施肥模式对稻麦产量、养分吸收及土壤生物学性状的影响研究
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摘要
由于化肥使用过量而造成的土壤肥力下降、农田土壤污染及水体污染的现象屡见不鲜。化肥施用导致的环境问题在国内外普遍存在,严重制约了农业和社会的可持续发展。本研究通过大田试验,研究了稻麦轮作条件下氮肥、缓释氮肥和磷肥等三种施肥模式对稻麦产量、养分吸收及土壤的酶活性、微生物种群和微生物多样性等的影响；通过土壤盆栽试验,研究了磷肥模式对水稻土壤磷的形态及植酸酶活性的影响；同时,通过野外调查,测定了以梁子湖、月湖及周边为代表的农田生态系统土壤和沉积物的植酸酶活性和分布。研究的目的一方面是明确当前氮磷化肥的产量效益、肥料利用效率及土壤生物学效应,建立稻麦轮作体系传统施肥模式的数据库,另一方面为提出合理减量施肥模式提供理论依据。主要研究结果如下：
(1)在大田小麦-水稻轮作条件下,研究了不同氮肥施用模式(农民传统施肥模式,20%氮肥减施模式,20%氮肥减施加有机氮肥替代模式)下作物产量、养分吸收、土壤酶活性和微生物数量以及微生物多样性的变化。研究结果表明,与传统施肥量相比,减施20%氮肥后,作物产量与氮素养分吸收量及土壤酶活性和土壤中微生物(细菌,放线菌,真菌)数量并没有出现明显变化。减少N肥20%条件下,采用50%有机肥替代施用不影响作物产量和养分吸收,但分别提高土壤蔗糖酶46%-62%,蛋白酶27%-89%,脲酶33%-46%,和中性磷酸酶活性35%-74%；提高土壤细菌数量36%-150%,放线菌数量11%-153%,真菌数量43%-56%。另外,有机肥替代处理微生物的多样性指数(Shannon's diversity index(H))为2.18,显著高于其他各施肥模式。试验结果表明,该地区减施20%氮肥、同时实行有机氮肥替代可有效降低生产成本,并改善土壤肥力和生物学性质。
(2)在稻麦轮作大田条件下,研究了不同缓释氮肥模式(普通尿素模式,Urea;缓释氮肥模式,SR-Urea;缓释氮肥与尿素配合模式,SR-Urea/Urea;缓释氮肥、尿素、有机氮肥配合模式,SR-Urea/Urea/Org.N)对稻麦产量、养分吸收及土壤酶活性和土壤微生物等土壤生物学性质的影响。结果表明,与不施肥的对照相比,Urea、 SR-Urea、SR-Urea/Urea和SR-Urea/Urea/Org.N等四种施肥模式可以提高土壤酶活性和微生物数量,其中以蔗糖酶(11%-73%,14%-85%,10%-98%,10%-136%)和细菌(28%-36%,29%-38%,31%-40%,60%-68%)表现最为明显。与施纯氮肥的Urea模式相比,三种缓释肥模式(SR-Urea, SR-Urea/Urea, SR-Urea/Urea/Org.N)均提高土壤酶活性和微生物数量,其中SR-Urea/Urea/Org.N配合模式的提高幅度最大。在该施肥模式下相比施纯氮肥的Urea模式,四种土壤酶活性有了不同程度的提高(5%-38%,4%-15%,2%-5%,8%-76%),同时也提高了三种土壤微生物的数量(9%-27%,3%-14%,13%-28%)。而在本试验中,SR-Urea/Urea/Org.N配合模式的小麦、水稻的吸氮量以及土壤微生物多样性指标以及也分别高于其他模式(13%-26%,10%-16%,15%-103%)。结果说明,施用缓释肥并配合普通尿素和有机肥更有利于改善土壤生物学性质,提高土壤肥力。
(3)在大田小麦-水稻轮作条件下,以当地农民传统施肥量为对照,设计了几种磷肥减施模式(20%磷肥减量模式,20%磷肥减量并有机磷肥替代模式)下作物产量、养分吸收、土壤酶活性和微生物数量以及微生物多样性的变化。研究结果表明,与传统施肥量相比,减施20%磷肥后,作物产量与养分吸收量没有下降,土壤酶活性没有降低,而土壤中微生物(细菌,放线菌,真菌)数量也没有明显减少。在减少20%磷肥施用量的基础上,进一步采用20%有机磷肥替代施用没有造成作物减产和养分吸收的减少,但能有效地提高土壤中性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、蛋白酶和脲酶活性(3%-41%,5%-24%,1%-20%,5%-6%),同时对土壤中微生物数量的增加也有一定程度的促进作用。另外,20%有机磷肥替代处理微生物的多样性指数为2.58,显著高于其他各施肥模式。结果表明,在磷肥施用过量的稻麦轮作地区,减施20%化学磷肥,并进行适当的有机磷肥替代可有效的降低生产成本,改善土壤肥力和生物学性质。
(4)通过土壤盆栽试验,研究了不同磷肥模式对水稻土壤磷形态及土壤植酸酶活性的影响。结果表明,相比施用过磷酸钙,施用有机磷与植酸钙均能提高水稻产量(9%-18%,15%-32%),同时,植酸钙的添加增加水稻土壤植酸酶活性(16%-20%)。在植酸钙处理的水稻土壤中,磷的存在形态改变很大,相比于过磷酸钙处理,其土壤活性有机磷含量显著增加(73%-117%),稳定态的缓效无机磷含量也有所增加(15%-46%)。结果表明,有机磷和植酸钙能提高土壤植酸酶活性,有利于植物对土壤磷素的吸收利用。
(5)在湖北梁子湖、月湖以及周边代表性农田土壤进行分层采样,研究了土壤植酸酶活性及分布。结果表明,湖底沉积物的植酸酶活性随取样深度的加深而降低,在湖底2m深处的土壤植酸酶活性与湖底表面沉积淤泥相比,分别减少了74%(梁子湖)与66%(月湖)。在梁子湖入水口,较深层的沉积物植酸酶活性比浅层的植酸酶活性增加了73%-108%,反映了入水口水流流速对植酸酶活性的影响。湖北省农科院附近农田土壤植酸酶在0.5m处最高271.4U/g,然后随取样深度的加深逐步下降,在2.0m深处达到最低127.6U/g。贺胜桥附近农田土壤植酸酶活性在0.2m处,土壤植酸酶活性最高,为373.6U/g,同时也随取样深度的加深而降低,趋势明显。武汉东西湖区附近农田土壤植酸酶活性在0-1.0m,1.0-1.9m,2-2.5m分别呈现三个较明显的统一下降趋势。反映了表层农田土壤植酸酶活性高于深层土壤植酸酶活性的现状。
