核电站应激环境下鲁棒感知网络的多冗余结构优化方法研究
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摘要
世界能源问题突出，环境污染严重，大力发展产能较高的清洁核电成为必然选择。在核能、风能、太阳能等清洁能源中，核能的安全问题最为突出，所以核电站安全可靠运行是极端重要问题。目前的有线监控技术存在布线约束、成本高昂、维护困难等问题。而无线技术具有低成本、易维护、高灵活等特点，为解决有线监控存在的问题提供了契机。但核电站应激环境下无线应用存在两个相互矛盾的问题：1、核电站环境恶劣，电磁干扰、无线干扰、多径效应等会降低无线通信质量；2、无线射频信号不能对核电敏感设备产生影响。目前国际上已经把解决这对矛盾问题作为该领域的重要研究方向，主要有两种解决途径：1、在无线感知网络物理层采用弱信号抗干扰调制技术；2、在无线感知网络其它层次进行优化设计以增强网络的鲁棒性、实时性，降低网络能耗以及增加网络吞吐量。目前第二种解决途径虽然已有相关研究，但并不适合核电站应用，而且内容非常零散，没有系统的研究思路和解决方案。为此本文系统的在各结构层次开展了有针对性的策略和方法研究，提出了一系列综合提高网络性能的优化算法。
目前各结构层次主要研究有：节点部署、链路调度、路由协议以及最优搜索等，都不适用在核电站应激环境下的核电设备健康监测应用。因此，论文在运用多种技术方法基础上，分别对节点部署、链路调度、路由协议、最优搜索进行研究，结合实际进行创新，实现了数据链路层、网络层、应用层各个结构层次的核心技术，改善了无线感知网络在核电站应激环境下的鲁棒性、实时性、生存性等主要性能。论文的主要贡献归纳如下：
1、论文在核电应激环境约束下提出一种无线感知网中继节点冗余部署策略。该策略考虑了目前部署研究没有涉及到的综合实际问题，如核电站三维环境中障碍物阻挡、链路鲁棒性差、部署位置受限、可使用定向天线等。本文对问题进行了形式化建模，通过构建冗余连通图、遗传算法优化、部署点生成三个步骤对这个NP难问题分步骤求解。在与目前实际中采用的部署方法比较中证明该方案具备三维避障、链路容错以及位置优化等特点，能够较好解决目前核电站应激环境下无线感知网络中继节点部署问题。
2、论文以振动设备模态分析和遗传算法为基础解决了核电应激环境下无线振动监测节点的部署问题。论文首先总结了目前感知监测节点部署研究的现状与不足，提出了核电应激环境下无线振动节点部署所需考虑的几个方面：模态信息、核电敏感设备、监测节点间通信、测点位置优化。通过对典型核电设备进行有限元建模，获取了对应的各阶次振型位移模态，在综合其它约束后提出了组合最优化问题模型，进而提出了适用的遗传算法算子、参数和适应度函数，在与目前实际采用的部署方案比较后证明了本文所提求解策略和算法的有效性。
3、本文针对低功耗、低成本的无线感知网络（具有信道和时槽二维通信资源），提出了两种启发式调度算法。第一种算法是把调度问题转化为图顶点着色问题，然后对Welsh Powell算法进行了适应性改进。第二种启发式算法运用了更多实现过程中的技巧，算法执行速度快，易用工程应用。两种算法都解决了典型通信冲突、流量负载不均衡、空间复用三个问题。通过实验与经典贪心算法以及混合智能算法进行了比较（超帧长度、运行时间、吞吐量、延迟），验证了本文所提两种算法的综合效果表现更好，在算法求解质量和执行效率之间取得平衡。
4、本文还针对高性能无线感知网络提出基于功率控制的多冗余时槽连续调度策略。通过借鉴Foschini关于功率控制方面的相关工作，构建了问题模型并进行难解性证明，提出启发式算法BSP在第一阶段求解基本链路调度集合，然后利用折半查找等算法进行二次分配，提出了快速高效求解的多项式时间链路调度算法ECT。在与相似算法仿真实验比较中呈现出良好性能，改善了网络的鲁棒性和实时性。另外，实验还验证了二次分配过程很好的补偿了第一阶段的解质量损失，整个算法执行效率有较大提升。
5、针对核电站应激环境下数据传输不可靠，以及存在实时性、生存性等实际要求，本文提出一种适合核电站无线感知网应用的位置信息辅助多路径路由算法LBMR。算法利用了核电站节点相对固定且容易获取位置信息的特点，并借鉴了多路径和混合路由协议的基本思想。本文提出的路由协议在路由发现中综合链路质量、链路负载、敏感设备等信息构建了路由度量模型，对数据包传播过程、存储方式进行了改进，通过建立路由发现区并运用Dijkstra算法求取了不相交的多条冗余路径。最后通过实验与相似路由协议和路由度量模型进行了比较，仿真结果显示论文提出的路由协议和路由度量模型具有较高的包递交率，较小的网络开销和网络延迟，在鲁棒性、实时性和生存性方面都有更好表现。
6、核电应激环境下无线感知网络应用会在时间同步、网络组建、路由发现、数据交互、感知查询等功能中产生大量洪泛（广播）过程，该过程虽实现简单，但低效且不可靠。本文基于最优搜索理论提出一种局部最优搜索方法，针对已成簇的网络拓扑结构，在汇集节点保存簇标示，对搜索函数进行优化处理，利用搜索理论产生簇标示序列和代价分配函数，实验显示所提出的搜索方法在较大规模的无线感知网络中比洪泛方式和现有的局部最优搜索技术具有更好的性能。另外，本文把无线感知网络信息主动收集过程中的搜索资源分配问题，归类为移动agent的搜索资源分配问题，提出了基于最优搜索理论的全局最优资源分配模型，并通过实验与通常采用的资源分配方法进行比较，实验结果证明了本文所提分配模型具有更好的资源利用率。
Energy crisis and environment pollution are worldwide issues, and it is significantto develop abundant and clear energy, such as nuclear, wind, and solar energy, amongwhich security issue of nuclear energy is extremely vital. Obviously safe and reliableoperation of nuclear power plant (NPP) is important problem. Current wired monitoringtechnology has some deficiencies like wiring constraints, high cost, and maintenancedifficulty. Applying wireless technology to NPP can solve these deficiencies for itsflexibility, low const, and maintenance convenience. However, there are twocontradictions between wireless application