甲基溴替代技术对番茄根结线虫和土壤自由生活线虫种群动态的影响
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摘要
挑选四种甲基溴替代技术：1)番茄抗性砧木嫁接2)滴灌施用威百亩3)不透膜减少甲基溴和威百亩施用量4)太阳能配合生防制剂消毒，于2002年7月～2003年7月，在山东省青州市进行为期一年的实验。实验共设置太阳能+生防制剂(SS+BCA)、甲基溴(MB)、甲基溴+VIF膜(MB+VIF)、威百亩(MS)、威百亩+VIF膜(MS+VIF)五个处理，每个处理小区毛粉番茄和嫁接毛粉番茄各种一半。通过测定番茄根围土壤中根结线虫密度及其所致根结线虫病病情指数、自由生活线虫密度和微生物生物量碳，了解甲基溴及其替代技术对根结线虫和自由生活线虫种群动态的影响。研究结果如下：
1．试验中共分离出小杆目、垫刃目、滑刃目、矛线目、单宫目等5目13科11属的线虫。按食性划分为四个营养类群：食细菌线虫、食真菌线虫、食植物线虫、杂食／捕食性线虫。
2．调查番茄根结线虫病情指数、根结线虫二龄幼虫数量及季节变化，结果表明：根结线虫二龄幼虫密度在5、6月份达到高峰。对照小区中嫁接毛粉番茄病情指数为15.1，远低于毛粉番茄的80.1，表明抗性砧木能有效控制根结线虫病。化学消毒处理也能降根结线虫病情指数，毛粉番茄根接线虫病情指数平均为39.9，嫁接毛粉番茄平均为2.4，均低于对照。太阳能小区在五个处理小区中病情指数最高，毛粉番茄为65.8嫁接毛粉番茄为7.1。二龄幼虫占线虫总量的比例与小杆科、头叶科、矛线科线虫比例呈负相关，毛粉番茄中相关系数平均值分别为-0.87、-0.52、-0.61，嫁接毛粉番茄平均值为-0.79、-0.56、-0.61。
3．调查番茄根围线虫营养类群密度结果表明：抗性砧木能有効降低番茄根围土壤中食真菌线虫、食植物线虫密度。嫁接毛粉番茄根围土壤中食真菌线虫密度为3.9条／100ml土，食植物线虫密度为128.9条／100ml土，低于毛粉番茄8.0条／100ml土和183.41条／100ml土。各土壤消毒处理能降低植物线虫密度，其中甲基溴、甲基溴+VIF膜、威百亩、威百亩+VIF膜消毒处理效果接近但与太阳能处理之间差异显著。
4．分析线虫群落多样性指数，结果表明：抗性砧木能提高线虫群落丰富度，降低均匀度。嫁接毛粉番茄根围土壤线虫群落丰富度指数为0.55，均匀度指数为0.73，毛粉番茄丰富度指数为0.51，均匀度指数为0.76。各消毒处理能提高线虫群落丰富度和均匀度。
5．分析线虫群落成熟度指数，结果表明：嫁接毛粉番茄根围土壤中线虫群落植物寄生线虫群落成熟度指数／自由生活线虫群落成熟度指数(PPI／MI)值为2.74，低于毛粉番茄的11.51。土壤消毒处理后线虫群落PPI／MI值均低于对照，且彼此之间不存在显著差异。
6．土壤微生物生物量碳分析结果表明：土壤微生物生物量碳在2002年10月、2003年1月最低，各消毒处理能降低番茄根围土壤微生物生物量碳，加速土壤微生物的循环。
Four alternative technologies to the use of methyl bromide (MB) in soil fumigation - resistant rootstock, metham sodium(MS), dosage reduction of MB and MS by virtually impermeable films(VIF) cover, soil solarization combined with selected biological control agents (SS+BCA) - were chosen for application to an experimental site in Qingzhou (Shandong Province, China)from Jul.2002 to Jul.2003. The treatments were: SS+BCA,MB,MB+VIF,MS and MS+VIF .Maofen and Grafted maofen tomato were planted equally in each plot referring to different treatment. The total number of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) and galling index, the free-living nematode populations, microbial biomass were investigated respectively. The results are as follows: 1 . Nematodes were identified mainly into five orders:Rhabditida,Tylenchida,Dorylaimida,Tylenchida,
Monhysterida. Furthermore they were distinguished into four trophic groups: bacterivores,
fungivores, plant parasites, omnivores/predators.
2. The density of second stage juvenile of root-knot nematodes (J2 ) reached the highest level in May or June. The result of surveying the galling index show that the resistant rootstock can effectively control the root-knot nematodes( the average index is 45.6 in Maofen and 4.5 in grafted Maofen),So did the soil fumigation, however, less effectively comparatively. The index of SS+BCA plot was highest of all five treatments and reach 65.8 (maofen)and 7.1 (grafted maofen).The correlation coefficient of nematode proportion between J2 and Rhabditida,Tylenchida,Dorylaimida nematodes were-0.87, -0.52, -0.61(Maofen),-0.79,-0.56,-0.61(Grafted maofen).
3. The resistant rootstock can decrease the density of fungivorous and plant parasitic nematode populations. The density of fungivorous and plant parasitic nematode populations in Grafted tomato plots were 3.9 and 128.9 individual/1 00ml soil , which were 8.0 and 183.4 individual/1 00ml soil in maofen plots. Soil fumigation can decrease the density of plant parasitic nematode populations and the four chemical fumigation were not significantly different in between, and were significantly different from the SS+BCA treatment.
4. The rootstock can increase the richness of nematode community and decrease its evenness . The nematode community richness index and evenness index in Grafted maofen plots were 0.55 and 0.73,which were 0.51 and 0.76 in maofen plots. The soil fumigation can increase the richness and evenness of nematode community.