Excess application of chemical fertilizers has resulted in widespread environmental problems, such as degeneration of soil fertility and pollution of soils and waters, which restrict seriously the sustainable development of agricuture and society. In this study, field experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of different fertilizer application modes on crop yield, nutrient uptake, soil enzyme activity, number of microbes (bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi), and diversity of microbes in rice(Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation system. Furthermore, soil pot experiments were employed to investigate the effects of different P fertilizer resources on soil P forms and phytase activity. In addition, the phytase activity and its distribution in the sediments of Liangzhi Lake and Yue Lake and in the soils around were investigated. The main results were summaried as follows:
(1) The effects of N fertilization modes on crop yield, nutrient uptake, soil enzyme activity, and number of microbes as well as diversity of microbes were studied under a2-year field experiment of rice-wheat rotation. The result showed that20%reduction of local farmer's traditional N fertilizer did not change significantly crop yield, N uptake, soil enzyme activity and number of microbes (bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi). On the basis of20%reducing N fertilizer,50%replacement of N fertilizer by organic manure increased the activity of sucrose, protease, urease and phosphatase by46%-62%,27%-89%,33%-46%, and35%-74%respectively, and the number of microbes, i.e. bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi by36%-150%,11%-153%and43%-56%respectively. Additionally, organic fertilizer replacement had a Shannon's diversity index (H) of2.18, which was higher than that of other modes of single N fertilizer application. The result suggested that reducing N fertilizer by20%and applying organic manure in the experimental areas could effectively lower the production costs and improve significantly soil fertility and biological properties.
(2) The effects of different Slow-Released (SR) fertilizer application modes on soil enzyme activity and soil microbes as well as the microbial diversity were investigated in rice-wheat cropping system. The results showed that, in comparison with no N control group, four SR N fertilizer application modes increased the soil enzyme activity and the number of soil microbes significantly in both wheat and rice soils. Compared to pure Urea application mode, the soil enzyme activity was higher and the number of soil microbes was greater in other three SRF modes (SR-Urea, SR-Urea/Urea, SR-Urea/Urea/Org.N). Particularly in SR-Urea/Urea/Org.N mode, the activity of sucrase, protease, and urease were increased by5%-38%,4%-15%, and2%-5%respectively, and the number of soil bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi were increased by9%-27%,3%-14%,13%-28%respectively. In addition, compared with Urea control group, nutrient uptake of wheat and rice, microbial diversity index (Shannon's diversity index) of SR-Urea/Urea/Org.N mode was increased by13%-26%,10%-16%,15%-103%respectively. The results indicated that combined application of SRF and organic manures was a good precaution to improve the soil biological properties and soil fertility in rice-wheat cropping system.
