南京市近郊典型森林群落结构特征与恢复技术研究
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摘要
本研究调查分析了栖霞山和幕府山两个风景区现有典型森林群落种类组成与结构特征，采用实验方法分析了樟树、女贞和海桐等乡土树种抗铝胁迫能力差异以及大叶樟、阔瓣含笑、桂南木莲和金叶含笑等不同引进树种抗重金属胁迫能力的差异，为两个典型地段森林植被恢复选择适宜绿化树种提供理论依据，并提出相应的植被恢复途径与方法。主要结果表明：
(1)南京栖霞山森林群落类型可分为针叶林、落叶阔叶林、针阔混交林和灌木林等。其中针叶林包括杉木林、马尾松林；落叶阔叶林包括光叶糯米椴林、枫香林、水冬瓜林、栓皮栎林及青桐林等；针阔混交林主要为马尾松+黄连木+枫香林；灌木林包括篌竹灌丛和短穗竹灌丛等。
(2)根据栖霞山植物群落组成结构、受干扰程度与恢复目标，其植被恢复的途径主要包括自然更新、人工辅助更新和人工种植等三种方式。
(3)幕府山次生林组成树种单一，更新速度较慢，林木径阶偏小。在垂直结构上，构树、槐树等主要乔木树种的数量从上而下明显递增，中幼龄构树占主要部分，表明群落具有良好的演替能力。人为干扰和环境污染导致构树的优势度增加，树种多样性下降，从而影响林分的生态功能。
(4)在水培试验的Al胁迫下，海桐、女贞和樟树三种植物的死亡率均显著增加。其中，海桐耐铝胁迫能力最弱。处理浓度≥2mmol／L时，海桐根部生物量显著比对照和低浓度处理降低；而海桐茎部生物量在处理与对照之间以及不同处理之间差异不显著。处理浓度≥4mmol／L时，海桐叶部生物量比对照和低浓度处理时均显著降低。处理浓度＞2mmol／L时，女贞根部生物量比对照和低浓度处理显著降低。处理浓度≥8mmol／L时，女贞茎部生物量明显比对照和低浓度处理时降低。处理浓度≥2mmol／L时，女贞叶部生物量明显比对照和低浓度处理显著降低。处理浓度≥1mmol／L时，樟树的根部生物量比对照和低浓度处理显著下降。在浓度处理≥1mmol／L的浓度处理下，樟树茎部生物量比对照显著降低。当处理浓度≥8mmol／L时，樟树叶部生物量比对照显著降低。处理浓度≥4mmol／L时，三种植物根生物量与茎叶生物量的比值均比对照显著下降。这表明浓度≥4mmol／L时，培养液中Al对三种植物根生长的抑制作用均大于对地上茎叶生长的抑制作用。
(5)在不同测定期间，各处理植株根、茎、叶中的Al浓度均大于对照值，且呈随处理浓度增大而上升的明显趋势；随着处理时间的延长，三种植物各处理植株各部位的Al浓度有增大的趋势。在不同测定时间及不同浓度处理下，女贞植株根部和叶部Al浓度均高于海桐和樟树，茎部Al浓度均高于樟树。因此，女贞抗Al胁迫能力强于海桐和樟树。Al胁迫处理9周后，植株各部位Al元素含量增加，表现为随处理浓度的增大而增加的趋势；且根部＞茎部＞叶部。在相同处理下，植株体内Al含量的大小顺序为樟树＞女贞＞海桐。处理9周后，海桐根部和茎部Al浓度之间呈显著指数相关关系，而女贞和樟树则呈显著线性正相关关系。三种植物根部Al浓度和叶部Al浓度之间均表现出显著线性正相关关系，相关系数均大于0.89。
(6)在Al胁迫下，三种植物根部、茎部、叶部的Ca／Al比值及Mg／Al比值均显著低于对照，并随处理浓度的增大而降低，但表现出器官之间的差异。研究结果表明，三种植物对Ca、Mg元素的吸收由于Al的毒害作用受到了影响。
(7)Al胁迫下，海桐和女贞在0.5mmol／L浓度处理下的叶绿素含量均比对照值高，其它浓度处理均比对照值低；樟树在各浓度处理下其叶绿素含量均比对照有所降低。三种植物叶绿素含量对Al胁迫的反应的敏感性为樟树＞海桐＞女贞。Al胁迫下，三种植物叶绿素含量与叶片Al浓度、Ca／Al及Mg／Al比率均表现出显著线性相关。不同浓度Al胁迫下，三种植物叶片膜透性均显著高于对照，且随处理浓度的增大，膜透性增加。海桐和樟树的叶片膜透性比女贞更易受Al胁迫影响。Al胁迫下，三种植物的叶片膜透性均与叶部Al浓度呈显著线性正相关关系。
(8)通过测定电导率、叶绿素含量等指标，并进行综合评判，得出4个树种的抗铅胁迫能力强弱顺序为：大叶樟＞阔瓣含笑＞桂南木莲＞金叶含笑；而4个树种的抗镉胁迫能力强弱顺序为：大叶樟＞阔瓣含笑＞金叶含笑＞桂南木莲。
(9)在幕府山坡度小于25度的废弃矿区进行植被恢复时，桤木+海桐、枫杨+桂花、杨树+金丝桃、柳树等人工栽植群落恢复效果较好；栾树+火棘、枫香+石楠、杏树、水杉等群落恢复效果一般；雪松在该地区生长较差。
In this paper, the author has investigated species composition and structurecharacteristics of present typical forest communities both in Qixia and Mufu ScenicAreas of Nanjing city. Meanwhile, the resistance of Cinnamomum, Ligustrumlucidum Air., Pittosporum tobria to Al~(3+) stress and the resistance of Cinnamomumlongepaniculatum, Michelia platypetala, Manglietia chingii, Michelia foveolata toheavy metals, such as Pb and Cd have also been studied by means of experimentalmethodology. Some suggestions were given about the selection of appropriate treespecies for the purpose of vegetation restoration and about ways and techniquesfittable for forest restoration in these two areas. Main research results andconclusions were described as follows:
