桑天牛危害和外源茉莉酸诱导桑树抗虫性及保护酶活性的响应
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摘要
桑树(Morus alba L.)在全国各地均有栽培,但是长期以来由于病虫害猖獗,导致桑树栽植培养受到了很大的限制。为了研究桑树被危害后是是否能够产生诱导防御,本试验在充分掌握桑树、桑天牛(Arpiona germari)和桑天牛长尾啮小蜂(Aprostocetus prolixus)生物学特性的基础上,进一步对桑天牛取食行为及诱导桑树产生抗性的机理进行研究。我们通过观察桑天牛对不同处理枝条的选择取食情况,对桑树不同处理枝条树皮和叶片内保护酶活性变化及不同处理桑树枝条对桑天牛长尾啮小蜂的引诱作用进行了研究。具体研究结果如下:
1.桑树被桑天牛危害后,被害桑枝仅在危害诱导后的第3天被桑天牛取食的面积就明显少于系统外正常桑枝,而同株系统枝被取食的面积与系统外正常桑枝间的差异不明显;危害诱导后的第1天,被害桑枝对桑天牛卵啮小蜂的引诱活性显著高于健康桑枝,此后其引诱作用逐渐下降,第3天时与健康桑枝间的差异消失。实验结果表明桑天牛危害能诱导桑树通过减少桑天牛取食桑枝的面积产生直接防御,但这种抗虫性仅局限于被害桑枝,且被危害桑枝还能通过增强桑枝对桑天牛卵啮小蜂的引诱活性使桑树产生间接防御能力。
2. JA处理3 d后,桑枝被桑天牛取食的面积也明显少于系统外正常桑枝;JA处理1 d后,桑枝对桑天牛卵啮小蜂的引诱作用明显高于健康桑枝,JA处理2 d后的桑枝对寄生蜂的引诱作用达到了极显著的程度,第3天时与健康桑枝的差异消失。此外,无论是桑天牛危害诱导还是JA处理诱导,对桑天牛的产卵数量均未产生影响。实验结果表明外源JA能诱导桑树通过减少桑天牛取食桑枝的面积产生直接防御,但这种抗虫性仅局限于被害桑枝,且处理桑枝还诱导增强桑枝对桑天牛卵啮小蜂的引诱活性,使桑树产生间接防御能力。
3.桑树被桑天牛危害后8 h和48 h,被取食枝及系统枝树皮与树叶内LOX活性都显著高于系统外正常桑枝,系统枝只在受害后8 h与系统外正常桑枝差异显著,LOX活性的时间规律与桑天牛取食选择和对桑天牛长尾啮小蜂引诱作用的结果一致,而POD和CAT活性变化与生测结果间无明显的相关性。这表明在桑天牛诱导桑树产生防御的机制中,LOX是一个重要的保护酶。
4.在茉莉酸处理后8 h和48 h时,茉莉酸处理桑枝皮内LOX活性明显高于系统外正常桑枝,蒸馏水处理桑枝与系统外正常桑枝差异不显著,而茉莉酸处理桑枝叶片内的LOX活性在处理后的48 h内与蒸馏水处理桑枝和系统外正常桑枝叶片内的LOX均无显著差异;只有在茉莉酸处理后24 h,茉莉酸处理桑枝树皮内POD活性显著高于系统外正常桑枝,其余时间点无论是树皮还是树叶内POD和CAT活性与系统外正常桑枝均不存在明显差异。实验结果表明茉莉酸可能是诱导桑树产生诱导抗虫性的一种信号分子。
Morus alba L. is planted widely in China,but which is seriously restricted for plant diseases and insect pests. In order to clarify the insect-resistance mechanism in M. alba induced by Arpiona germari infestation, Experiments were designed based on understanding biological characteristics of M. alba,Arpiona germari and Aprostocetus prolixus. Feeding area of A. germari on different treated branches were measured, and several protective enzymes activities in cortex or leaves from different treated branches were investigated,and the attractiveness of volatiles from different treated branches Aprostocetus prolixus was determined. The concrete results of the research are shown as follow:
1. The effects of Apriona germari feeding-infestation on induced-resistance in M. alba were investigated using choice tests. It was demonstrated that the feeding-area of A. germari on M. alba branches 3 days after infested was remarkably smaller than that on the intact branches, but which on the system branches was not significantly different with that on the healthy ones. The attractiveness of M. alba branches 1 day after infestation to Aprostocetus prolixus was significantly higher than that of intact branches. After that, the attractiveness of the infested branches decreased, and the differences in attractiveness to the parasitoid between infested and intact branches disappeared within 3 days.