(3) Different P fertilizer application modes were studied for the effects on crop yield, nutrient uptake, soil enzyme activity, number of microbes, and diversity of microbes under the rice-wheat rotation system. The result showed that20%reduction of traditional application amount of P fertilizer did not decrease crop yield, amount of nutrient uptake, soil enzyme activity, and the number of soil microbes. However,20%reduction the P applied and mixed application of organic manure and chemical P fertilizer increased not only the activity of phosphatase, sucrase, protease and urease, but also the number of soil microbes, as well as the Shannon's microbial diversity index (H), although it had no impacts on crop yield and nutrient uptake. The results indicated that A20%reduction of P fertilizer could be a possible agricultural measure for reducing farmland pollution, and the combined application of organic manure and chemical P fertilizer could be recommended for improving soil fertility in the study areas.
(4) Soil pot experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of different P fertilizer resources on soil P forms and phytase activity. The result showed that, compared with superphosphate, the application of organic manure and calcium phytate increased rice yield by9%-18%and15%-32%respectively. Application of calcium phytate increased the phytase activity by16%-20%, the ratio of labile organic phosphorus by73%-117%, and the ratio of Al-P, and Fe-P by15%-46%.
(5) The ecological effects of soil phytase activity and the input history of phosphorus in soil sediment were investigated around the areas of Liangzhihu Lake. The results indicated that phytase activity in the lake sediments decreased with the sampling depth, with the reduced percentages at2m of the sediment profile being74%for Liangzi Lake, and66%for Yue Lake respectively. However, opposite situation was found in water inlet of lake, ie, phytase activity in the lower sediment was73%-108%higher than the surface sediment. In farmland of Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences(NKY), phytase activity of soil reached the crest value at0.5m depth(271.4U/g), and then decreased with the sampling depth, phytase activity was lowest in the soil with2.0m depth(127.6U/g). The same result was found in farmland of Heshengqiao district in Hubei Province(HSQ), phytase activity of soil reached the highest bracket at0.2m depth(373.6U/g), was lowest in the soil with2.0m depth(127.6U/g). Phytase activity of soil in East-West-Lake district in Wuhan City(DXH) was decreased with the sampling depth in (0-1.0m,1.0-1.9m,2-2.5m), respectively. The results indicated that, compared with submerged soil, phytase activity in the rhizosphere soil was higher.
(1)在大田小麦-水稻轮作条件下,研究了不同氮肥施用模式(农民传统施肥模式,20%氮肥减施模式,20%氮肥减施加有机氮肥替代模式)下作物产量、养分吸收、土壤酶活性和微生物数量以及微生物多样性的变化。研究结果表明,与传统施肥量相比,减施20%氮肥后,作物产量与氮素养分吸收量及土壤酶活性和土壤中微生物(细菌,放线菌,真菌)数量并没有出现明显变化。减少N肥20%条件下,采用50%有机肥替代施用不影响作物产量和养分吸收,但分别提高土壤蔗糖酶46%-62%,蛋白酶27%-89%,脲酶33%-46%,和中性磷酸酶活性35%-74%；提高土壤细菌数量36%-150%,放线菌数量11%-153%,真菌数量43%-56%。另外,有机肥替代处理微生物的多样性指数(Shannon's diversity index(H))为2.18,显著高于其他各施肥模式。试验结果表明,该地区减施20%氮肥、同时实行有机氮肥替代可有效降低生产成本,并改善土壤肥力和生物学性质。
(2)在稻麦轮作大田条件下,研究了不同缓释氮肥模式(普通尿素模式,Urea;缓释氮肥模式,SR-Urea;缓释氮肥与尿素配合模式,SR-Urea/Urea;缓释氮肥、尿素、有机氮肥配合模式,SR-Urea/Urea/Org.N)对稻麦产量、养分吸收及土壤酶活性和土壤微生物等土壤生物学性质的影响。结果表明,与不施肥的对照相比,Urea、 SR-Urea、SR-Urea/Urea和SR-Urea/Urea/Org.N等四种施肥模式可以提高土壤酶活性和微生物数量,其中以蔗糖酶(11%-73%,14%-85%,10%-98%,10%-136%)和细菌(28%-36%,29%-38%,31%-40%,60%-68%)表现最为明显。与施纯氮肥的Urea模式相比,三种缓释肥模式(SR-Urea, SR-Urea/Urea, SR-Urea/Urea/Org.N)均提高土壤酶活性和微生物数量,其中SR-Urea/Urea/Org.N配合模式的提高幅度最大。在该施肥模式下相比施纯氮肥的Urea模式,四种土壤酶活性有了不同程度的提高(5%-38%,4%-15%,2%-5%,8%-76%),同时也提高了三种土壤微生物的数量(9%-27%,3%-14%,13%-28%)。而在本试验中,SR-Urea/Urea/Org.N配合模式的小麦、水稻的吸氮量以及土壤微生物多样性指标以及也分别高于其他模式(13%-26%,10%-16%,15%-103%)。结果说明,施用缓释肥并配合普通尿素和有机肥更有利于改善土壤生物学性质,提高土壤肥力。