(1)Forest communities could be classified into four types, including coniferforest, deciduous broadleaved forest, conifer and broadleaved mixed forest andshrub forest. There exist two main types of conifer forest such as Chinese-fir andforest and Masson pine forest. Deciduous and broadleaved forest include Tiliahenryana forest,Water wax gourd forest, Quercus veriabilis forest, Firmiana simplexforest and Liquidamber formosana forest;the typical conifer and broadleaved forestwas Masson pine+ Pistasia chinensis+L.formosana forest, there were two main kindsof shrub forest like Phyllostachys nidularia forest and Brachystachyum densiflorumforest.
(2)According to the composition, disturbance grade and restoration objectivesfof different types of plant communities in Qixia Mount Scenic Area, the authorsuggested three ways for the vegetation restoration, including natural regeneration,artificially-promoting regeneration and tree-planting respectively.
(3)The results indicated that the secondary forests in Mufu mount scenic areawas composed of less tree species with small DBH and lower regeneration process.In vertical structure, the number of trees of main species like Broussonetiapapyrifera and Robinia pseudoacacia increased definitely from lower canopy layerto higher layer. This presented nice succession abilities of such plant communities.Human disturbance and environmental pollution could cause the increase of thedominance Broussonetia papyrifera and decrease of species diversity and theninfluenced the ecological function of forest stands.
(4)The mortality rates of three species like Cinnamomum, Ligustrum lucidum Ait.,Pittosporum tobria all increased with the increase of Al concentration. Among them,P. tobria presented the lowest resistance ability to Al stress. The root biomass of Pittosporum tobria decreased definitely when the concentration of Al≥2mmol/L,but there existed no significant variation of stem biomass among various Alconcentrations. The leaf biomass significantly decreased when the concentration ofAl was≥4mmol/L compared with lower Al concentration and CK. Both root andleaf biomass of Ligustrum lucidum Ait. decreased rapidly when Al concentration was≥2mmol/L while the stem biomass significantly decreased when the concentrationof Al was≥8mmol/L compared with those of lower concentration and CK.
(5)Both the root and stem biomass of Cinnamomum decreased denfintely whenthe concentration of Al was≥1mmol/L while the leaf biomass significantlydecreased when the concentration of Al was≥8mmol/L compared with lowerconcentration and CK.The root/stem ratio and leaf biomass of the three tree speciessignificantly decreased when the concentration of Al was≥4mmol/L comparedwith lower concentration and CK. It was suggested that the stress of Al~(3+) to belowground was greater than aboveground when the concentration of Al~(3+) was≥4mmol/L.
