遵义市城区城市森林结构与生态功能研究
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摘要
作为城市森林的重要组成部分,行道树在净化城市生态环境方面发挥重要作用。本文在分析遵义市城区主要行道树的结构特征及其生态功能的基础上,对其遵义市城市森林的综合效益进行了初步评价。同时对该市主要典型森林群落—凤凰山森林公园树种结构进行了分析,提出遵义市绿地系统结构优化的途径。主要结论如下:
(1)遵义城区行道树树种共有23 个,其中少数树种在数量上占了极大比例,乡土树种所占的比例不高;
(2)行道树的平均径阶较低,胸径<10cm 树木占47%,行道树总生物量相当于19hm2的森林面积。中心区应增加6～8hm2林地面积。
(3)遵义市行道树总的生物多样性指数为0.924,表明遵义市城区干道树种结构相对简单。
(4)行道树的叶面积总量为1.345×106m2,平均叶面积指数为0.65,平均单株树木的叶面积为61.5m2。不同道路不同树种的平均单株叶面积存在明显差异。
(5)悬铃木、女贞、广玉兰、紫叶李等树种叶片单位面积的滞尘能力较强,而银杏、旱柳、加杨、多脉榆、樟树叶片的滞尘能力相对较弱。尤其悬铃木的滞尘能力表现较强。
(6)女贞、紫叶李、旱柳、悬铃木、杜英、广玉兰、蒲葵、加杨叶片吸收重金属的能力较强,而华中冬青、银杏、桂花、橙、棕榈、杨梅叶片吸收重金属的能力较弱。同时,在外环路、凤凰中路、高九路、海风路行道树的重金属含量比其他的干道含量相对较高。不同树种对重金属元素的富集能力表现为Mn>Zn>Cu>Pb>Ni。
(7)女贞、小叶女贞、加杨、桂花、广玉兰、橙、法国冬青叶片吸收SO2的能力较强;而紫叶李、悬铃木、樟树、蒲葵、多脉榆吸收能力较弱。
(8)遵义市凤凰山森林公园树种结构特点表现为组成单一,数量分布集中,径级结构偏小等。但从整体上说,凤凰山森林公园已达到能发挥森林功能的水平。
(9)凤凰山森林公园物种多样性偏低,应有计划地补植少量的乡土树种和适宜的外来树种。
(10)聚类分析表明,凤凰山公园林分划分为针阔混交林、落叶阔叶林和常绿落叶阔叶林三种类型,它们的辛普森和香农-威纳多样性指数依次减小,这是凤凰山森林群落演替的体现。
(11)在凤凰山森林公园森林群落的重要值和总优势度的排序中,牛舌兰均排在第1 位,但不能仅依靠重要值与总优势度来判断一个树种在群落中的作用。
As an important part of urban forest, street trees play an important role in improving urban environment. The author analyzed the distribution pattern and characteristics of the main street trees in the urban region of ZunYi and studied their main ecological functions. Meanwhile, based on the analysis of species structure of the main typical forest community in FengHuangshan forest park, the comprehensive benefits of the urban forest in ZunYi city zone were preliminarily assessed, and the ways to optimize the structure were proposed. The main results were as follows:
(1)There are more than 20 street tree species in ZunYi urban region. Several species took a large part. Native species were relatively few.
(2)The average BHD level was low, of which those less than 10cm take up 47%. The total biomass of street trees was equal to that of 19hm2 forest,6-8 hm2 forest should be planted in the central region.
(3)The total biodiversity index was 0.924, which implied that the species structure of urban main roads were relatively simple.
(4)The total leaf area (LA) of street trees was 1.345×106m2 and the average leaf area was 61.5m2 per tree. The average LAI was 0.65. The difference of the average leaf areas between species along varied roads was significantly remarkable.
(5)The dust removals per leaf area of species such as Platanus acerifolia、Ligustrum Lucidum 、Maqnolia grandiflora and Prunns cerasifera were superior to that of species such as Salix matsudana、Populus Canadensis、Ulmus pumila、Cinnamomum camphora etc. The dust removal per leaf area of Platanus acerifolia was especially high.
(6)The leaves of Ligustrum Lucidum、Prunns cerasifera、Salix matsudana、Platanus acerifolia、Elaeocarpus decipiens、Maqnolia grandiflora、Livistona chinensis、Populus Canadensis had better absorption to heavy metals than those of Erythrina corallodenron、Ginkgo biloba、Cinnamomum contractum、Citrus sinensis、Trachycarpus fortunei、Myrica rubra. The content of heavy metals in tree leaves along Waihuan road, Fenghuangzhong road, Gaojiu road, Haifeng road were much more than those of trees along other main streets.
(7)The leaves of Ligustrum Lucidum、Ligustrum quihoui、Populus Canadensis、Cinnamomum contractum、Maqnolia grandiflora、Citrus sinensis、Erythrina corallodenron had better absorption to SO2 than Prunns cerasifera、Platanus acerifolia、Cinnamomum camphora、Livistona chinensis and Ulmus pumila.
(8)The species structure characteristics in the forestry park were limited composition, mass distribution, inferior BHD classes etc. In general, the forest park had forest functions.
(9)The species diversity of the forest park was relatively low. Native species and appropriate
alien species should be chosen to add. (10)The stand of the forestry park could be classified to coniferous and deciduous mixed forests, deciduous broad-leaved forests and evergreen deciduous broad-leaved mixed forests according to clustering analysis. Their Simpson index and Shannon-Wiener index decreased in the same order, which stated the forest community succession in FengHuangshan Forest park. (11)In the ordination of both the important value and the total dominance of different species in FengHuangshan Hill forest park, Adhatoda vasica took the first place. But the roles of a species played in a community couldn’t only be decided by the two indicators.
