二三十年代法国知识分子与和平主义运动
摘要
和平，是一个永恒的主题。法国二三十年代的和平主义运动对于法国现代史研究中意义十分重大。在运动中，其引领作用的是罗曼·罗兰等法国知识分子。本文就将以罗曼·罗兰的和平主张与和平主义思想的衍变为线索，来论述两战期间的和平主义运动。在论述中，主要强调的是围绕罗曼·罗兰来认识当时法国和平主义思想和理论的主要内涵以及和平主义实践的具体内容和意义。
本文围绕和平与和平主义的讨论，以罗曼·罗兰为线索，共分为三个部分：
第一部分是前言，主要阐述笔者选择这一课题的原因和意义，简单概括相关课题的研究情况和本文的主要研究问题以及写作思路。
第二部分是正文，主要通过对和平主义的辨析及深入理解以及以罗曼·罗兰的和平主义思想和实践为线索就知识分子与和平主义关系的问题进行展开论述。具体分为三个小部分：第一个小部分是对和平以及和平主义概念的深入辨析；第二个小部分是对罗曼·罗兰第一次世界大战期间的和平主义主张的论述；第三个小部分是论述罗曼·罗兰在反法西斯主义中的和平主张的衍变和实践情况以及相关时期的法国和平主义运动的具体内容和意义。
第三部分是结语，归纳推演罗曼·罗兰的相关思想衍变线索和法国知识分子与和平主义运动的关系内涵，并总结其间的得失，同时表达本文的现实意义。
Peace is the permanent theme of the society. The pacifism movement of France in 1920s and 1930s is quite a significant topic in the research on modern history of France. Roland and other intellectuals played leading roles in the movement. This paper would discuss the pacifism movement with the clue of the evolvement of Romain Rolland's thought of pacifism and his opinion on peace. In the discussion, it would be stressed that how to realize and conceive the connotation of pacifism in France in 1920s and 1930s and the details of pacifism movement basing on Romain Rolland's thoughts and relevant practices.
With Romain Rolland as the clue of discussion, this paper would be divided into three parts:
The first part is the preface. I expatiate on the reasons and meaning of writing this paper, gather up the status quo of corresponding research now, state the viewpoints of the works which are in relation to my standpoint, and raise the questions that I will answer in this paper.
The second part is the text. The discussion would be taken by differentiating and analyzing the meaning of pacifism and probing into Romain Rolland's thoughts and practices on pacifism. This part is divided into three sections: the first one differentiates and analyzes the concept of peace and pacifism; the second one discusses on the pacifism standpoint of Romain Rolland during World War I; the last one discusses about the evolvement of Romain Rolland's viewpoint on peace and the details of pacifism movements at the atmosphere of anti-fascism.
And the last part is the epilogue. I sum up the evolvement of Romain Rolland's relevant thoughts and the relationship of intellectuals and pacifism movements in France as well as corresponding success and failure. The purport of the paper to contemporary society is discussed at the ending of the argumentation.
本文围绕和平与和平主义的讨论，以罗曼·罗兰为线索，共分为三个部分：
第一部分是前言，主要阐述笔者选择这一课题的原因和意义，简单概括相关课题的研究情况和本文的主要研究问题以及写作思路。
第二部分是正文，主要通过对和平主义的辨析及深入理解以及以罗曼·罗兰的和平主义思想和实践为线索就知识分子与和平主义关系的问题进行展开论述。具体分为三个小部分：第一个小部分是对和平以及和平主义概念的深入辨析；第二个小部分是对罗曼·罗兰第一次世界大战期间的和平主义主张的论述；第三个小部分是论述罗曼·罗兰在反法西斯主义中的和平主张的衍变和实践情况以及相关时期的法国和平主义运动的具体内容和意义。
第三部分是结语，归纳推演罗曼·罗兰的相关思想衍变线索和法国知识分子与和平主义运动的关系内涵，并总结其间的得失，同时表达本文的现实意义。
Peace is the permanent theme of the society. The pacifism movement of France in 1920s and 1930s is quite a significant topic in the research on modern history of France. Roland and other intellectuals played leading roles in the movement. This paper would discuss the pacifism movement with the clue of the evolvement of Romain Rolland's thought of pacifism and his opinion on peace. In the discussion, it would be stressed that how to realize and conceive the connotation of pacifism in France in 1920s and 1930s and the details of pacifism movement basing on Romain Rolland's thoughts and relevant practices.
