其次是杉木林和马尾松林,这三种森林类型的碳汇经济价值几乎占了全省总量的97.63%。人工林的碳汇价值为35811.24万元,天然林为35708.03万元,固定CO2的经济价值是分别为131427.25万元和131048.47万元。
本研究对湖南省森林生态系统碳贮量进行估算的同时,对碳汇经济价值的估算方法进行了综合研究,建立了森林生态系统碳汇效益的计量方法,以固碳为经营目的探讨森林的生态效益,提出了增加湖南主要森林类型碳汇能力的生态对策和管理策略。
Forest ecosystem plays an important rule on the global carbon cycle, its influence on the global carbon cycle is one of the focal points to which the people alway pay attention. In recent years, the ecology and economic benefits of the forest carbon-sink also more and more are received the value of the various countries. Hunan Province is situated at the subtropics, which is one of key forest zone in southern of our country. And its forest plants are plentiful. This research take several kinds of the main forest types of Hunan as the targets, through the estimate method of actual survey and based on the data of the Hunan forest resource inventory(1999-2003), research on the carbon content of different forest organs, the estimate method of carbon storage in region forest ecosystem, measure the ability of carbon storage, and estimate on the economic value of the forest carbon storage ability and so on. For the purpose of exploring the appropriate method to accurate estimate the ability of carbon-sink and appraisal its economic value in region forest ecosystem, and discussed the corresponding ecology counter measure to enhance the carbon-sink of forest ecosystem the quantity and its economic value of Hunan province. Through the massive data acquisition and experimental study work, the main results of the research are as follows:
The carbon content of main forest types in various organs of Hunan Province were between 40.05%～58.12%. The Masson Pine had the highest average carbon content in the main forest types, which achieved 55.00%;Chinese fir was 50.22%, and Slash pine was 51.54%; In broadleaf forest Chinese sweet gum had the highest carbon content (52.68%), the secondly was Oak tree (50.08%), and the smallest was Camphor tree (46.38%). The carbon density decreasing from the top to the bottom in following order:Oak tree> Camphor tree> Chinese sweet gum> Chinese fir> Masson pine> Slash pine. The total carbon storage of forest plant was 222.0258×106t C, conifer accounts for 46.14%, and the broadleaf forest accounted for 53.86%. The average carbon content of soil displayed as: Chinese sweet gum> Oak tree forest> Masson pine> Chinese fir> Slash pine> Camphor tree, the carbon content in soil layer (0-15cm) was the highest, which droped along with the depth of soil increase, and the differentiation of the soil organic carbon content gradually reduced. The soil organic carbon storage in per area from the top to the bottom in following order:Oak tree> Chinese fir> Chinese sweet gum> Masson pine > Slash pine> Camphor tree.The total carbon storage of soil was 1053.1124×106t C. The soil carbon storage of different forest types from the top to the bottom was:Chinese fir> Masson pine> Oak tree> Camphor tree> Slash pine> Chinese sweet gum.
The total carbon storage of main forest ecosystems which in Hunan was 1275.1382 X 106t C, the soil carbon storage accounted for 82.59%, while the plants only accounted for 17.41%. The carbon storage of different forest ecosystems respectively as follow:Chinese fir (417.7117×106t C), Masson pine (349.9851×106t C), Camphor tree (315.6598 X 106t C), Oak tree forest (145.2242×106t C), Slash pine (33.8316×106t C), Chinese sweet gum (12.7258×106t C).
This research chose the method of synthesizing several afforest costs to average the value for the first time, combine the various unit prices in order to value appraisal the forest carbon and made them accurately and reasonable. If according to the estimate method of different afforest cost, get the average economic value was 3.477 billion Yuan; If estimating by the Swedish carbon tax, then was 15.875 billion Yuan. which By weighting the afforest cost value and the Sweden carbon tax to average collects, estimated the average of total economic value of the main forest plants carbon was 1.685 billion Yuan, the soil carbon economic value was 7.991 billion Yuan; The total economic value on carbon storage the function of the main forest ecosystems in Hunan was 9.678 billion Yuan, and the economic valuation of fixing CO2 was amounts to 35.518 billion Yuan. The carbon storage function of each forest type had the positive ratio to their economic valuation.