and NPP environmental stressors. On theone hand, bad NPP environment such as electromagnetic interference, wirelessinterference, and multi-path effect can reduce the quality of wireless communication; onthe other hand, wireless signal may affect sensitive NPP devices. To address thecontradictions, current research mainly focus on two methods, one is weak signalanti-interference modulation technique on wireless sensor network(WSN) physical layer,and the other is to improve wireless network performance through optimization designon WSN network protocol above physical layer. There are some researches about thesecond method, but the solution is not systematic and not applicable for NPP. Thisdissertation presents related systematic research, and proposes a series of strategies andalgorithms is to improve network performance.
Current research focuses on wireless node placement, wireless link scheduling,routing protocol, and optimal search etc, and these are not applicable for NPP deviceshealth monitoring application. Thus this dissertation focuses on the above research aswell as NPP application, and proposes some novel algorithm on datalink layer, networklayer, and application layer. Experimental results show that these algorithms can helpestablishing robust and real-time WSN with long network life time in NPP applicationwith bad environmental stressors.
A novel WSN relay nodes placement strategy in NPP application is proposed. Itconsiders NPP special problems, such as obstacles blocking, low network robustness,directional antenna technology, and constrained placement positions. This problem is formulated into an NP hard problem, and a three-step solution, which is establishingredundant edge-connected network, genetic algorithm optimization, and generatingrelay nodes positions respectively, is used to solve this problem. Experimentationdemonstrates that these strategies outperforms practically used placement strategieswith3-D obstacles avoidance, better fault tolerance, and optimized placement position,which can solve relay nodes placement problems in NPP application.
Vibration devices modal analysis and genetic algorithm is used to solve vibrationmonitoring nodes placement problem. Through analysis on current WSN monitoringnodes placement research and corresponding NPP application requirements, forexample modal information should be maintained, the monitoring nodes should notinfluence sensitive NPP devices, the monitoring nodes should be connected, and theplacement positions should be secure, easy for deployment and for maintenance.Through finite-element analysis, modal information is obtained. Considering otherconstraints, this problem is formulated into a combinational optimization model. Andthen, suitable genetic algorithm operators, parameters, and fitness function areconstructed. Comparison with current practical placement strategies indicates theeffectiveness of our strategy.
