电动车最大效率控制及控制器小型化的研究
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摘要
首先，从控制理论的发展、电力电子技术的发展以及计算机技术在控制领域的应用等方面，结合目前的现状，介绍了国内外在电机领域发展研究概况。通过对电动车驱动系统及其控制技术的综述，引出目前基于电动车感应电机矢量控制方法的两种控制策略：提高效率的最大效率控制与简化系统、降低成本的无速度传感器矢量控制。联系实际的应用背景，提出了电动车的最大效率控制问题。
然后，从电动车电驱动系统的基本特性出发，建立了电动车工况下最大效率控制的感应电机驱动系统仿真模型，通过实例在饱和非线性的条件下进行了最大效率控制的仿真计算。针对感应电机损耗将最大效率控制产生的损耗变化及分布规律进行了研究，对铁心损耗的影响进行了分析。
在对损耗分析的基础上，建立了考虑铁损时异步电机的动态数学模型，推导出在同步旋转坐标系下变速、变转矩时使电机功率损耗最小的方法，并且结合矢量变换提出了基于快速转子磁场定向的矢量控制。通过仿真及实验，验证了在不破坏动态响应的前提下，能够实现最大效率的输出。
最后，由于电动车的特点决定，对控制器的要求必须高可靠性，有很强的抗干扰能力，防震防尘，易于维护。因此，从整体对硬件进行了优化，引入AD公司的新型电机控制芯片ADMC331，介绍了其在交流控制系统中的应用。并且对现存的电动车控制系统的转速测量、电机及IPM的保护、限流及再生制动等几个方面进行了改进。
First,the paper introduces the development of modern motor industry,contacting with the actuality in the following fields:control theory ,controller,power electronics,and computer technology . Based on the overview of driving motor and its control technology about electric vehicles(Evs),two strategies of vector control are brought forward :one is the efficiency optimization control (EOC);the other is the sensorless vector control for asynchronous motor.
Then according to the essential trial of electric drive system in electric vehicles (Evs),it is built that the simulation model of induction motor drive system of Evs in efficiency optimization control(EOC),which suits different motors for simulation and research concerning the running condition of Evs .Taking nonlinear saturation problem into consideration ,simulation study on EOC is proceeded by using an actual motor acting as an example,comparison of EOC with classical U/f control mode is completed at the same time .It is analysed that the variation of losses and their distribution causing by EOC. Effect of iron losses is researched in detail.
Taking core loss into account has important effect to improve the torque performance of the motors' field oriented control . In this paper,the transient mathematical model of the asynchronous motor with core loss is setup. The method is proposed that minimizes the loss in a variable speed and torque at the synchronous rotating coordinate .
Last,owing to the electric vehicle's feature,the controller must be reliable,anti-jamming,shock-proof,dust-proof and liable to maintenance. So the overall controller is optimized. The late-model motor control chip -ADMC331 is adopted for the micro processor unit,and some are improved ,including the measurement of the electric motor rotate speed,the motor and IPM protection and regenerative brake.
然后，从电动车电驱动系统的基本特性出发，建立了电动车工况下最大效率控制的感应电机驱动系统仿真模型，通过实例在饱和非线性的条件下进行了最大效率控制的仿真计算。针对感应电机损耗将最大效率控制产生的损耗变化及分布规律进行了研究，对铁心损耗的影响进行了分析。
在对损耗分析的基础上，建立了考虑铁损时异步电机的动态数学模型，推导出在同步旋转坐标系下变速、变转矩时使电机功率损耗最小的方法，并且结合矢量变换提出了基于快速转子磁场定向的矢量控制。通过仿真及实验，验证了在不破坏动态响应的前提下，能够实现最大效率的输出。
最后，由于电动车的特点决定，对控制器的要求必须高可靠性，有很强的抗干扰能力，防震防尘，易于维护。因此，从整体对硬件进行了优化，引入AD公司的新型电机控制芯片ADMC331，介绍了其在交流控制系统中的应用。并且对现存的电动车控制系统的转速测量、电机及IPM的保护、限流及再生制动等几个方面进行了改进。
First,the paper introduces the development of modern motor industry,contacting with the actuality in the following fields:control theory ,controller,power electronics,and computer technology . Based on the overview of driving motor and its control technology about electric vehicles(Evs),two strategies of vector control are brought forward :one is the efficiency optimization control (EOC);the other is the sensorless vector control for asynchronous motor.
