4种城市绿化树种叶片解剖与PAHs含量特征的研究
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摘要
多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon,简称PAHs)是指含有两个或两个以上的苯环,按角形、线形及簇装方式连接在一起的碳氢化合物以及由它们衍生出的各种化合物的总称。它是一类生物累积性强的持久性亲脂有机污染物,广泛分布于环境介质中,对人类健康和生态环境构成潜在的威胁,逐渐引起了各国科学家的极大重视。
城市绿化树种是城市森林生态系统的重要组成部分,是城市环境的天然净化器。而城市绿化树种叶片对PAHs吸附具有良好的能力,主要表现在对气态和颗粒态PAHs的富集上。发挥城市绿化树种在改善城市方面的重要作用已经成为现代都市建设的主体之一。
本研究采用了现代分析仪器-气质联用仪对4种城市绿化树种樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)、桂花(Opsmanthus fragrans)、广玉兰(Magnolia grandiflora)、红檵木(Redrlowered loropetalum)叶片的PAHs含量进行检测,同时测定了叶片解剖结构、表面结构和形态学指标等结构特征值,探讨了结构与叶片PAHs含量的关系。主要研究结果如下：
冬春两季4种城市绿化树种叶片PAHs总含量在0.987-11.522mg·kg-1之间,樟树、桂花、广玉兰、红檵木分别为4.513 mg·kg-1、3.540 mg·kg-1、2.798mg·kg-1、3.992 mg·kg-1,樟树叶片显著高于桂花和广玉兰。从月动态变化和季节特性来看,4种绿化树种叶片PAHs总含量均表现为5月显著低于1月,樟树、广玉兰和红檵木叶片PAHs总量在冬季显著高于春季。
叶片检出的PAHs化合物中,无论是在冬季还是春季,无论是哪个树种,均以3、4环PAHs为主,占总量的75%以上,而5-6环的PAHs却占总量的13%以内,6环PAHs仅占总量的4%以下,叶片吸附低环PAHs的量大于高环PAHs的量。叶片16种优先控制的PAHs组分中,除春季桂花和广玉兰叶片部分高环化合物未检出外,其余均有不同程度的检出。被检出的PAHs组分,在叶片中也不是等量分配的,其中菲(Phe)的含量在两季4种植物叶片中均是最高的。
不同树种之间叶片解剖结构与PAHs含量的关系最为密切,其中栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度和叶片总厚度与PAHs含量呈负相关,而种间其它叶片结构上的差异对PAHs的含量多少不敏感。
樟树叶片随栅栏组织厚度、气孔宽度和栅栏-海绵组织比值的增大,PAHs含量有上升的趋势,而随海绵组织和叶面宽长比的增大,PAHs含量呈减小的趋势。桂花叶片随栅栏-海绵组织比值的增大PAHs含量有减小的趋势。广玉兰叶片随栅栏组织厚度、栅栏-海绵组织比值、叶片总厚度、气孔长度和气孔宽度这些相关结构的增大,PAHs含量呈上升的趋势。红檵木叶片随角质层厚度、海绵组织厚度、叶片总厚度和气孔长宽比的增大PAHs含量有上升的趋势,而随气孔密度和叶面积的增大,PAHs含量呈减小的趋势。
本研究结果揭示了4种城市绿化树种叶片解剖与PAHs含量间的关系,不仅对深入探讨环境中PAHs的传输途径,不同植物PAHs含量的种间、种内差异,以及环境质量预报提供科学参考数据,而且可为城市绿化抗污树种的合理选择和配置提供科学依据。
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of chemical compounds that consist of fused two or more benzene rings interconnected with each other by angular, linear and cluster means. Besides occurring naturally in coal, crude oil and gasoline, PAHs are also produced by incomplete combustion of coal, gasoline, wood, garbage or other organic materials. PAHs are lipophilic and widely distributed in the environment. As a pollutant, they are of concern because some compounds have been identified as carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic, which have great harmful effects on plants, animals and human health.
Urban tree species are an important component of urban forest ecosystems, and play critical role in air purification in the urban environment. Usually, the leaves of urban tree species have strong capacity to absorb and accumulate PAHs, mainly expressed in the enrichment on gaseous and particulate PAHs. As a consequence, careful selection, intensive cultivation and better management of urban tree species have become one of the main subjects of building modern cities in terms of improvement of urban environment.
In this study, the composition and accumulation of PAHs in leaves of four major urban street tree species (Cinnamomu camphora, Magnolia grandiflora, Opsmanthus fragrans and Redrlowered loropetalum) were investigated using Agilent 6890GC/5973MS in Changsha city, Hunan province. Structural features of the leaves, including leaf stomatal density, stomatal length:width ratio, leaf width:length ratio, and leaf area, were also measured. The aim of the project is to examine the relationship between PAHs concentration and surface structures of leaves of the four urban street tree species.