This dissertation proposes two heuristic communication resource schedulingalgorithms for low energy consumption and low cost WSN. The first algorithmformulates the scheduling problem into a graph vertex coloring problem, and proposedan improved Welsh-Powell algorithm to obtain approximate solution. The secondalgorithm is fast and easy to implement in application, and also considers more practicalissues. Both algorithms solve communication interference, flow balance, and paralleledresources use. These two algorithms are compared with typical greedy algorithm andhybrid intelligent algorithm in terms of superframe length, running time, throughput,delay; and experimental results proves that they achieve balance between solutionquality and efficiency.
A multi-link scheduling strategy using power control algorithm is proposed forhigh performance WSN. By referring Foschini’s research on power control andconducting proper relaxation to this problem, a heuristic algorithm called BSP isproposed to solve this first stage problem; and then for unscheduled links, an efficienttwo-stage assignment algorithm is proposed to reschedule these links through binary search. This algorithms-ECT achieve high performance in comparison withapproximation algorithm. In addition, experiments also shows that second stagescompensate quality loss at the first phase, the efficiency of algorithms have improvedgreatly.
With bad NPP environmental stressors, the data transmission may be unreliable,and some NPP instrument is sensitive to radio frequency signal. To meet reliabletransmission and long network life time requirements, a location based multi-pathrouting algorithm (LBMR) is proposed. This algorithm takes advantage of the relativelyfixed positions of nodes in NPP application and refers other multi-path and hybridrouting protocol. The routing protocol based on LBMR constructs routing cost functionby an integration of link quality, link payload, and sensitive NPP instrument. Thisprotocol establishes routing searching zone and uses Dijkstra algorithm to calculatedisjoint redundant paths. Also it improves packet transmission process and packetbuffering strategy. In comparison with single-path location-based routing and othermulti-path routing protocols, our routing protocol achieves high performance onnetwork robustness, real-time, and network lifetime.
In wireless sensor network, there are many flooding process during timesynchronization, network formation, routing search, data transmission, sensor queryingetc. The flooding process is easy, but it is often low-efficient and unreliable. A localoptimal search algorithm based on optimal search theory is proposed. This algorithmfocuses on cluster network topology, and store cluster label in sink node. The searchingfunction is optimized; the cluster label sequence and cost distribution function isgenerated through searching theory. Experimental result shows that our searchingalgorithm achieves better performance than flooding and current local optimal searchingalgorithm in large-scale WSN application. In addition, the searching resource allocationproblem of data active collection process is transformed into a mobile agent searchingresource allocation problem, and a global optimal resource allocation model is proposed.Experiment result indicates that this algorithm achieves better resource utilization incomparison with commonly used resource allocation algorithm.
目前各结构层次主要研究有：节点部署、链路调度、路由协议以及最优搜索等，都不适用在核电站应激环境下的核电设备健康监测应用。因此，论文在运用多种技术方法基础上，分别对节点部署、链路调度、路由协议、最优搜索进行研究，结合实际进行创新，实现了数据链路层、网络层、应用层各个结构层次的核心技术，改善了无线感知网络在核电站应激环境下的鲁棒性、实时性、生存性等主要性能。论文的主要贡献归纳如下：