(6)The concentrations of Al~(3+) in all Al~(3+) treatments were greater than that of CKin terms of root, stem and leaf at different periods; The concentration of alltreatments of three species increased with the time extended. The concentrations ofAl~(3+) in the root and leaf of Ligustrum lucidum were higher than that of theCinnamomum and Pittosporum tobria and the stem concentration were higher thanthat of the Cinnamomum. It was concluded that the ability of resistance of Al~(3+) ofLigustrum lucidum Ait. was greater than those of Cinnamomum and Pittosporumtobria.The concentrations of Al~(3+) in root, stem and leaf increased with the increasingof the Al~(3+) stress, the concentrations could be ranked as root＞stem＞leaf. Theconcentration of the three species could be ranked as: Cinnamomum＞Ligustrumlucidum Air.＞Pittosporum tobria after 9 months treatment. There was existedexponential relationship between the concentration of root and stem in Pittosporumtobria was while that of the Cinnamomum and Ligustrum lucidum and significantlypositive linear relationship. The Al concentrations in roots and leaves of all threespecies showed significantly positive linear relationship.The values of Ca/Al andMg/Al in root, stem and leaf increased with the increase of Al concentrations.
(7)The contents of chlorophyll in Ligustrum lucidum Ait. and Pittosporum tobriawere lower than those of the CK value under the stress of Al except for the0.5mmol/L treatment while the contents of chlorophyll in Cinnamomum was lowerthan those of the CK. The susceptivity of the chlorophyll to Al could be ranked asCinnamomum＞Pittosporum tobria＞Ligustrum lucidum Ait.. The contents of thechlorophyll in three species presented significant linear relationship with theconcentrations of Al in leaves, Ca/Al and Mg/Al ratios under the stress of Al.The cell membrane permeability of the three species increased with the increasing of theAl concentrations and showed significant linear relationship with the concentrationof Al in leaves.The cell membrane permeabilities of Cinnamomum and Pittosporumtobria were more frangible than those of Ligustrum lucidum Ait..
(8)Based on the integrated assessment of electric conductivity and chlorophyllcontent and so forth, the resistance capacity of of four tree species to Pb stress couldbe in order: Cinnamomum longepaniculatum＞Michelia platypetala＞Manglietiachingii＞Michelia foveolata;Meanwhile, the resistance capacity of four tree speciesto Cd stress could be in order:Cinnamomum longepaniculatum＞Micheliaplatypetala＞Michelia foveolata＞Manglietia chingii.
(9)Among various types of vegetation restoration in the Mufu mount scenic area,Alnus eremastogyne+Pittosporum tobira plantation presented better ecologicalresults than other plantations.
(1)南京栖霞山森林群落类型可分为针叶林、落叶阔叶林、针阔混交林和灌木林等。其中针叶林包括杉木林、马尾松林；落叶阔叶林包括光叶糯米椴林、枫香林、水冬瓜林、栓皮栎林及青桐林等；针阔混交林主要为马尾松+黄连木+枫香林；灌木林包括篌竹灌丛和短穗竹灌丛等。
(2)根据栖霞山植物群落组成结构、受干扰程度与恢复目标，其植被恢复的途径主要包括自然更新、人工辅助更新和人工种植等三种方式。
(3)幕府山次生林组成树种单一，更新速度较慢，林木径阶偏小。在垂直结构上，构树、槐树等主要乔木树种的数量从上而下明显递增，中幼龄构树占主要部分，表明群落具有良好的演替能力。人为干扰和环境污染导致构树的优势度增加，树种多样性下降，从而影响林分的生态功能。