The results showed that the concentration of total PAHs in the leaves of the four tree species ranged from 0.987 mg·kg-1 to 11.522mg·kg-1, with the mean of 4.513,3.540,2.798, and 3.992 mg·kg-1 for Cinnamomu camphora, Opsmanthus fragrans, Magnolia grandiflora, and Redrlowered loropetalum, respectively. PAHs concentrations in leaves of Cinnamomum camphora were significantly higher than that of Opsmanthus fragrans and Magnolia grandiflora. The total concentrations of PAHs were significantly lower in May than in January for the four urban street tree species, and the total concentrations of PAHs were statistically higher in the winter than in the spring for the four tree species of Cinnamomum camphora, Magnolia grandiflora, and Redrlowered loropetalum.
It was found that 3-and 4-ring PAHs are the major parts of the total PAHs in the leaves regardless to the species and sampled seasons, which accounted for more than 75% of the total. The 5-and 6-ring PAHs accounted for less than 13% of the total, and 6-ring PAHs were below 4% of total. The adsorption of low-ring PAHs in the leaves was greater than high-ring PAHs. All 16 priority PAHs were detected in the leaves, except for the high-ring PAHs in Opsmanthus fragrans and Magnolia grandiflora during the spring season. All 16 PAHs were not evenly distributed in the leaves, and the Phe had the highest concentration for the four tree species in the study period.
There were tightly relationships between leaf anatomical structures and the PAHs concentrations for the tree species. The palisade tissue thickness, spongy tissue thickness and the total leaf thickness were negatively correlated with the PAHs concentrations, while other structural features of the leaves were not sensitive to the changes in PAHs concentrations.
Specifically, PAHs concentrations of Cinnamomum camphora increased with increasing of palisade tissue thickness, stomatal width and the ratio of palisade to spongy tissues, but decreased with the increases of the spongy tissue and the ratio of leaf width to length. The PAHs contents of Opsmanthus fragrans leaves decreased with increasing of the ratio of palisade to spongy tissues. For species Magnolia grandiflora, the PAHs concentrations increased with the increases of palisade tissue thickness, ration of palisade to spongy tissues, total leaf thickness, stomatal length and stomatal width. The concentrations of PAHs in Red Loropetalum leaves increased with increasing of cuticle thickness, spongy tissue thickness, leaf thickness and ratio of stomatal length to its width, but decreased with the increases of stomatal density and leaf area.
The present study revealed the relationships between PAHs levels and leaf anatomical features of four urban greening tree species. The results indicated that structural characteristics of leaves of urban tree species were important factors in affecting the accumulation of PAHs in study area. The study not only provided the first-hand data and information regarding to the PAHs levels in different tree species and transmission path of PAHs in the environment, but also provided scientific references for selection and management of urban greening tree species.
城市绿化树种是城市森林生态系统的重要组成部分,是城市环境的天然净化器。而城市绿化树种叶片对PAHs吸附具有良好的能力,主要表现在对气态和颗粒态PAHs的富集上。发挥城市绿化树种在改善城市方面的重要作用已经成为现代都市建设的主体之一。
本研究采用了现代分析仪器-气质联用仪对4种城市绿化树种樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)、桂花(Opsmanthus fragrans)、广玉兰(Magnolia grandiflora)、红檵木(Redrlowered loropetalum)叶片的PAHs含量进行检测,同时测定了叶片解剖结构、表面结构和形态学指标等结构特征值,探讨了结构与叶片PAHs含量的关系。主要研究结果如下：
冬春两季4种城市绿化树种叶片PAHs总含量在0.987-11.522mg·kg-1之间,樟树、桂花、广玉兰、红檵木分别为4.513 mg·kg-1、3.540 mg·kg-1、2.798mg·kg-1、3.992 mg·kg-1,樟树叶片显著高于桂花和广玉兰。从月动态变化和季节特性来看,4种绿化树种叶片PAHs总含量均表现为5月显著低于1月,樟树、广玉兰和红檵木叶片PAHs总量在冬季显著高于春季。
叶片检出的PAHs化合物中,无论是在冬季还是春季,无论是哪个树种,均以3、4环PAHs为主,占总量的75%以上,而5-6环的PAHs却占总量的13%以内,6环PAHs仅占总量的4%以下,叶片吸附低环PAHs的量大于高环PAHs的量。叶片16种优先控制的PAHs组分中,除春季桂花和广玉兰叶片部分高环化合物未检出外,其余均有不同程度的检出。被检出的PAHs组分,在叶片中也不是等量分配的,其中菲(Phe)的含量在两季4种植物叶片中均是最高的。
不同树种之间叶片解剖结构与PAHs含量的关系最为密切,其中栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度和叶片总厚度与PAHs含量呈负相关,而种间其它叶片结构上的差异对PAHs的含量多少不敏感。
樟树叶片随栅栏组织厚度、气孔宽度和栅栏-海绵组织比值的增大,PAHs含量有上升的趋势,而随海绵组织和叶面宽长比的增大,PAHs含量呈减小的趋势。桂花叶片随栅栏-海绵组织比值的增大PAHs含量有减小的趋势。广玉兰叶片随栅栏组织厚度、栅栏-海绵组织比值、叶片总厚度、气孔长度和气孔宽度这些相关结构的增大,PAHs含量呈上升的趋势。红檵木叶片随角质层厚度、海绵组织厚度、叶片总厚度和气孔长宽比的增大PAHs含量有上升的趋势,而随气孔密度和叶面积的增大,PAHs含量呈减小的趋势。
本研究结果揭示了4种城市绿化树种叶片解剖与PAHs含量间的关系,不仅对深入探讨环境中PAHs的传输途径,不同植物PAHs含量的种间、种内差异,以及环境质量预报提供科学参考数据,而且可为城市绿化抗污树种的合理选择和配置提供科学依据。
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of chemical compounds that consist of fused two or more benzene rings interconnected with each other by angular, linear and cluster means. Besides occurring naturally in coal, crude oil and gasoline, PAHs are also produced by incomplete combustion of coal, gasoline, wood, garbage or other organic materials. PAHs are lipophilic and widely distributed in the environment. As a pollutant, they are of concern because some compounds have been identified as carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic, which have great harmful effects on plants, animals and human health.