Then according to the essential trial of electric drive system in electric vehicles (Evs),it is built that the simulation model of induction motor drive system of Evs in efficiency optimization control(EOC),which suits different motors for simulation and research concerning the running condition of Evs .Taking nonlinear saturation problem into consideration ,simulation study on EOC is proceeded by using an actual motor acting as an example,comparison of EOC with classical U/f control mode is completed at the same time .It is analysed that the variation of losses and their distribution causing by EOC. Effect of iron losses is researched in detail.
Taking core loss into account has important effect to improve the torque performance of the motors' field oriented control . In this paper,the transient mathematical model of the asynchronous motor with core loss is setup. The method is proposed that minimizes the loss in a variable speed and torque at the synchronous rotating coordinate .
Last,owing to the electric vehicle's feature,the controller must be reliable,anti-jamming,shock-proof,dust-proof and liable to maintenance. So the overall controller is optimized. The late-model motor control chip -ADMC331 is adopted for the micro processor unit,and some are improved ,including the measurement of the electric motor rotate speed,the motor and IPM protection and regenerative brake.
引文
[1] 陈伯时，陈敏逊．交流调速系统．机械工业出版社，1997．
[2] 宋凌峰，程树康．电动车工况下最大效率控制的感应电机损耗研究．微特电机，2001(2)．
[3] 刘陵顺，刘卫华．考虑铁损时异步电动机的最佳效率控制．微电机，2001(4)．
[4] 宋凌峰，于霞，电动车用异步电动机最大效率的仿真研究．中小型电机，2001，28(3)．
[5] 宋凌峰，崔树梅．电动车最大效率控制下转子磁通变化的研究．微电机，1999(1)．
[6] 吴峻．交流电机的转矩控制及电动车驱动技术的研究．国防科技大学工学博士学位论文，2000．10．
[7] 易将能，韩力．电动车驱动电机及其控制技术综述．微特电机，2001(4)．
[8] 金如麟，李川．现代交流电机控制的现状与展望．微特电机，2001(4)．
[9] 程树康．电驱动系统及其相关技术发展展望随笔．
[10] 吴峻．电动车异步电机驱动技术的应用和发展．中小型电机，2001，28(1)．
[11] 游琳娟．电动车电机及其控制技术的发展．中小型电机，2001，28(1)．
[12] 谷爱昱，王春茹．DSP在电机控制领域的应用展望．微电机，2001(2)．
[13] 吴峻，潘孟春．电动车交流驱动控制器的新型限流模式．微特电机，2001(6)．
[14] 张剑平，李培蓉．电机转速及位置测量新方法．微电机，2001(3)．
[15] 杨贵杰，崔乃政．集成DSP电机控制器ADMC331与TMS320C240的比较．微特电机，2001(4)．
[16] 马栎．交流调速装置及其保护电路设计．微特电机，2000(4)．
[17] 王永，吕宏丽．交流电机保护器．中小型电机，2001，28(1)．
[18] 金如麟，李川．电机控制专用DSP讲座，微特电机．2001，1-6．
[19] 陈多磊，戴义保．无速度传感器矢量控制系统中转速估计的研究．电气传动，2000(3)．
[20] 张伟，黄进．异步电机无速度传感器矢量控制的转速估计．中小型电机．2000，27(1)．
[21] 夏朝英．交直流传动系统的自适应控制．机械工业出版社，1999．
[22] 黄开胜，刘文峰．异步电机准确数学模型及仿真．中小型电机，2001，28(4)．
[23] 韦榕，许镇琳．电气传动系统仿真的新工具—MATLAB5.2电气系统模块库．电气传动，2000(1)．
[24] 堵杰，林小玲．MATALAB在异步电动机中的应用．
[25] 聂春燕．基于MATLAB／SIMULINK异步电动机动态仿真模型的研究．电工技术
杂志, 2000 (8) .