2. The feeding-area of A. germari on M. alba branches 1 day after jasmonic acid (JA) application significantly higher compared with that on intact branches. The attractiveness of the branches 2 days after JA treatment was extremely significantly higher than that of control branches, and the differences in the attractiveness to the parasitoid between JA treated and control branches were not significant 3 d after JA application. Neither infestation nor JA application affected the number of A. germari eggs laid on the branches. All data showed that feeding-infestation or exogenous JA application can induce the direct defense against herbivore, which was only limited to the infested branch, by reducing the feeding-area of A. germari on M. alba branches and indirect defense by enhancing the attractiveness to A. prolixus.
3. The activities of LOX in cortex and leaves on the branches 8 or 48 hours after feeding-damaged by A. germari was remarkably higher than that on the intact branches, but the LOX activities on the system branches were remarkably higher only 8 hours after feeding-damaged. The temporal changes of LOX were consistent with that of direct or indirect defensive responses of M. alba to A. germari infestation experiment. It was shown that LOX was an important protective enzyme in the induced resistance of M. alba in response to A. germari infestation, but the activities of POD and CAT were not involved with the induced-resistance of M. alba.
4. The LOX activities in cortex of the branches were significantly higher than that the intact branches and there was no significant differences between branches treated by water and intact branches 8 h or 48 h after treated by JA 8 h after treatment. The LOX activities in leaves of the branches treated by JA were not significantly different with those of branches treated by water or intact branches in 48 hours after treatment. The POD or CAT activities of cortex or leaves of the branches treated by JA were not signicantly different with those of branches treated by water or intact branches 48 h after treatment, except that the POD activities in the leaves of branches treated by JA were higher than that of intact branches 24 h after treatment. It was demonstrated that JA may be one of signal molecular inducing insect-resistance in M. alba.
1.桑树被桑天牛危害后,被害桑枝仅在危害诱导后的第3天被桑天牛取食的面积就明显少于系统外正常桑枝,而同株系统枝被取食的面积与系统外正常桑枝间的差异不明显;危害诱导后的第1天,被害桑枝对桑天牛卵啮小蜂的引诱活性显著高于健康桑枝,此后其引诱作用逐渐下降,第3天时与健康桑枝间的差异消失。实验结果表明桑天牛危害能诱导桑树通过减少桑天牛取食桑枝的面积产生直接防御,但这种抗虫性仅局限于被害桑枝,且被危害桑枝还能通过增强桑枝对桑天牛卵啮小蜂的引诱活性使桑树产生间接防御能力。
2. JA处理3 d后,桑枝被桑天牛取食的面积也明显少于系统外正常桑枝;JA处理1 d后,桑枝对桑天牛卵啮小蜂的引诱作用明显高于健康桑枝,JA处理2 d后的桑枝对寄生蜂的引诱作用达到了极显著的程度,第3天时与健康桑枝的差异消失。此外,无论是桑天牛危害诱导还是JA处理诱导,对桑天牛的产卵数量均未产生影响。实验结果表明外源JA能诱导桑树通过减少桑天牛取食桑枝的面积产生直接防御,但这种抗虫性仅局限于被害桑枝,且处理桑枝还诱导增强桑枝对桑天牛卵啮小蜂的引诱活性,使桑树产生间接防御能力。
3.桑树被桑天牛危害后8 h和48 h,被取食枝及系统枝树皮与树叶内LOX活性都显著高于系统外正常桑枝,系统枝只在受害后8 h与系统外正常桑枝差异显著,LOX活性的时间规律与桑天牛取食选择和对桑天牛长尾啮小蜂引诱作用的结果一致,而POD和CAT活性变化与生测结果间无明显的相关性。这表明在桑天牛诱导桑树产生防御的机制中,LOX是一个重要的保护酶。
4.在茉莉酸处理后8 h和48 h时,茉莉酸处理桑枝皮内LOX活性明显高于系统外正常桑枝,蒸馏水处理桑枝与系统外正常桑枝差异不显著,而茉莉酸处理桑枝叶片内的LOX活性在处理后的48 h内与蒸馏水处理桑枝和系统外正常桑枝叶片内的LOX均无显著差异;只有在茉莉酸处理后24 h,茉莉酸处理桑枝树皮内POD活性显著高于系统外正常桑枝,其余时间点无论是树皮还是树叶内POD和CAT活性与系统外正常桑枝均不存在明显差异。实验结果表明茉莉酸可能是诱导桑树产生诱导抗虫性的一种信号分子。