1、论文在核电应激环境约束下提出一种无线感知网中继节点冗余部署策略。该策略考虑了目前部署研究没有涉及到的综合实际问题，如核电站三维环境中障碍物阻挡、链路鲁棒性差、部署位置受限、可使用定向天线等。本文对问题进行了形式化建模，通过构建冗余连通图、遗传算法优化、部署点生成三个步骤对这个NP难问题分步骤求解。在与目前实际中采用的部署方法比较中证明该方案具备三维避障、链路容错以及位置优化等特点，能够较好解决目前核电站应激环境下无线感知网络中继节点部署问题。
2、论文以振动设备模态分析和遗传算法为基础解决了核电应激环境下无线振动监测节点的部署问题。论文首先总结了目前感知监测节点部署研究的现状与不足，提出了核电应激环境下无线振动节点部署所需考虑的几个方面：模态信息、核电敏感设备、监测节点间通信、测点位置优化。通过对典型核电设备进行有限元建模，获取了对应的各阶次振型位移模态，在综合其它约束后提出了组合最优化问题模型，进而提出了适用的遗传算法算子、参数和适应度函数，在与目前实际采用的部署方案比较后证明了本文所提求解策略和算法的有效性。
3、本文针对低功耗、低成本的无线感知网络（具有信道和时槽二维通信资源），提出了两种启发式调度算法。第一种算法是把调度问题转化为图顶点着色问题，然后对Welsh Powell算法进行了适应性改进。第二种启发式算法运用了更多实现过程中的技巧，算法执行速度快，易用工程应用。两种算法都解决了典型通信冲突、流量负载不均衡、空间复用三个问题。通过实验与经典贪心算法以及混合智能算法进行了比较（超帧长度、运行时间、吞吐量、延迟），验证了本文所提两种算法的综合效果表现更好，在算法求解质量和执行效率之间取得平衡。
4、本文还针对高性能无线感知网络提出基于功率控制的多冗余时槽连续调度策略。通过借鉴Foschini关于功率控制方面的相关工作，构建了问题模型并进行难解性证明，提出启发式算法BSP在第一阶段求解基本链路调度集合，然后利用折半查找等算法进行二次分配，提出了快速高效求解的多项式时间链路调度算法ECT。在与相似算法仿真实验比较中呈现出良好性能，改善了网络的鲁棒性和实时性。另外，实验还验证了二次分配过程很好的补偿了第一阶段的解质量损失，整个算法执行效率有较大提升。
5、针对核电站应激环境下数据传输不可靠，以及存在实时性、生存性等实际要求，本文提出一种适合核电站无线感知网应用的位置信息辅助多路径路由算法LBMR。算法利用了核电站节点相对固定且容易获取位置信息的特点，并借鉴了多路径和混合路由协议的基本思想。本文提出的路由协议在路由发现中综合链路质量、链路负载、敏感设备等信息构建了路由度量模型，对数据包传播过程、存储方式进行了改进，通过建立路由发现区并运用Dijkstra算法求取了不相交的多条冗余路径。最后通过实验与相似路由协议和路由度量模型进行了比较，仿真结果显示论文提出的路由协议和路由度量模型具有较高的包递交率，较小的网络开销和网络延迟，在鲁棒性、实时性和生存性方面都有更好表现。
6、核电应激环境下无线感知网络应用会在时间同步、网络组建、路由发现、数据交互、感知查询等功能中产生大量洪泛（广播）过程，该过程虽实现简单，但低效且不可靠。本文基于最优搜索理论提出一种局部最优搜索方法，针对已成簇的网络拓扑结构，在汇集节点保存簇标示，对搜索函数进行优化处理，利用搜索理论产生簇标示序列和代价分配函数，实验显示所提出的搜索方法在较大规模的无线感知网络中比洪泛方式和现有的局部最优搜索技术具有更好的性能。另外，本文把无线感知网络信息主动收集过程中的搜索资源分配问题，归类为移动agent的搜索资源分配问题，提出了基于最优搜索理论的全局最优资源分配模型，并通过实验与通常采用的资源分配方法进行比较，实验结果证明了本文所提分配模型具有更好的资源利用率。
Energy crisis and environment pollution are worldwide issues, and it is significantto develop abundant and clear energy, such as nuclear, wind, and solar energy, amongwhich security issue of nuclear energy is extremely vital. Obviously safe and reliableoperation of nuclear power plant (NPP) is important problem. Current wired monitoringtechnology has some deficiencies like wiring constraints, high cost, and maintenancedifficulty. Applying wireless technology to NPP can solve these deficiencies for itsflexibility, low const, and maintenance convenience. However, there are twocontradictions between wireless application and NPP environmental stressors. On theone hand, bad NPP environment such as electromagnetic interference, wirelessinterference, and multi-path effect can reduce the quality of wireless communication; onthe other hand, wireless signal may affect sensitive NPP devices. To address thecontradictions, current research mainly focus on two methods, one is weak signalanti-interference modulation technique on wireless sensor network(WSN) physical layer,and the other is to improve wireless network performance through optimization designon WSN network protocol above physical layer. There are some researches about thesecond method, but the solution is not systematic and not applicable for NPP. Thisdissertation presents related systematic research, and proposes a series of strategies andalgorithms is to improve network performance.
Current research focuses on wireless node placement, wireless link scheduling,routing protocol, and optimal search etc, and these are not applicable for NPP deviceshealth monitoring application. Thus this dissertation focuses on the above research aswell as NPP application, and proposes some novel algorithm on datalink layer, networklayer, and application layer. Experimental results show that these algorithms can helpestablishing robust and real-time WSN with long network life time in NPP applicationwith bad environmental stressors.