(4)在水培试验的Al胁迫下，海桐、女贞和樟树三种植物的死亡率均显著增加。其中，海桐耐铝胁迫能力最弱。处理浓度≥2mmol／L时，海桐根部生物量显著比对照和低浓度处理降低；而海桐茎部生物量在处理与对照之间以及不同处理之间差异不显著。处理浓度≥4mmol／L时，海桐叶部生物量比对照和低浓度处理时均显著降低。处理浓度＞2mmol／L时，女贞根部生物量比对照和低浓度处理显著降低。处理浓度≥8mmol／L时，女贞茎部生物量明显比对照和低浓度处理时降低。处理浓度≥2mmol／L时，女贞叶部生物量明显比对照和低浓度处理显著降低。处理浓度≥1mmol／L时，樟树的根部生物量比对照和低浓度处理显著下降。在浓度处理≥1mmol／L的浓度处理下，樟树茎部生物量比对照显著降低。当处理浓度≥8mmol／L时，樟树叶部生物量比对照显著降低。处理浓度≥4mmol／L时，三种植物根生物量与茎叶生物量的比值均比对照显著下降。这表明浓度≥4mmol／L时，培养液中Al对三种植物根生长的抑制作用均大于对地上茎叶生长的抑制作用。
(5)在不同测定期间，各处理植株根、茎、叶中的Al浓度均大于对照值，且呈随处理浓度增大而上升的明显趋势；随着处理时间的延长，三种植物各处理植株各部位的Al浓度有增大的趋势。在不同测定时间及不同浓度处理下，女贞植株根部和叶部Al浓度均高于海桐和樟树，茎部Al浓度均高于樟树。因此，女贞抗Al胁迫能力强于海桐和樟树。Al胁迫处理9周后，植株各部位Al元素含量增加，表现为随处理浓度的增大而增加的趋势；且根部＞茎部＞叶部。在相同处理下，植株体内Al含量的大小顺序为樟树＞女贞＞海桐。处理9周后，海桐根部和茎部Al浓度之间呈显著指数相关关系，而女贞和樟树则呈显著线性正相关关系。三种植物根部Al浓度和叶部Al浓度之间均表现出显著线性正相关关系，相关系数均大于0.89。
(6)在Al胁迫下，三种植物根部、茎部、叶部的Ca／Al比值及Mg／Al比值均显著低于对照，并随处理浓度的增大而降低，但表现出器官之间的差异。研究结果表明，三种植物对Ca、Mg元素的吸收由于Al的毒害作用受到了影响。
(7)Al胁迫下，海桐和女贞在0.5mmol／L浓度处理下的叶绿素含量均比对照值高，其它浓度处理均比对照值低；樟树在各浓度处理下其叶绿素含量均比对照有所降低。三种植物叶绿素含量对Al胁迫的反应的敏感性为樟树＞海桐＞女贞。Al胁迫下，三种植物叶绿素含量与叶片Al浓度、Ca／Al及Mg／Al比率均表现出显著线性相关。不同浓度Al胁迫下，三种植物叶片膜透性均显著高于对照，且随处理浓度的增大，膜透性增加。海桐和樟树的叶片膜透性比女贞更易受Al胁迫影响。Al胁迫下，三种植物的叶片膜透性均与叶部Al浓度呈显著线性正相关关系。
(8)通过测定电导率、叶绿素含量等指标，并进行综合评判，得出4个树种的抗铅胁迫能力强弱顺序为：大叶樟＞阔瓣含笑＞桂南木莲＞金叶含笑；而4个树种的抗镉胁迫能力强弱顺序为：大叶樟＞阔瓣含笑＞金叶含笑＞桂南木莲。
(9)在幕府山坡度小于25度的废弃矿区进行植被恢复时，桤木+海桐、枫杨+桂花、杨树+金丝桃、柳树等人工栽植群落恢复效果较好；栾树+火棘、枫香+石楠、杏树、水杉等群落恢复效果一般；雪松在该地区生长较差。
In this paper, the author has investigated species composition and structurecharacteristics of present typical forest communities both in Qixia and Mufu ScenicAreas of Nanjing city. Meanwhile, the resistance of Cinnamomum, Ligustrumlucidum Air., Pittosporum tobria to Al~(3+) stress and the resistance of Cinnamomumlongepaniculatum, Michelia platypetala, Manglietia chingii, Michelia foveolata toheavy metals, such as Pb and Cd have also been studied by means of experimentalmethodology. Some suggestions were given about the selection of appropriate treespecies for the purpose of vegetation restoration and about ways and techniquesfittable for forest restoration in these two areas. Main research results andconclusions were described as follows:
(1)Forest communities could be classified into four types, including coniferforest, deciduous broadleaved forest, conifer and broadleaved mixed forest andshrub forest. There exist two main types of conifer forest such as Chinese-fir andforest and Masson pine forest. Deciduous and broadleaved forest include Tiliahenryana forest,Water wax gourd forest, Quercus veriabilis forest, Firmiana simplexforest and Liquidamber formosana forest;the typical conifer and broadleaved forestwas Masson pine+ Pistasia chinensis+L.formosana forest, there were two main kindsof shrub forest like Phyllostachys nidularia forest and Brachystachyum densiflorumforest.
(2)According to the composition, disturbance grade and restoration objectivesfof different types of plant communities in Qixia Mount Scenic Area, the authorsuggested three ways for the vegetation restoration, including natural regeneration,artificially-promoting regeneration and tree-planting respectively.