Using the Hunan Province forest resources inventory data, this research also carried on the estimate to the carbon storage of forest plants in Hunan Province. The results indicated that, the total carbon storage of main forest which in Hunan was 94.935 X 106t C, compare with the actual survey carbon storage was much more different. The biggest carbon storage was broadleaf forest, accounted for 34.24%, next was Chinese fir and Masson pine, sum of their carbon storage had achieved 58.482×106t C, and accounted for 61.6%. In different age level group, according to the carbon storage from the top to the bottom in turn arrangement as follow:Broadleaf forest> Masson pine> Chinese fir> Exotic pine> Cypress wood. In young forest center to the broadleaf forest were in majority, accounted for about 59.36%; In near-mature forest,the carbon storage of Masson pine was quite prominent; In the mature forest and the over ripeness forest were Chinese fir take carbon storage as the most, the basic regularity was:Chinese fir> Broadleaf tree> Masson pine> Exotic pine> Cypress wood. Based on the forest resources inventory date, the average carbon density of Hunan forest obtains was very small. The half-mature forest, mature forest and over-ripeness forest were few.
According to the computational method of afforest cost and the Swedish carbon tax, compiled the forest carbon of Hunan Province's value which based on the forest resources inventory data was 707.2326 million Yuan, the economic valuation of fixed CO2 might amount to 2.60 billion Yuan. Broadleaf forest's economic value was the highest, accounted for 34.88%, the next was Chinese fir and Masson pine, these carbon storage in economic value of three kind of forests type were nearly accounted for the entire province about 97.63%. The planted forest carbon storage value was 358.1 million Yuan, and the natural forest was 357.1 million Yuan, so the economic value of fixed CO2 were respectively as 1.314 billion Yuan and 1.310 billion Yuan.
This research carried on reasonable and accurate estimate to forest ecosystem carbon storage of Hunan Province's at the same time, synthetic study the estimate method on the economic value of carbon to conduct. And established the forest ecosystems carbon to estimate the benefit for gauging it, take the solid carbon as the management goal to discuss forest ecology benefit. At the end, propose the ecology countermeasure and the management strategy to improve the carbon ability increased of main forest types in Hunan.
湖南省主要森林树种各器官碳含量均在40.05%-58.12%之间,主要森林树种的平均碳含量以马尾松最高,达到55.00%,杉木50.22%,湿地松51.54%；阔叶树中以枫香的碳含量最高(52.68%),其次是栎林(50.08%),最小是樟树(46.38%)。碳密度从大到小的排列顺序为：栎林>樟树>枫香>杉木>马尾松>湿地松。植被的总碳贮量为222.0258×106t C,其中针叶林占46.14%,阔叶树占53.86%。土壤的平均碳含量表现为：枫香>栎林>马尾松>杉木>湿地松>樟树,表层土(0-15cm)的碳含量最高,并随着土壤深度的增加而下降,且有机碳含量差异逐渐减小。土壤单位面积的有机碳贮量按大小排序表现为：栎林>杉木>枫香>马尾松>湿地松>樟树,土壤总碳贮量为1053.1124×106t C,不同森林树种的土壤碳贮量大小排序是：杉木>马尾松>栎林>樟树>湿地松>枫香。
湖南的主要森林类型生态系统的总碳贮量为1275.1382×106t C,其中土壤碳贮量占82.59%；而植被仅占17.41%。不同森林类型生态系统的碳贮量分别为：杉木林(417.7117×106t C)、马尾松林(349.9851×106tC)、樟树林(315.6598×106t C)、栎林(145.2242×106t C)、湿地松林(33.8316×106t C)、枫香林(12.7258×106t C)。
选择了综合几个造林成本价位来取算术平均值的方法,把单价的不统一性结合起来以便对森林的碳汇价值做出准确和合理的评估。按照不同的造林成本估算方法,得到平均经济价值为34.77亿元；以瑞典碳税来估算,则为158.75亿元,由造林成本价值和瑞典碳税的算术平均所估算出来的主要森林植被的碳汇平均总经济价值为16.85亿元,土壤的碳经济价值平均为79.91亿元；湖南主要森林生态系统碳汇功能的总经济价值为96.76亿元,固定CO2的经济价值达355.18亿元,各种森林类型的碳汇能力与其经济价值成正比。