With Romain Rolland as the clue of discussion, this paper would be divided into three parts:
The first part is the preface. I expatiate on the reasons and meaning of writing this paper, gather up the status quo of corresponding research now, state the viewpoints of the works which are in relation to my standpoint, and raise the questions that I will answer in this paper.
The second part is the text. The discussion would be taken by differentiating and analyzing the meaning of pacifism and probing into Romain Rolland's thoughts and practices on pacifism. This part is divided into three sections: the first one differentiates and analyzes the concept of peace and pacifism; the second one discusses on the pacifism standpoint of Romain Rolland during World War I; the last one discusses about the evolvement of Romain Rolland's viewpoint on peace and the details of pacifism movements at the atmosphere of anti-fascism.
And the last part is the epilogue. I sum up the evolvement of Romain Rolland's relevant thoughts and the relationship of intellectuals and pacifism movements in France as well as corresponding success and failure. The purport of the paper to contemporary society is discussed at the ending of the argumentation.
引文
1 《简明大不列颠百科全书》大百科全书出版社1985版第710页。
2 杨通进：《战争、和平与道德》载《中国人民大学学报》2004年第3期。
3 [日]一中春元：《佛教与和平》载《法音·法音论坛》第10页。
4 杨通进：《战争、和平与道德》载《中国人民大学学报》2004年第3期。
1 王春露：《两次世界大战期间英国和平主义运动及其历史评价》载《东北师范大学学报》1997年第4期。
2 Andrew Alexandra: Political Pacifism, http://www.csu.edu.au/faculty.
3 杨通进：《战争、和平与道德》载《中国人民大学学报》2004年第3期。
4 Martinn Benjamin: Pacifism for Pragmatists. Ethics, April, 1973.
1 Romain Rolland on himself, World Authors 1900-1950, vol. 3, ed. by Martin Seymour-Smith and Andrew C. Kimmens, 1996
2 Letter from Rolland to H. G. Wells, 1 July 1911
3 Romain Rolland and the Politics of Intellectual Engagement, David James Fisher, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS, 1988, p39
1 Letter from Rolland to Alphonse Seche, 14 January 1914; letters from Rolland to Jean-Richard Bloch, 14 January 1912 and 16 January 1913
2 Henri Giordan, ed., Romain Rolland et le mouvement florentin de "la Voce"(Paris, 1966).
3 Letter from Rolland to Sofia Bertolini Guerrieri-Gonzaga, 23 September 1913; Rolland, De Jean-Christophe a Colas Breugnon, 106.
4 Journal des annees de guerre(Paris, 1952).
1 Romain Rolland, Au-dessus de la melee(September 1915), reprinted in L'Esprit libre (Geneva, 1971), 53-55; letters from Rolland to Bloch, 21 September 1914, 24 September 1914.
2 Roland N. Stromberg, Redemption by War: The Intellectuals and 1914 (Lawrence, Kans., 1982), 39-60, 153-156; Robert Wohl, The Generation of 1914(Cambridge, Mass., 1979), 1-41; Sandi Cooper, "Liberal Internationalism Before World War I, "Peace and Change 1(1973): 11-19; Sandi Cooper, "The Guns of August and the Doves of Italy: Intervention and Internationalism," Peace and Change 7, no. 1-2(Winter 1981): 29-43.
3 Romain Rolland, "Lettre ouverte a Gerhard Hauptmann" (24 August 1914), L'Esprit libre, 57-59; Romain Rolland, "Pro Aris" (September 1914), ibid., 61-69; and Romain Rolland, "Au-dessus de la melee"(15 September 1914), ibid.(“同上”之意，后文不再注明)，70-83
1 Romain Rolland, "Jaures"(1 August 1915), L'Esprit libre, 165-172; Romain Rolland, "Lettre a ceux qui m'accusent"(17 November 1914), L'Esprit libre, 104-110; and Romain Rolland, "Les Idoles"(4 December 1914), ibid., 111-120.
2 Romain Rolland, "Inter Arma Caritas"(30October 1914), L'Esprit libre, 90-100; and Romain Rolland, "Le Meurtre des elites"(14 June 1915), L'Esprit libre, 154-164
3 Rolland, "Au-dessus de la melee, "77
4 Rolland, "Au-dessus de la melee, "82
5 Rolland, "Au-dessus de la melee, "74; and Rolland, "Les Idoles, "116-118.
1 Rolland, "Inter Arma Caritas, "100.
2 Romain Rolland, "Litterature de guerre, "L'Esprit libre, 143; Romain Rolland, Clerambault. Histoire d'une conscience libre pendant la guerre (1920; Geneva, 1971), 148.