(3)在大田小麦-水稻轮作条件下,以当地农民传统施肥量为对照,设计了几种磷肥减施模式(20%磷肥减量模式,20%磷肥减量并有机磷肥替代模式)下作物产量、养分吸收、土壤酶活性和微生物数量以及微生物多样性的变化。研究结果表明,与传统施肥量相比,减施20%磷肥后,作物产量与养分吸收量没有下降,土壤酶活性没有降低,而土壤中微生物(细菌,放线菌,真菌)数量也没有明显减少。在减少20%磷肥施用量的基础上,进一步采用20%有机磷肥替代施用没有造成作物减产和养分吸收的减少,但能有效地提高土壤中性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、蛋白酶和脲酶活性(3%-41%,5%-24%,1%-20%,5%-6%),同时对土壤中微生物数量的增加也有一定程度的促进作用。另外,20%有机磷肥替代处理微生物的多样性指数为2.58,显著高于其他各施肥模式。结果表明,在磷肥施用过量的稻麦轮作地区,减施20%化学磷肥,并进行适当的有机磷肥替代可有效的降低生产成本,改善土壤肥力和生物学性质。
(4)通过土壤盆栽试验,研究了不同磷肥模式对水稻土壤磷形态及土壤植酸酶活性的影响。结果表明,相比施用过磷酸钙,施用有机磷与植酸钙均能提高水稻产量(9%-18%,15%-32%),同时,植酸钙的添加增加水稻土壤植酸酶活性(16%-20%)。在植酸钙处理的水稻土壤中,磷的存在形态改变很大,相比于过磷酸钙处理,其土壤活性有机磷含量显著增加(73%-117%),稳定态的缓效无机磷含量也有所增加(15%-46%)。结果表明,有机磷和植酸钙能提高土壤植酸酶活性,有利于植物对土壤磷素的吸收利用。
(5)在湖北梁子湖、月湖以及周边代表性农田土壤进行分层采样,研究了土壤植酸酶活性及分布。结果表明,湖底沉积物的植酸酶活性随取样深度的加深而降低,在湖底2m深处的土壤植酸酶活性与湖底表面沉积淤泥相比,分别减少了74%(梁子湖)与66%(月湖)。在梁子湖入水口,较深层的沉积物植酸酶活性比浅层的植酸酶活性增加了73%-108%,反映了入水口水流流速对植酸酶活性的影响。湖北省农科院附近农田土壤植酸酶在0.5m处最高271.4U/g,然后随取样深度的加深逐步下降,在2.0m深处达到最低127.6U/g。贺胜桥附近农田土壤植酸酶活性在0.2m处,土壤植酸酶活性最高,为373.6U/g,同时也随取样深度的加深而降低,趋势明显。武汉东西湖区附近农田土壤植酸酶活性在0-1.0m,1.0-1.9m,2-2.5m分别呈现三个较明显的统一下降趋势。反映了表层农田土壤植酸酶活性高于深层土壤植酸酶活性的现状。
Excess application of chemical fertilizers has resulted in widespread environmental problems, such as degeneration of soil fertility and pollution of soils and waters, which restrict seriously the sustainable development of agricuture and society. In this study, field experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of different fertilizer application modes on crop yield, nutrient uptake, soil enzyme activity, number of microbes (bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi), and diversity of microbes in rice(Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation system. Furthermore, soil pot experiments were employed to investigate the effects of different P fertilizer resources on soil P forms and phytase activity. In addition, the phytase activity and its distribution in the sediments of Liangzhi Lake and Yue Lake and in the soils around were investigated. The main results were summaried as follows:
(1) The effects of N fertilization modes on crop yield, nutrient uptake, soil enzyme activity, and number of microbes as well as diversity of microbes were studied under a2-year field experiment of rice-wheat rotation. The result showed that20%reduction of local farmer's traditional N fertilizer did not change significantly crop yield, N uptake, soil enzyme activity and number of microbes (bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi). On the basis of20%reducing N fertilizer,50%replacement of N fertilizer by organic manure increased the activity of sucrose, protease, urease and phosphatase by46%-62%,27%-89%,33%-46%, and35%-74%respectively, and the number of microbes, i.e. bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi by36%-150%,11%-153%and43%-56%respectively. Additionally, organic fertilizer replacement had a Shannon's diversity index (H) of2.18, which was higher than that of other modes of single N fertilizer application. The result suggested that reducing N fertilizer by20%and applying organic manure in the experimental areas could effectively lower the production costs and improve significantly soil fertility and biological properties.