[26] F.Khater,R.D.Lorenz. "The selection of flux level in field oriented induction machine controller with consideration of magnetics saturation effects,". IEEE/IAS Annual Meeting Conference Record,pp.l24-131,1986．
[27] A.K.Adnanes, S.M.Yang, "AC induction servo sizing for motion control application via loss minimizing real-time flux control" IEEE/IAS Annual Meeting Conference Record,pp.612-616,1989．
[28] KouKi Matsuse, Tatsuya Yoshizumi . High-Response Flux Control of Direct-Field-Oriented Induction Motor with High Efficiency Taking Core Loss into Account. EEEE Industry Application Society Annual Meeting, 1997, 10．
[29] T.Mizuno, J.Takayama. "Decoupling control method of induction motors taking stator core into consideration". Proceeding of IPEC-To-kyo, pp.69-74, 1990 .
[30] R.D.Lorenz. "AC induction servo sizing for motion control applications via loss minimizing real-time flux control". IEEE/IAS Anuual Meeting Conference, 1989．
[2] 宋凌峰，程树康．电动车工况下最大效率控制的感应电机损耗研究．微特电机，2001(2)．
[3] 刘陵顺，刘卫华．考虑铁损时异步电动机的最佳效率控制．微电机，2001(4)．
[4] 宋凌峰，于霞，电动车用异步电动机最大效率的仿真研究．中小型电机，2001，28(3)．
[5] 宋凌峰，崔树梅．电动车最大效率控制下转子磁通变化的研究．微电机，1999(1)．
[6] 吴峻．交流电机的转矩控制及电动车驱动技术的研究．国防科技大学工学博士学位论文，2000．10．
[7] 易将能，韩力．电动车驱动电机及其控制技术综述．微特电机，2001(4)．
[8] 金如麟，李川．现代交流电机控制的现状与展望．微特电机，2001(4)．
[9] 程树康．电驱动系统及其相关技术发展展望随笔．
[10] 吴峻．电动车异步电机驱动技术的应用和发展．中小型电机，2001，28(1)．
[11] 游琳娟．电动车电机及其控制技术的发展．中小型电机，2001，28(1)．
[12] 谷爱昱，王春茹．DSP在电机控制领域的应用展望．微电机，2001(2)．
[13] 吴峻，潘孟春．电动车交流驱动控制器的新型限流模式．微特电机，2001(6)．
[14] 张剑平，李培蓉．电机转速及位置测量新方法．微电机，2001(3)．
[15] 杨贵杰，崔乃政．集成DSP电机控制器ADMC331与TMS320C240的比较．微特电机，2001(4)．
[16] 马栎．交流调速装置及其保护电路设计．微特电机，2000(4)．
[17] 王永，吕宏丽．交流电机保护器．中小型电机，2001，28(1)．
[18] 金如麟，李川．电机控制专用DSP讲座，微特电机．2001，1-6．
[19] 陈多磊，戴义保．无速度传感器矢量控制系统中转速估计的研究．电气传动，2000(3)．
[20] 张伟，黄进．异步电机无速度传感器矢量控制的转速估计．中小型电机．2000，27(1)．
[21] 夏朝英．交直流传动系统的自适应控制．机械工业出版社，1999．
[22] 黄开胜，刘文峰．异步电机准确数学模型及仿真．中小型电机，2001，28(4)．
[23] 韦榕，许镇琳．电气传动系统仿真的新工具—MATLAB5.2电气系统模块库．电气传动，2000(1)．
[24] 堵杰，林小玲．MATALAB在异步电动机中的应用．
[25] 聂春燕．基于MATLAB／SIMULINK异步电动机动态仿真模型的研究．电工技术
杂志, 2000 (8) .
[26] F.Khater,R.D.Lorenz. "The selection of flux level in field oriented induction machine controller with consideration of magnetics saturation effects,". IEEE/IAS Annual Meeting Conference Record,pp.l24-131,1986．
[27] A.K.Adnanes, S.M.Yang, "AC induction servo sizing for motion control application via loss minimizing real-time flux control" IEEE/IAS Annual Meeting Conference Record,pp.612-616,1989．
[28] KouKi Matsuse, Tatsuya Yoshizumi . High-Response Flux Control of Direct-Field-Oriented Induction Motor with High Efficiency Taking Core Loss into Account. EEEE Industry Application Society Annual Meeting, 1997, 10．
[29] T.Mizuno, J.Takayama. "Decoupling control method of induction motors taking stator core into consideration". Proceeding of IPEC-To-kyo, pp.69-74, 1990 .
[30] R.D.Lorenz. "AC induction servo sizing for motion control applications via loss minimizing real-time flux control". IEEE/IAS Anuual Meeting Conference, 1989．