3 Rolland, "Inter Arma Caritas, "100.
4 Rolland, "Lettre a ceux qui m'accusent, "107
5 Rolland, "Pour l'Europe, "L'Esprit libre, 121; Romain Rolland, "Pour l'Europe: Un Appel de la Hollande, "L'Esprit libre, 125-127
6 Rolland, "Les Idoles, " 117-118
1 Rene Cheval, Romain Rolland, l'Allemagne et la guerre(Paris, 1963), 476-583; William T. Starr, Romain Rolland and a World at War (Evanston, Ill. 1956), 97-114; David James Fisher, "Pacifism and the Intellectual: The Case of Romain Rolland, "Peace and Change 7, no. 1-2 (Winter 1981): 85-96.
2 Cheval, Romain Rolland, 564-565; Starr, Romain Rolland and a World at War, 130-136.
3 Letter from Rolland to his mother, 18 December 1914, in Je commence a devenir dangereux. Choix de lettres de Romain Rolland a sa mere (1914-1916) (Paris, 1971), 45; Cheval, Romain Rolland, 584-697; Starr, Romain Rolland and a World at War, 137-198.
1 Romain Rolland, "Introduction" (6 April 1931), L'Esprit libre, 29-31
2 The Letters of Lenin, ed. Elizabeth Hill and Doris Mudie (New York, 1937), 423; Alfred E. Senn, The Russian Revolution in Switzerland, 1914-1917(Madison, Wis., 1971), 162, 213.
3 Shaul Ginsburg, Raymond Lefebvre et les origines du communisme francais(Paris, 1975), 25-27, 29, 37-38, 80; Christian Gras, Alfred Rosmer (1877-1964 et le mouvement revolutionnaire international (Paris, 1971); Robert Wohl, French Communism in the Making (Stanford, Calif., 1966), 58.
4 Letter from Rosa Luxemburg to Luise Kautsky, 17 December 1917, in Rosa Luxemburg, Letters to Karl and Luise Kautsky, 1896 to 1918, trans. Louis P. Lochner(New York, 1925), 211-212.
5 Letter from Lenin to V. A. Karpinski, 13 September 1915, in Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, Oeuvres (Paris, 1959), 36: 351.
1 Romain Rolland, "Le Feu par Henri Barbusse" (February 1917), L'Esprit libra, 245
2 Romain Rolland, "Ara Pacis, "L'Esprit libre, 179-181; Rolland, "Auxpeuplesassassines, "ibid., 189-197; Rolland, "Un Grand Europeen: G. F. Nicolai, "ibid., 262-298.
3 Romain Rolland, "Tolstoy: L'Esprit libre, "L'Esprit libre, 207-210: Rolland, "A Maxime Gorki," ibid., 211-212; Rolland, "Voix libres d'Amerique, "ibid., 218-221, Rolland, "Pour E. D. Morel, "ibid., 235-236.
4 Romain Rolland, "Introduction" (June 1919) to Les Precurseurs, in L'Esprit libre, 178; letter from Rolland to Rene Arcos, 19 December 1920,
1 Rolland, "Pour E. D. Morel, "236; Romain Rolland, "Pour l'Internationale de l'esprit"(15 March 1918), L'Esprit libre, 322-331.
2 Sigmund Freud, "Thoughts for the Times on War and Death" (1915), The Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, standard ed., trans. James Strachey, 24 vols. (London, 1953-1974) 14: 274-302.
3 Benedict de Spinoza, A Political Treatise, in The Chief Works of Benedict de Spinoza, trans. R. H. M. Elwes (London, 1883), 314.
4 Romain Rolland, "Pour l'Internationale de l'esprit"(1918) in L'Esprit libre (Geneva, 1971), 322-331; David James Fisher, "Pacifism and the Intellectual: The Case of Romain Rolland, "Peace and Change 7, no. 1-2(Winter 1981): 85-96; Rene Cheval, Romain Rolland, l'Allemagne et la guerre(Paris, 1963), 681-699; WiiliamT. Starr, Romain Rolland and a World at War (Evanston, Ill., 1956), 162-169, 173-174, 207-208.
1 Letters, Rolland to Maxim Gorky, 18 March 1917, 27 January 1919,; Jean Perus, Romain Rollandet Maxim Gorki (Paris, 1968), 45-52.
2 Letter from Rolland to Rabindranath Tagore, 26 August 1919,; letter from Rolland to Paul Vaillant-Couturier, 30 March 1919.