利用湖南省森林资源清查资料数据,对湖南省’森林植被的碳贮量进行估算。结果表明：湖南省主要森林植被总的碳贮量为94.935×106t C,与实测得到的碳贮量相差127.091×106t C。以阔叶林的碳贮量最大,占34.24%,其次是杉木林和马尾松林,其碳贮量之和达到了58.482×106t C,占61.6%。不同龄级组中,按碳贮量的大小依次排列为：阔叶林>马尾松林>杉木林>国外松林>柏木林；幼龄林中以阔叶林居多,占59.36%；近熟林中的碳贮量以马尾松的比较突出,在成熟林和过熟林中则以杉木的碳贮量为最多,基本规律为：杉木>阔叶林>马尾松>国外松>柏木。基于森林资源资料得到的湖南森林的平均碳密度较小。中、幼龄林较多,近、成、过熟林较少。
根据造林成本和瑞典碳税的计算方法,基于森林资源清查资料的湖南省的森林碳汇总价值为70723.26万元,固定CO2的经济效益可达到259554.36万元。其中以阔叶林的经济价值最高,占34.88%,其次是杉木林和马尾松林,这三种森林类型的碳汇经济价值几乎占了全省总量的97.63%。人工林的碳汇价值为35811.24万元,天然林为35708.03万元,固定CO2的经济价值是分别为131427.25万元和131048.47万元。
本研究对湖南省森林生态系统碳贮量进行估算的同时,对碳汇经济价值的估算方法进行了综合研究,建立了森林生态系统碳汇效益的计量方法,以固碳为经营目的探讨森林的生态效益,提出了增加湖南主要森林类型碳汇能力的生态对策和管理策略。
Forest ecosystem plays an important rule on the global carbon cycle, its influence on the global carbon cycle is one of the focal points to which the people alway pay attention. In recent years, the ecology and economic benefits of the forest carbon-sink also more and more are received the value of the various countries. Hunan Province is situated at the subtropics, which is one of key forest zone in southern of our country. And its forest plants are plentiful. This research take several kinds of the main forest types of Hunan as the targets, through the estimate method of actual survey and based on the data of the Hunan forest resource inventory(1999-2003), research on the carbon content of different forest organs, the estimate method of carbon storage in region forest ecosystem, measure the ability of carbon storage, and estimate on the economic value of the forest carbon storage ability and so on. For the purpose of exploring the appropriate method to accurate estimate the ability of carbon-sink and appraisal its economic value in region forest ecosystem, and discussed the corresponding ecology counter measure to enhance the carbon-sink of forest ecosystem the quantity and its economic value of Hunan province. Through the massive data acquisition and experimental study work, the main results of the research are as follows:
The carbon content of main forest types in various organs of Hunan Province were between 40.05%～58.12%. The Masson Pine had the highest average carbon content in the main forest types, which achieved 55.00%;Chinese fir was 50.22%, and Slash pine was 51.54%; In broadleaf forest Chinese sweet gum had the highest carbon content (52.68%), the secondly was Oak tree (50.08%), and the smallest was Camphor tree (46.38%). The carbon density decreasing from the top to the bottom in following order:Oak tree> Camphor tree> Chinese sweet gum> Chinese fir> Masson pine> Slash pine. The total carbon storage of forest plant was 222.0258×106t C, conifer accounts for 46.14%, and the broadleaf forest accounted for 53.86%. The average carbon content of soil displayed as: Chinese sweet gum> Oak tree forest> Masson pine> Chinese fir> Slash pine> Camphor tree, the carbon content in soil layer (0-15cm) was the highest, which droped along with the depth of soil increase, and the differentiation of the soil organic carbon content gradually reduced. The soil organic carbon storage in per area from the top to the bottom in following order:Oak tree> Chinese fir> Chinese sweet gum> Masson pine > Slash pine> Camphor tree.The total carbon storage of soil was 1053.1124×106t C. The soil carbon storage of different forest types from the top to the bottom was:Chinese fir> Masson pine> Oak tree> Camphor tree> Slash pine> Chinese sweet gum.