(2) The effects of different Slow-Released (SR) fertilizer application modes on soil enzyme activity and soil microbes as well as the microbial diversity were investigated in rice-wheat cropping system. The results showed that, in comparison with no N control group, four SR N fertilizer application modes increased the soil enzyme activity and the number of soil microbes significantly in both wheat and rice soils. Compared to pure Urea application mode, the soil enzyme activity was higher and the number of soil microbes was greater in other three SRF modes (SR-Urea, SR-Urea/Urea, SR-Urea/Urea/Org.N). Particularly in SR-Urea/Urea/Org.N mode, the activity of sucrase, protease, and urease were increased by5%-38%,4%-15%, and2%-5%respectively, and the number of soil bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi were increased by9%-27%,3%-14%,13%-28%respectively. In addition, compared with Urea control group, nutrient uptake of wheat and rice, microbial diversity index (Shannon's diversity index) of SR-Urea/Urea/Org.N mode was increased by13%-26%,10%-16%,15%-103%respectively. The results indicated that combined application of SRF and organic manures was a good precaution to improve the soil biological properties and soil fertility in rice-wheat cropping system.
(3) Different P fertilizer application modes were studied for the effects on crop yield, nutrient uptake, soil enzyme activity, number of microbes, and diversity of microbes under the rice-wheat rotation system. The result showed that20%reduction of traditional application amount of P fertilizer did not decrease crop yield, amount of nutrient uptake, soil enzyme activity, and the number of soil microbes. However,20%reduction the P applied and mixed application of organic manure and chemical P fertilizer increased not only the activity of phosphatase, sucrase, protease and urease, but also the number of soil microbes, as well as the Shannon's microbial diversity index (H), although it had no impacts on crop yield and nutrient uptake. The results indicated that A20%reduction of P fertilizer could be a possible agricultural measure for reducing farmland pollution, and the combined application of organic manure and chemical P fertilizer could be recommended for improving soil fertility in the study areas.
(4) Soil pot experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of different P fertilizer resources on soil P forms and phytase activity. The result showed that, compared with superphosphate, the application of organic manure and calcium phytate increased rice yield by9%-18%and15%-32%respectively. Application of calcium phytate increased the phytase activity by16%-20%, the ratio of labile organic phosphorus by73%-117%, and the ratio of Al-P, and Fe-P by15%-46%.
(5) The ecological effects of soil phytase activity and the input history of phosphorus in soil sediment were investigated around the areas of Liangzhihu Lake. The results indicated that phytase activity in the lake sediments decreased with the sampling depth, with the reduced percentages at2m of the sediment profile being74%for Liangzi Lake, and66%for Yue Lake respectively. However, opposite situation was found in water inlet of lake, ie, phytase activity in the lower sediment was73%-108%higher than the surface sediment. In farmland of Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences(NKY), phytase activity of soil reached the crest value at0.5m depth(271.4U/g), and then decreased with the sampling depth, phytase activity was lowest in the soil with2.0m depth(127.6U/g). The same result was found in farmland of Heshengqiao district in Hubei Province(HSQ), phytase activity of soil reached the highest bracket at0.2m depth(373.6U/g), was lowest in the soil with2.0m depth(127.6U/g). Phytase activity of soil in East-West-Lake district in Wuhan City(DXH) was decreased with the sampling depth in (0-1.0m,1.0-1.9m,2-2.5m), respectively. The results indicated that, compared with submerged soil, phytase activity in the rhizosphere soil was higher.
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