3 Romain Rolland, "Romain Rolland et l'Esperanto, "La Vie ouvriere, 6 August 1919; Rolland, "L'Opinion de Romain Rolland sur l'Esperanto, "La Vie ouvriere, 23 April 1920.
4 Letter from Rolland to Upton Sinclair, 22 August 1919, Upton Sinclair MSS, Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.
5 Romain Rolland, "Pour batir la cite libre de l'esprit"(1 November 1918),
1 Romain Rolland, "Journal inedit(1919-1920), "Europe, November-December 1965, 201-204, 207; and Journal intime, carnet 32, May 1920-July 1920, 28, 56-57, 74, 183,
2 Romain Rolland, "A la Russie libre et liberatrice" (1 May 1917) in L'Esprit libre, 205-206; first published in Demain, 1 May 1917; republished in Le Populaire, 22 July 1919.
3 letter, Rolland to Jean-Richard Bloch, 24 October 1918; letter from Rolland to Monsieur B., 26 January 1919。
1 Romain Rolland, "Pour nos freres de Russie. Contre le blocus affameur" (23 October 1919); first published in L'Humanite, 26 October 1919.
2 Romain Rolland, untitled article, La Vie ouvriere, 22 October 1919.
3 关于列宁对帝国主义的观点参见Vladimir Ilyich Lenin，Imperialism，The Highest Stage of Capitalism (1917；Moscow，1964)，185-304；关于他对和平主义的观点参见Lenin，”Bourgeois Pacifism and socialist Pacifism"(1917), Collected Works (Moscow, 1964), 23: 177-194.
1 letter from Rolland to Bloch, 24 October 1918.
2 letter from Rolland to Jean Longuet, 22 August 1918; letter from Rolland to Bloch, 24 November 1918; Peter Nettl, Rosa Luxemburg (Oxford, 1969), 486-489.
3 Romain Rolland, "Janvier sanglant a Berlin"; first published in L'Humanite, 16-18 February 1919; Romain Rolland, "Sur un martyr, "L'Avenir in ternational, no. 13 (January 1919): 36-39
1 Romain Rolland, "Journal inedit(1919-1920), "Europe, November-December 1965, 181-182.
2 Ibid., 262-263.
1 Letter from Rolland to Louise Cruppi, 15 February 1922,
2 Letter from Rolland to Cruppi, 1 November 1922,
3 Letter from Rolland to Sofia Guerrieri-Gonzaga, 27 July 1922; letter from Rolland to Cruppi, 8 February 1923
4 Letter from Rolland to Guerrieri-Gonzaga, 31 December 1922; letter from Rolland to Cruppi, 13 September 1923
1 Romain Rolland, "Contre la guerre et ses agents provocateurs, "19 April 1926.
2 Romain Rolland, "Vita sine libertate, nihil, "23 April 1926.
3 Romain Rolland, "Lettre a Filippo Turati"(1 May 1927); Romain Rolland, "La Veuve de Matteotti sequestree, "Le Populaire, 3 October 1927, 3.; Charles Delzell, Mussolini's Enemies: The Italian Antifascist Resistance (Princeton, N. J., 1961), 58.
4 Letter from Rolland to Madame Therese Dispart de Floran, 31 January 1927
1 Letter from Rolland to Salvemini, 28 May 1927
2 Letter from Rolland to Heinz Haeberlin, 3 March 1927, in Pierre Abraham, Romain Rolland(Neuchatel, 1969), 135.
3 Letters from Rolland to Henri Barbusse, 30 November 1926, 10 February 1927
4 Letter from Rolland to Barbusse, 28 January 1928
1 E. H. Carr, The Twilight of the Comintern, 1930-1935 (New York, 1982), 385-399
2 这是套用列宁对一战时期的西方和平主义的评论。
3 Maurice Thorez, "Pourquoi les communistes iront a Geneve, "L'Humanite, 28 June 1932, 1
1 结合后来实际的战争情况来看，应该说这个预见有惊人的准确性。
2 Carr, Twilight of the Comintern, 396-427; Ronald Tiersky, French Communism, 1920-1972 (New York, 1974), 54-95; George Lichtheim, Marxism in Modern France (New York, 1966), 34-68.