(3)The results indicated that the secondary forests in Mufu mount scenic areawas composed of less tree species with small DBH and lower regeneration process.In vertical structure, the number of trees of main species like Broussonetiapapyrifera and Robinia pseudoacacia increased definitely from lower canopy layerto higher layer. This presented nice succession abilities of such plant communities.Human disturbance and environmental pollution could cause the increase of thedominance Broussonetia papyrifera and decrease of species diversity and theninfluenced the ecological function of forest stands.
(4)The mortality rates of three species like Cinnamomum, Ligustrum lucidum Ait.,Pittosporum tobria all increased with the increase of Al concentration. Among them,P. tobria presented the lowest resistance ability to Al stress. The root biomass of Pittosporum tobria decreased definitely when the concentration of Al≥2mmol/L,but there existed no significant variation of stem biomass among various Alconcentrations. The leaf biomass significantly decreased when the concentration ofAl was≥4mmol/L compared with lower Al concentration and CK. Both root andleaf biomass of Ligustrum lucidum Ait. decreased rapidly when Al concentration was≥2mmol/L while the stem biomass significantly decreased when the concentrationof Al was≥8mmol/L compared with those of lower concentration and CK.
(5)Both the root and stem biomass of Cinnamomum decreased denfintely whenthe concentration of Al was≥1mmol/L while the leaf biomass significantlydecreased when the concentration of Al was≥8mmol/L compared with lowerconcentration and CK.The root/stem ratio and leaf biomass of the three tree speciessignificantly decreased when the concentration of Al was≥4mmol/L comparedwith lower concentration and CK. It was suggested that the stress of Al~(3+) to belowground was greater than aboveground when the concentration of Al~(3+) was≥4mmol/L.
(6)The concentrations of Al~(3+) in all Al~(3+) treatments were greater than that of CKin terms of root, stem and leaf at different periods; The concentration of alltreatments of three species increased with the time extended. The concentrations ofAl~(3+) in the root and leaf of Ligustrum lucidum were higher than that of theCinnamomum and Pittosporum tobria and the stem concentration were higher thanthat of the Cinnamomum. It was concluded that the ability of resistance of Al~(3+) ofLigustrum lucidum Ait. was greater than those of Cinnamomum and Pittosporumtobria.The concentrations of Al~(3+) in root, stem and leaf increased with the increasingof the Al~(3+) stress, the concentrations could be ranked as root＞stem＞leaf. Theconcentration of the three species could be ranked as: Cinnamomum＞Ligustrumlucidum Air.＞Pittosporum tobria after 9 months treatment. There was existedexponential relationship between the concentration of root and stem in Pittosporumtobria was while that of the Cinnamomum and Ligustrum lucidum and significantlypositive linear relationship. The Al concentrations in roots and leaves of all threespecies showed significantly positive linear relationship.The values of Ca/Al andMg/Al in root, stem and leaf increased with the increase of Al concentrations.
(7)The contents of chlorophyll in Ligustrum lucidum Ait. and Pittosporum tobriawere lower than those of the CK value under the stress of Al except for the0.5mmol/L treatment while the contents of chlorophyll in Cinnamomum was lowerthan those of the CK. The susceptivity of the chlorophyll to Al could be ranked asCinnamomum＞Pittosporum tobria＞Ligustrum lucidum Ait.. The contents of thechlorophyll in three species presented significant linear relationship with theconcentrations of Al in leaves, Ca/Al and Mg/Al ratios under the stress of Al.The cell membrane permeability of the three species increased with the increasing of theAl concentrations and showed significant linear relationship with the concentrationof Al in leaves.The cell membrane permeabilities of Cinnamomum and Pittosporumtobria were more frangible than those of Ligustrum lucidum Ait..
(8)Based on the integrated assessment of electric conductivity and chlorophyllcontent and so forth, the resistance capacity of of four tree species to Pb stress couldbe in order: Cinnamomum longepaniculatum＞Michelia platypetala＞Manglietiachingii＞Michelia foveolata;Meanwhile, the resistance capacity of four tree speciesto Cd stress could be in order:Cinnamomum longepaniculatum＞Micheliaplatypetala＞Michelia foveolata＞Manglietia chingii.
(9)Among various types of vegetation restoration in the Mufu mount scenic area,Alnus eremastogyne+Pittosporum tobira plantation presented better ecologicalresults than other plantations.
引文
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