(1)遵义城区行道树树种共有23 个,其中少数树种在数量上占了极大比例,乡土树种所占的比例不高;
(2)行道树的平均径阶较低,胸径<10cm 树木占47%,行道树总生物量相当于19hm2的森林面积。中心区应增加6～8hm2林地面积。
(3)遵义市行道树总的生物多样性指数为0.924,表明遵义市城区干道树种结构相对简单。
(4)行道树的叶面积总量为1.345×106m2,平均叶面积指数为0.65,平均单株树木的叶面积为61.5m2。不同道路不同树种的平均单株叶面积存在明显差异。
(5)悬铃木、女贞、广玉兰、紫叶李等树种叶片单位面积的滞尘能力较强,而银杏、旱柳、加杨、多脉榆、樟树叶片的滞尘能力相对较弱。尤其悬铃木的滞尘能力表现较强。
(6)女贞、紫叶李、旱柳、悬铃木、杜英、广玉兰、蒲葵、加杨叶片吸收重金属的能力较强,而华中冬青、银杏、桂花、橙、棕榈、杨梅叶片吸收重金属的能力较弱。同时,在外环路、凤凰中路、高九路、海风路行道树的重金属含量比其他的干道含量相对较高。不同树种对重金属元素的富集能力表现为Mn>Zn>Cu>Pb>Ni。
(7)女贞、小叶女贞、加杨、桂花、广玉兰、橙、法国冬青叶片吸收SO2的能力较强;而紫叶李、悬铃木、樟树、蒲葵、多脉榆吸收能力较弱。
(8)遵义市凤凰山森林公园树种结构特点表现为组成单一,数量分布集中,径级结构偏小等。但从整体上说,凤凰山森林公园已达到能发挥森林功能的水平。
(9)凤凰山森林公园物种多样性偏低,应有计划地补植少量的乡土树种和适宜的外来树种。
(10)聚类分析表明,凤凰山公园林分划分为针阔混交林、落叶阔叶林和常绿落叶阔叶林三种类型,它们的辛普森和香农-威纳多样性指数依次减小,这是凤凰山森林群落演替的体现。
(11)在凤凰山森林公园森林群落的重要值和总优势度的排序中,牛舌兰均排在第1 位,但不能仅依靠重要值与总优势度来判断一个树种在群落中的作用。
As an important part of urban forest, street trees play an important role in improving urban environment. The author analyzed the distribution pattern and characteristics of the main street trees in the urban region of ZunYi and studied their main ecological functions. Meanwhile, based on the analysis of species structure of the main typical forest community in FengHuangshan forest park, the comprehensive benefits of the urban forest in ZunYi city zone were preliminarily assessed, and the ways to optimize the structure were proposed. The main results were as follows:
(1)There are more than 20 street tree species in ZunYi urban region. Several species took a large part. Native species were relatively few.
(2)The average BHD level was low, of which those less than 10cm take up 47%. The total biomass of street trees was equal to that of 19hm2 forest,6-8 hm2 forest should be planted in the central region.
(3)The total biodiversity index was 0.924, which implied that the species structure of urban main roads were relatively simple.
(4)The total leaf area (LA) of street trees was 1.345×106m2 and the average leaf area was 61.5m2 per tree. The average LAI was 0.65. The difference of the average leaf areas between species along varied roads was significantly remarkable.
(5)The dust removals per leaf area of species such as Platanus acerifolia、Ligustrum Lucidum 、Maqnolia grandiflora and Prunns cerasifera were superior to that of species such as Salix matsudana、Populus Canadensis、Ulmus pumila、Cinnamomum camphora etc. The dust removal per leaf area of Platanus acerifolia was especially high.
(6)The leaves of Ligustrum Lucidum、Prunns cerasifera、Salix matsudana、Platanus acerifolia、Elaeocarpus decipiens、Maqnolia grandiflora、Livistona chinensis、Populus Canadensis had better absorption to heavy metals than those of Erythrina corallodenron、Ginkgo biloba、Cinnamomum contractum、Citrus sinensis、Trachycarpus fortunei、Myrica rubra. The content of heavy metals in tree leaves along Waihuan road, Fenghuangzhong road, Gaojiu road, Haifeng road were much more than those of trees along other main streets.
(7)The leaves of Ligustrum Lucidum、Ligustrum quihoui、Populus Canadensis、Cinnamomum contractum、Maqnolia grandiflora、Citrus sinensis、Erythrina corallodenron had better absorption to SO2 than Prunns cerasifera、Platanus acerifolia、Cinnamomum camphora、Livistona chinensis and Ulmus pumila.
(8)The species structure characteristics in the forestry park were limited composition, mass distribution, inferior BHD classes etc. In general, the forest park had forest functions.
(9)The species diversity of the forest park was relatively low. Native species and appropriate
alien species should be chosen to add. (10)The stand of the forestry park could be classified to coniferous and deciduous mixed forests, deciduous broad-leaved forests and evergreen deciduous broad-leaved mixed forests according to clustering analysis. Their Simpson index and Shannon-Wiener index decreased in the same order, which stated the forest community succession in FengHuangshan Forest park. (11)In the ordination of both the important value and the total dominance of different species in FengHuangshan Hill forest park, Adhatoda vasica took the first place. But the roles of a species played in a community couldn’t only be decided by the two indicators.
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