3 Letter from Rolland to Barbusse, 10 September 1932. Guessler Normand, "Henri Barbusse and his Monde(1928-1935), "Journal of Contemporary History, Spring 1976, 173-197; Rolland and Barbusse, "Appel de Romain Rolland et Henri Barbusse,"
4 参见吕一民《20世纪法国知识分子的历程》浙江大学出版社 2001年7月版 P126-128
5 并不意味着罗兰完全认同巴比塞和共产党方面的意图。
1 我们应当注意到，此时的罗曼·罗兰已经与当初的那个坚决回避政治的罗兰有了很大差别。
2 Romain Rolland, "Appel a la Ligue des Combattants de la Paix" (10 June 1932).
3 Romain Rolland, "Lettre a Victor Meric," 12July 1932
4 Congres mondial contre la guerre imperialiste, "Bulletin du Congres, " typescript, 1-8, International Institute for Social History, Amsterdam.
5 她是国际和平与自由女子联盟的法国分部主席。
6 Romain Rolland, "Declaration lue a la premiere seance du congres mondial de tousles partis contre la guerre," Europe, 15 September 1932, 148-151; also in Monde, no. 222 (3 September 1932); in Wladimir Martel, Vers la guerre ou la revolution (Alen(?)on, 1933), 18-21; in The World Congress Against War, ed. American Committee for Struggle Against War (New York, 1933), 11-15; also see Romain Rolland, "La Guerre est entre les mains du peuple ouvrier, " L'Humanite, 28 August 1932, 1-2.
1 我们要结合之前罗兰的认识的转变来理解这个宣言，特别要注意不要仅看字面意思，而要理解罗兰的真实地思想因素。否则，我们很容易把他与共产党员和工团主义者归于一类人。我们要注意到他之前一贯的和平主义知识分子的立场，此时的他和真正的共产党员或马列主义追随者仍有着本质的不同。另一方面，我们也要注意罗兰的思想已经发生了较大的变化。
2 Carr, Twilight of the Comintern, 392-394; Tracts politiques d'organisations et partis pacifistes divers circa 1930-1939, Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris; "Apres le congres d'Amsterdam, "Europe, 15 September 1932; Jacques Duclos, "Le Congres europeen antifasciste, "Europe, 15 June 1933; anonymous editorial, "Apres le congres mondial des jeunes, "Europe, 1 October 1933; Henri Barbusse, "Une Etape du front unique," Monde, no. 264 (24 June 1933); Tracts du comite mondial de lutte contre la guerre imperialiste (1933),
1 Letters from Rolland to Louis Gibarti, 16 September 1933, 17 September 1933; from Rolland to Willi Munzenberg, 26 December 1933; from Munzenberg to Rolland, December 1933
2 参见Romain Rolland, "Le Combat," Commune, no. 1(July 1933)以及Introduction (1 January 1934), L'Ame enchantee
3 具体内容参见Romain Rolland, "Fragments de journal, "Europe, 1 January 1946, 4 (dated 1 February 1933); ibid., 9-10 (dated March 1933).不再赘述.
1 Ibid., 7 (dated 2 March 1933).
2 罗曼·罗兰认为非犹太作家加入抗议行列是十分必要的。此文第一次出版作为”Contre le fascisme hitlerien, "Europe, 15 March 1933, 440; English translation in I Will Not Rest, trans. K. S. Shelvankar (New York, [1935]), 291-292.
3 Letters from Rolland to Jean Guehenno, 2 February 1933, 1 March 1933.
4 Rolland, "Fragments de journal" (dated 10 January 1933), 4-5; letter from German consul in Geneva to Rolland, 19 April 1933, in "Fragments de journal, " 12.
5 Letter from Rolland to German consul in Geneva, 30 April 1933, in "Fragments de journal, " 12. Letter from Rolland to Stefan Zweig, 30March 1933, "Fragments de journal, " 1-11; published as "Lettre a un ami allemand contre l'abdication du patti social-democrate allemand,"
2 Romain Rolland, "Contre le racisme et l'antisemitisme" (dated 9 April 1933); originally a letter to Hardo Bruckner.
3 Romain Roiland, "Lettre a la Koelnische Zeitung, " 14 May 1933; first published in Europe, 15 May 1933, and Front mondial, no. 6 (June 1933)
4 Rolland, "Lettre a la Koelnische Zeitung,"
5 Rolland, "Fragments de journal, " 15; "Auseinanderdersetzing mit Romain Rolland ein Briefwechsel fiber das neue Deutschland, "Koelnische Zeitung, 21 May 1933, 1.