Morus alba L. is planted widely in China,but which is seriously restricted for plant diseases and insect pests. In order to clarify the insect-resistance mechanism in M. alba induced by Arpiona germari infestation, Experiments were designed based on understanding biological characteristics of M. alba,Arpiona germari and Aprostocetus prolixus. Feeding area of A. germari on different treated branches were measured, and several protective enzymes activities in cortex or leaves from different treated branches were investigated,and the attractiveness of volatiles from different treated branches Aprostocetus prolixus was determined. The concrete results of the research are shown as follow:
1. The effects of Apriona germari feeding-infestation on induced-resistance in M. alba were investigated using choice tests. It was demonstrated that the feeding-area of A. germari on M. alba branches 3 days after infested was remarkably smaller than that on the intact branches, but which on the system branches was not significantly different with that on the healthy ones. The attractiveness of M. alba branches 1 day after infestation to Aprostocetus prolixus was significantly higher than that of intact branches. After that, the attractiveness of the infested branches decreased, and the differences in attractiveness to the parasitoid between infested and intact branches disappeared within 3 days.
2. The feeding-area of A. germari on M. alba branches 1 day after jasmonic acid (JA) application significantly higher compared with that on intact branches. The attractiveness of the branches 2 days after JA treatment was extremely significantly higher than that of control branches, and the differences in the attractiveness to the parasitoid between JA treated and control branches were not significant 3 d after JA application. Neither infestation nor JA application affected the number of A. germari eggs laid on the branches. All data showed that feeding-infestation or exogenous JA application can induce the direct defense against herbivore, which was only limited to the infested branch, by reducing the feeding-area of A. germari on M. alba branches and indirect defense by enhancing the attractiveness to A. prolixus.
3. The activities of LOX in cortex and leaves on the branches 8 or 48 hours after feeding-damaged by A. germari was remarkably higher than that on the intact branches, but the LOX activities on the system branches were remarkably higher only 8 hours after feeding-damaged. The temporal changes of LOX were consistent with that of direct or indirect defensive responses of M. alba to A. germari infestation experiment. It was shown that LOX was an important protective enzyme in the induced resistance of M. alba in response to A. germari infestation, but the activities of POD and CAT were not involved with the induced-resistance of M. alba.
4. The LOX activities in cortex of the branches were significantly higher than that the intact branches and there was no significant differences between branches treated by water and intact branches 8 h or 48 h after treated by JA 8 h after treatment. The LOX activities in leaves of the branches treated by JA were not significantly different with those of branches treated by water or intact branches in 48 hours after treatment. The POD or CAT activities of cortex or leaves of the branches treated by JA were not signicantly different with those of branches treated by water or intact branches 48 h after treatment, except that the POD activities in the leaves of branches treated by JA were higher than that of intact branches 24 h after treatment. It was demonstrated that JA may be one of signal molecular inducing insect-resistance in M. alba.
引文
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