Urban tree species are an important component of urban forest ecosystems, and play critical role in air purification in the urban environment. Usually, the leaves of urban tree species have strong capacity to absorb and accumulate PAHs, mainly expressed in the enrichment on gaseous and particulate PAHs. As a consequence, careful selection, intensive cultivation and better management of urban tree species have become one of the main subjects of building modern cities in terms of improvement of urban environment.
In this study, the composition and accumulation of PAHs in leaves of four major urban street tree species (Cinnamomu camphora, Magnolia grandiflora, Opsmanthus fragrans and Redrlowered loropetalum) were investigated using Agilent 6890GC/5973MS in Changsha city, Hunan province. Structural features of the leaves, including leaf stomatal density, stomatal length:width ratio, leaf width:length ratio, and leaf area, were also measured. The aim of the project is to examine the relationship between PAHs concentration and surface structures of leaves of the four urban street tree species.
The results showed that the concentration of total PAHs in the leaves of the four tree species ranged from 0.987 mg·kg-1 to 11.522mg·kg-1, with the mean of 4.513,3.540,2.798, and 3.992 mg·kg-1 for Cinnamomu camphora, Opsmanthus fragrans, Magnolia grandiflora, and Redrlowered loropetalum, respectively. PAHs concentrations in leaves of Cinnamomum camphora were significantly higher than that of Opsmanthus fragrans and Magnolia grandiflora. The total concentrations of PAHs were significantly lower in May than in January for the four urban street tree species, and the total concentrations of PAHs were statistically higher in the winter than in the spring for the four tree species of Cinnamomum camphora, Magnolia grandiflora, and Redrlowered loropetalum.
It was found that 3-and 4-ring PAHs are the major parts of the total PAHs in the leaves regardless to the species and sampled seasons, which accounted for more than 75% of the total. The 5-and 6-ring PAHs accounted for less than 13% of the total, and 6-ring PAHs were below 4% of total. The adsorption of low-ring PAHs in the leaves was greater than high-ring PAHs. All 16 priority PAHs were detected in the leaves, except for the high-ring PAHs in Opsmanthus fragrans and Magnolia grandiflora during the spring season. All 16 PAHs were not evenly distributed in the leaves, and the Phe had the highest concentration for the four tree species in the study period.
There were tightly relationships between leaf anatomical structures and the PAHs concentrations for the tree species. The palisade tissue thickness, spongy tissue thickness and the total leaf thickness were negatively correlated with the PAHs concentrations, while other structural features of the leaves were not sensitive to the changes in PAHs concentrations.
Specifically, PAHs concentrations of Cinnamomum camphora increased with increasing of palisade tissue thickness, stomatal width and the ratio of palisade to spongy tissues, but decreased with the increases of the spongy tissue and the ratio of leaf width to length. The PAHs contents of Opsmanthus fragrans leaves decreased with increasing of the ratio of palisade to spongy tissues. For species Magnolia grandiflora, the PAHs concentrations increased with the increases of palisade tissue thickness, ration of palisade to spongy tissues, total leaf thickness, stomatal length and stomatal width. The concentrations of PAHs in Red Loropetalum leaves increased with increasing of cuticle thickness, spongy tissue thickness, leaf thickness and ratio of stomatal length to its width, but decreased with the increases of stomatal density and leaf area.
The present study revealed the relationships between PAHs levels and leaf anatomical features of four urban greening tree species. The results indicated that structural characteristics of leaves of urban tree species were important factors in affecting the accumulation of PAHs in study area. The study not only provided the first-hand data and information regarding to the PAHs levels in different tree species and transmission path of PAHs in the environment, but also provided scientific references for selection and management of urban greening tree species.
引文
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