The total carbon storage of main forest ecosystems which in Hunan was 1275.1382 X 106t C, the soil carbon storage accounted for 82.59%, while the plants only accounted for 17.41%. The carbon storage of different forest ecosystems respectively as follow:Chinese fir (417.7117×106t C), Masson pine (349.9851×106t C), Camphor tree (315.6598 X 106t C), Oak tree forest (145.2242×106t C), Slash pine (33.8316×106t C), Chinese sweet gum (12.7258×106t C).
This research chose the method of synthesizing several afforest costs to average the value for the first time, combine the various unit prices in order to value appraisal the forest carbon and made them accurately and reasonable. If according to the estimate method of different afforest cost, get the average economic value was 3.477 billion Yuan; If estimating by the Swedish carbon tax, then was 15.875 billion Yuan. which By weighting the afforest cost value and the Sweden carbon tax to average collects, estimated the average of total economic value of the main forest plants carbon was 1.685 billion Yuan, the soil carbon economic value was 7.991 billion Yuan; The total economic value on carbon storage the function of the main forest ecosystems in Hunan was 9.678 billion Yuan, and the economic valuation of fixing CO2 was amounts to 35.518 billion Yuan. The carbon storage function of each forest type had the positive ratio to their economic valuation.
Using the Hunan Province forest resources inventory data, this research also carried on the estimate to the carbon storage of forest plants in Hunan Province. The results indicated that, the total carbon storage of main forest which in Hunan was 94.935 X 106t C, compare with the actual survey carbon storage was much more different. The biggest carbon storage was broadleaf forest, accounted for 34.24%, next was Chinese fir and Masson pine, sum of their carbon storage had achieved 58.482×106t C, and accounted for 61.6%. In different age level group, according to the carbon storage from the top to the bottom in turn arrangement as follow:Broadleaf forest> Masson pine> Chinese fir> Exotic pine> Cypress wood. In young forest center to the broadleaf forest were in majority, accounted for about 59.36%; In near-mature forest,the carbon storage of Masson pine was quite prominent; In the mature forest and the over ripeness forest were Chinese fir take carbon storage as the most, the basic regularity was:Chinese fir> Broadleaf tree> Masson pine> Exotic pine> Cypress wood. Based on the forest resources inventory date, the average carbon density of Hunan forest obtains was very small. The half-mature forest, mature forest and over-ripeness forest were few.
According to the computational method of afforest cost and the Swedish carbon tax, compiled the forest carbon of Hunan Province's value which based on the forest resources inventory data was 707.2326 million Yuan, the economic valuation of fixed CO2 might amount to 2.60 billion Yuan. Broadleaf forest's economic value was the highest, accounted for 34.88%, the next was Chinese fir and Masson pine, these carbon storage in economic value of three kind of forests type were nearly accounted for the entire province about 97.63%. The planted forest carbon storage value was 358.1 million Yuan, and the natural forest was 357.1 million Yuan, so the economic value of fixed CO2 were respectively as 1.314 billion Yuan and 1.310 billion Yuan.
This research carried on reasonable and accurate estimate to forest ecosystem carbon storage of Hunan Province's at the same time, synthetic study the estimate method on the economic value of carbon to conduct. And established the forest ecosystems carbon to estimate the benefit for gauging it, take the solid carbon as the management goal to discuss forest ecology benefit. At the end, propose the ecology countermeasure and the management strategy to improve the carbon ability increased of main forest types in Hunan.
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