A novel WSN relay nodes placement strategy in NPP application is proposed. Itconsiders NPP special problems, such as obstacles blocking, low network robustness,directional antenna technology, and constrained placement positions. This problem is formulated into an NP hard problem, and a three-step solution, which is establishingredundant edge-connected network, genetic algorithm optimization, and generatingrelay nodes positions respectively, is used to solve this problem. Experimentationdemonstrates that these strategies outperforms practically used placement strategieswith3-D obstacles avoidance, better fault tolerance, and optimized placement position,which can solve relay nodes placement problems in NPP application.
Vibration devices modal analysis and genetic algorithm is used to solve vibrationmonitoring nodes placement problem. Through analysis on current WSN monitoringnodes placement research and corresponding NPP application requirements, forexample modal information should be maintained, the monitoring nodes should notinfluence sensitive NPP devices, the monitoring nodes should be connected, and theplacement positions should be secure, easy for deployment and for maintenance.Through finite-element analysis, modal information is obtained. Considering otherconstraints, this problem is formulated into a combinational optimization model. Andthen, suitable genetic algorithm operators, parameters, and fitness function areconstructed. Comparison with current practical placement strategies indicates theeffectiveness of our strategy.
This dissertation proposes two heuristic communication resource schedulingalgorithms for low energy consumption and low cost WSN. The first algorithmformulates the scheduling problem into a graph vertex coloring problem, and proposedan improved Welsh-Powell algorithm to obtain approximate solution. The secondalgorithm is fast and easy to implement in application, and also considers more practicalissues. Both algorithms solve communication interference, flow balance, and paralleledresources use. These two algorithms are compared with typical greedy algorithm andhybrid intelligent algorithm in terms of superframe length, running time, throughput,delay; and experimental results proves that they achieve balance between solutionquality and efficiency.
A multi-link scheduling strategy using power control algorithm is proposed forhigh performance WSN. By referring Foschini’s research on power control andconducting proper relaxation to this problem, a heuristic algorithm called BSP isproposed to solve this first stage problem; and then for unscheduled links, an efficienttwo-stage assignment algorithm is proposed to reschedule these links through binary search. This algorithms-ECT achieve high performance in comparison withapproximation algorithm. In addition, experiments also shows that second stagescompensate quality loss at the first phase, the efficiency of algorithms have improvedgreatly.
With bad NPP environmental stressors, the data transmission may be unreliable,and some NPP instrument is sensitive to radio frequency signal. To meet reliabletransmission and long network life time requirements, a location based multi-pathrouting algorithm (LBMR) is proposed. This algorithm takes advantage of the relativelyfixed positions of nodes in NPP application and refers other multi-path and hybridrouting protocol. The routing protocol based on LBMR constructs routing cost functionby an integration of link quality, link payload, and sensitive NPP instrument. Thisprotocol establishes routing searching zone and uses Dijkstra algorithm to calculatedisjoint redundant paths. Also it improves packet transmission process and packetbuffering strategy. In comparison with single-path location-based routing and othermulti-path routing protocols, our routing protocol achieves high performance onnetwork robustness, real-time, and network lifetime.
In wireless sensor network, there are many flooding process during timesynchronization, network formation, routing search, data transmission, sensor queryingetc. The flooding process is easy, but it is often low-efficient and unreliable. A localoptimal search algorithm based on optimal search theory is proposed. This algorithmfocuses on cluster network topology, and store cluster label in sink node. The searchingfunction is optimized; the cluster label sequence and cost distribution function isgenerated through searching theory. Experimental result shows that our searchingalgorithm achieves better performance than flooding and current local optimal searchingalgorithm in large-scale WSN application. In addition, the searching resource allocationproblem of data active collection process is transformed into a mobile agent searchingresource allocation problem, and a global optimal resource allocation model is proposed.Experiment result indicates that this algorithm achieves better resource utilization incomparison with commonly used resource allocation algorithm.
引文
[1] Digital I&C Systems in Nuclear Power Plants—Risk-Screening of Environmental Stressors and aComparison of Hardware Unavailability With an Existing Analog System[R], NUREG/CR-6579and BNL-NUREG-52536, Brookhaven National Laboratory, January1998
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