1 Letter from Rolland to the director of the Nietzsche Archive in Weimar, 4 August 1933, "Fragments de journal, " 17.
2 Dimitroff Contra Goering, ed. Comite international d'aide aux victimes du fascisme hitlerien (Paris, 1934). Rolland, "Fragments de journal, " 18: letter from Rolland to Guehenno, 12 July 1934.
3 Romain Rolland, "Contre les vrais incendiaires du Reichstag" (4 September 1933),
4 Romain Rolland, "Pour Thaelmann, "first published in Monde, 6 July 1934, 11; Rolland "Appel au peuple d'Allemague, pour l'acquittement de Dimitrov et de ses compagnons, "first published in Monde, no. 289 (23 December 1933): 3; "Pour Torgler, "first published in L'Humanite, 22
5 Letter from Dimitrov to Rolland, 31 August 1933, cited in Georgi Dimitrov, Letters from Prison, ed. Alfred Kurella (London, 1935), 60-61; Rolland, "Fragments de journal, " 19-20.
6 Rolland, "Fragments de journal, " 19.
1 Letter from Rolland to Victor Margueritte, 6 October 1933, "Fragments de journal, "21.
2 Romain Rolland, "Appel auxjeunes contre le fascisme, " first published in Tribune des jeunes (Pefigueux), May 1934.
3 即斯塔维斯基丑闻。
4 Romain Rolland, "Le Fascisme est l'ennemi. Il faut le briser" (10 June 1934) first published in the Soviet review Front de la science et de la technique.
1 Romain Rolland, "Par la revolution, la paix" (20 March 1935); first published as "La Paix est mortelle pour l'hitlerisme, "Monde, no. 329 (29 March 1935) Louis Dolicet, "Courants antifascistes chez les intellectueis fran(?)ais, "Monde, no. 336 (16 May 1935): 5; Henri Barbusse, "Pour une comprehension claire des devoirs a propos de la resolution des intellectueis, "ibid., no. 340 (13 June 1935)
2 Louis Aragon, "Une Entrevue avec Romain Rolland, l'ingenieur des times, "Cahiers du bolchevisme 13, no. 5 (15 March 1936): 257-263.
3 考虑到背景，虽然采访未必没有意识形态的东西在里面影响其准确性，但我们仍然可明晰的看到罗兰思想的转变。
4 参考前文罗兰关于种族主义与法西斯主义的辨析，这里的法西斯主义应该是专指德国纳粹。
5 Romain Rolland, "Lettre adresse par Romain Rolland aux intellectuels et a lajeunesse bulgare, " 12 July 1936,
6 法文为Vendredi，于1935年由罗兰的三位年轻的同事Andre Chamson，Jean Guehenno，and Andree Viollis创办，此周刊政治立场为无党派但同情法国民阵。
1 Comment empecher la guerre? (How to prevent war?)
2 Romain Rolland, "Pour l'indivisible paix, "in Comment empecher la guerre? 12-19; first published in Vendredi, no. 12 (24 January1936): 1; also appeared in L'Humanite, 29 January 1936, 4; Le Barrage, no. 83 (6 February 1936): 2; Cahiers du bolchevisme 13, no. 3-4 (15 February 1936); 212-217; Cahiers des droits de l'homme, no. 7(10 March 1936): 156-159.
3 Ibid., 16-19.
4 即indivisible peace，也就是前文所述的罗氏和平观。
5 Challaye, "Reponse a Romain Rolland, "4.
1 参见Salut et fraternite．Alain et Romain Rolland(Paris，1969)，63-132．在争论中，阿兰曾写了"Pour Romain Rolland”(29 January 1936)与”Propos d'Alain”(15 May 1936)，指出约翰·克里斯多夫和里乌利才应该是罗兰的精神象征；Alain, "La Politique au citoyen. Propos d'Alain, "Feuilles libre de la quinzaine, no. 10 (25 February 1936).
2 Romain Rolland, "Pour la defense de la paix, " Vendredi, no. 18 (6 March 1936): 3; also published in Cahiers des droits de l'homme, no. 7 (10 March 1936): 160-164; Commune, no. 32 (April 1936); Comment empecher la guerre? 20-30.
3 Victor Basch, "Le Probleme de la paix, " Cahiers des droits de l'homme, no. 7 (10 March 1936): 148-156; gomain golland 以"Une Lettre"作为回应
4 Michel Alexandre and L. Emery, "Une Lettre a Vendredi, "Vendredi, no. 23 (3 April 1936): 4; Pierre Cuenat, "Paix indivisible? Oui...mais d'abord faites la paix, "Le Barrage, no. 92(2April 1936): 3-4; Pierre Cuenat, "Manifeste pacifiste, "Feuilles libres de la quinzaine, no. 18 (25 June 1936): 191-192; Pierre Cuenat, "Ou est la paix?Pacifisme et revolution, " Vigilance, no. 36(28 April 1936): 15.