5. The nematode community PPI/MI(plant parasite index/maturity index) value were 2.74 in Grafted
maofen plots, which were 11.5 in maofen plots. Soil fumigation can decrease the PPI/M1 value of nematodes community and there is no significant difference In between.
6. The soil microbial biomass carbon reached the lowest level in oct.2002 and jun.2003. The soil fumigation can decrease the microbial biomass carbon and accelerate its circulation.
1．试验中共分离出小杆目、垫刃目、滑刃目、矛线目、单宫目等5目13科11属的线虫。按食性划分为四个营养类群：食细菌线虫、食真菌线虫、食植物线虫、杂食／捕食性线虫。
2．调查番茄根结线虫病情指数、根结线虫二龄幼虫数量及季节变化，结果表明：根结线虫二龄幼虫密度在5、6月份达到高峰。对照小区中嫁接毛粉番茄病情指数为15.1，远低于毛粉番茄的80.1，表明抗性砧木能有效控制根结线虫病。化学消毒处理也能降根结线虫病情指数，毛粉番茄根接线虫病情指数平均为39.9，嫁接毛粉番茄平均为2.4，均低于对照。太阳能小区在五个处理小区中病情指数最高，毛粉番茄为65.8嫁接毛粉番茄为7.1。二龄幼虫占线虫总量的比例与小杆科、头叶科、矛线科线虫比例呈负相关，毛粉番茄中相关系数平均值分别为-0.87、-0.52、-0.61，嫁接毛粉番茄平均值为-0.79、-0.56、-0.61。
3．调查番茄根围线虫营养类群密度结果表明：抗性砧木能有効降低番茄根围土壤中食真菌线虫、食植物线虫密度。嫁接毛粉番茄根围土壤中食真菌线虫密度为3.9条／100ml土，食植物线虫密度为128.9条／100ml土，低于毛粉番茄8.0条／100ml土和183.41条／100ml土。各土壤消毒处理能降低植物线虫密度，其中甲基溴、甲基溴+VIF膜、威百亩、威百亩+VIF膜消毒处理效果接近但与太阳能处理之间差异显著。
4．分析线虫群落多样性指数，结果表明：抗性砧木能提高线虫群落丰富度，降低均匀度。嫁接毛粉番茄根围土壤线虫群落丰富度指数为0.55，均匀度指数为0.73，毛粉番茄丰富度指数为0.51，均匀度指数为0.76。各消毒处理能提高线虫群落丰富度和均匀度。
5．分析线虫群落成熟度指数，结果表明：嫁接毛粉番茄根围土壤中线虫群落植物寄生线虫群落成熟度指数／自由生活线虫群落成熟度指数(PPI／MI)值为2.74，低于毛粉番茄的11.51。土壤消毒处理后线虫群落PPI／MI值均低于对照，且彼此之间不存在显著差异。
6．土壤微生物生物量碳分析结果表明：土壤微生物生物量碳在2002年10月、2003年1月最低，各消毒处理能降低番茄根围土壤微生物生物量碳，加速土壤微生物的循环。
Four alternative technologies to the use of methyl bromide (MB) in soil fumigation - resistant rootstock, metham sodium(MS), dosage reduction of MB and MS by virtually impermeable films(VIF) cover, soil solarization combined with selected biological control agents (SS+BCA) - were chosen for application to an experimental site in Qingzhou (Shandong Province, China)from Jul.2002 to Jul.2003. The treatments were: SS+BCA,MB,MB+VIF,MS and MS+VIF .Maofen and Grafted maofen tomato were planted equally in each plot referring to different treatment. The total number of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) and galling index, the free-living nematode populations, microbial biomass were investigated respectively. The results are as follows: 1 . Nematodes were identified mainly into five orders:Rhabditida,Tylenchida,Dorylaimida,Tylenchida,
Monhysterida. Furthermore they were distinguished into four trophic groups: bacterivores,
fungivores, plant parasites, omnivores/predators.
2. The density of second stage juvenile of root-knot nematodes (J2 ) reached the highest level in May or June. The result of surveying the galling index show that the resistant rootstock can effectively control the root-knot nematodes( the average index is 45.6 in Maofen and 4.5 in grafted Maofen),So did the soil fumigation, however, less effectively comparatively. The index of SS+BCA plot was highest of all five treatments and reach 65.8 (maofen)and 7.1 (grafted maofen).The correlation coefficient of nematode proportion between J2 and Rhabditida,Tylenchida,Dorylaimida nematodes were-0.87, -0.52, -0.61(Maofen),-0.79,-0.56,-0.61(Grafted maofen).
3. The resistant rootstock can decrease the density of fungivorous and plant parasitic nematode populations. The density of fungivorous and plant parasitic nematode populations in Grafted tomato plots were 3.9 and 128.9 individual/1 00ml soil , which were 8.0 and 183.4 individual/1 00ml soil in maofen plots. Soil fumigation can decrease the density of plant parasitic nematode populations and the four chemical fumigation were not significantly different in between, and were significantly different from the SS+BCA treatment.
4. The rootstock can increase the richness of nematode community and decrease its evenness . The nematode community richness index and evenness index in Grafted maofen plots were 0.55 and 0.73,which were 0.51 and 0.76 in maofen plots. The soil fumigation can increase the richness and evenness of nematode community.
5. The nematode community PPI/MI(plant parasite index/maturity index) value were 2.74 in Grafted
maofen plots, which were 11.5 in maofen plots. Soil fumigation can decrease the PPI/M1 value of nematodes community and there is no significant difference In between.
6. The soil microbial biomass carbon reached the lowest level in oct.2002 and jun.2003. The soil fumigation can decrease the microbial biomass carbon and accelerate its circulation.
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