5 Ibid., 12.
1 [美]汉斯·J·摩根索：《国家间政治》中国人民公安大学出版社1990年版第564页。
[1] 吕一民．20世纪法国知识分子的历程．浙江大学出版社，2001
[2] 吕一民．法国通史．上海社会科学出版社，2002
[3] 彭小瑜．教会法研究．商务印书馆，2003
[5] 楼均信．中国法国史研究信息．浙江大学出版社，1999
[6] 陈文海．法国史．人民出版社，2004
[7] [德]康德．历史理性批判文集．商务印书馆，1991
[8] [德]康德．法的形而上学原理：权力的科学．商务印书馆，1991
[9] [法]米歇尔·维诺克 孙桂英 逸风译．法国知识分子的世纪．江苏教育出版社，2006
[10] 简明大不列颠百科全书．大百科全书出版社，1985
[11] [美]菲利普·李·拉尔夫等 赵丰等译．世界文明史．商务印书馆，1998
[12] [美]列奥·施特劳斯、约瑟夫·克罗波西．政治哲学史．河北人民出版社，1998
[13] [意]托马斯·阿奎那．阿奎那政治著作选．商务印书馆，1997
[14] [美]汉斯·J·摩根索．国家间政治．中国人民公安大学出版社，1990
[15] [美]肯尼恩·华尔兹．倪世雄等译．人、国家与战争．上海译文出版社，1995
[1] Julliard & Winock. Dictionnaire Des Intellectuels Francais. Seuil, 1996
[2] Jean-Louis & Loubet Del Bayle. Les Non-conformistes des Annees 30. Seuil, 1987
[3] Ory & Sirinelli. Les Intellectuels en France. Perrin, 2004
[4] Winock. 'Esprit' Des Intellectuels dans la Cite. Seuil, 1996
[5] Vasquez, ed. . Classics of International Relations. PrenticeHall, 1990
[6] Hugo Grotius. The Law of War and Peace. SweetandMaxwell, 1922
[7] Hedley Bull. The Grotian Conception of International Society. Harvard University Press, 1966
[8] Fisher. Romain Rolland and the Politics of Intellectual Engaement. University of California Press, 1988
[9] Roland N. Stromberg. Redemption by War: The Intellectuals and 1914. Cambridge, 1979
[10] Dimitroff Contra Goering, ed. Comite international d'aide aux victimes du fascisme hitlerien. Paris, 1934
[1] 杨通进：《战争、和平与道德》载《中国人民大学学报》2004年第3期
[2] 王春露：《两次世界大战期间英国和平主义运动及其历史评价》载《东北师范大学学报》1997年第4期
[3] Martinn Benjamin: Pacifism for Pragmatists. Ethics, April, 1973.
[4] David A. Hoekema. A Practical Christian Pacifism, Christian Century. October, 1986
[5] Romain Rolland on himself, World Authors 1900-1950, vol. 3, ed. by Martin Seymour-Smith and Andrew C. Kimmens, 1996
[6] Henri Giordan, ed. , Romain Rolland et le mouvement florentin de "la Voce" (Paris, 1966).
[7] Romain Rolland, "Lettre ouverte a Gerhard Hauptmann" (24 August 1914), L'Esprit libre
[8] Romain Rolland, "Inter Arma Caritas" (30 October 1914), L'Esprit libre
[9] Romain Rolland, "Romain Rolland et l'Esperanto, " La Vie ouvriere, 6 August 1919
[10] Romain Rolland, "Janvier sanglant a Berlin"; first published in L'Humanite, 16-18 February 1919
2 杨通进：《战争、和平与道德》载《中国人民大学学报》2004年第3期。
3 [日]一中春元：《佛教与和平》载《法音·法音论坛》第10页。
4 杨通进：《战争、和平与道德》载《中国人民大学学报》2004年第3期。
1 王春露：《两次世界大战期间英国和平主义运动及其历史评价》载《东北师范大学学报》1997年第4期。
2 Andrew Alexandra: Political Pacifism, http://www.csu.edu.au/faculty.
3 杨通进：《战争、和平与道德》载《中国人民大学学报》2004年第3期。
4 Martinn Benjamin: Pacifism for Pragmatists. Ethics, April, 1973.
1 Romain Rolland on himself, World Authors 1900-1950, vol. 3, ed. by Martin Seymour-Smith and Andrew C. Kimmens, 1996
2 Letter from Rolland to H. G. Wells, 1 July 1911
3 Romain Rolland and the Politics of Intellectual Engagement, David James Fisher, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS, 1988, p39
1 Letter from Rolland to Alphonse Seche, 14 January 1914; letters from Rolland to Jean-Richard Bloch, 14 January 1912 and 16 January 1913
2 Henri Giordan, ed., Romain Rolland et le mouvement florentin de "la Voce"(Paris, 1966).
3 Letter from Rolland to Sofia Bertolini Guerrieri-Gonzaga, 23 September 1913; Rolland, De Jean-Christophe a Colas Breugnon, 106.
4 Journal des annees de guerre(Paris, 1952).
1 Romain Rolland, Au-dessus de la melee(September 1915), reprinted in L'Esprit libre (Geneva, 1971), 53-55; letters from Rolland to Bloch, 21 September 1914, 24 September 1914.
2 Roland N. Stromberg, Redemption by War: The Intellectuals and 1914 (Lawrence, Kans., 1982), 39-60, 153-156; Robert Wohl, The Generation of 1914(Cambridge, Mass., 1979), 1-41; Sandi Cooper, "Liberal Internationalism Before World War I, "Peace and Change 1(1973): 11-19; Sandi Cooper, "The Guns of August and the Doves of Italy: Intervention and Internationalism," Peace and Change 7, no. 1-2(Winter 1981): 29-43.
3 Romain Rolland, "Lettre ouverte a Gerhard Hauptmann" (24 August 1914), L'Esprit libre, 57-59; Romain Rolland, "Pro Aris" (September 1914), ibid., 61-69; and Romain Rolland, "Au-dessus de la melee"(15 September 1914), ibid.(“同上”之意，后文不再注明)，70-83
1 Romain Rolland, "Jaures"(1 August 1915), L'Esprit libre, 165-172; Romain Rolland, "Lettre a ceux qui m'accusent"(17 November 1914), L'Esprit libre, 104-110; and Romain Rolland, "Les Idoles"(4 December 1914), ibid., 111-120.
2 Romain Rolland, "Inter Arma Caritas"(30October 1914), L'Esprit libre, 90-100; and Romain Rolland, "Le Meurtre des elites"(14 June 1915), L'Esprit libre, 154-164
3 Rolland, "Au-dessus de la melee, "77
4 Rolland, "Au-dessus de la melee, "82
5 Rolland, "Au-dessus de la melee, "74; and Rolland, "Les Idoles, "116-118.
1 Rolland, "Inter Arma Caritas, "100.
2 Romain Rolland, "Litterature de guerre, "L'Esprit libre, 143; Romain Rolland, Clerambault. Histoire d'une conscience libre pendant la guerre (1920; Geneva, 1971), 148.
3 Rolland, "Inter Arma Caritas, "100.
4 Rolland, "Lettre a ceux qui m'accusent, "107
5 Rolland, "Pour l'Europe, "L'Esprit libre, 121; Romain Rolland, "Pour l'Europe: Un Appel de la Hollande, "L'Esprit libre, 125-127
6 Rolland, "Les Idoles, " 117-118
1 Rene Cheval, Romain Rolland, l'Allemagne et la guerre(Paris, 1963), 476-583; William T. Starr, Romain Rolland and a World at War (Evanston, Ill. 1956), 97-114; David James Fisher, "Pacifism and the Intellectual: The Case of Romain Rolland, "Peace and Change 7, no. 1-2 (Winter 1981): 85-96.
2 Cheval, Romain Rolland, 564-565; Starr, Romain Rolland and a World at War, 130-136.
3 Letter from Rolland to his mother, 18 December 1914, in Je commence a devenir dangereux. Choix de lettres de Romain Rolland a sa mere (1914-1916) (Paris, 1971), 45; Cheval, Romain Rolland, 584-697; Starr, Romain Rolland and a World at War, 137-198.
1 Romain Rolland, "Introduction" (6 April 1931), L'Esprit libre, 29-31
2 The Letters of Lenin, ed. Elizabeth Hill and Doris Mudie (New York, 1937), 423; Alfred E. Senn, The Russian Revolution in Switzerland, 1914-1917(Madison, Wis., 1971), 162, 213.
3 Shaul Ginsburg, Raymond Lefebvre et les origines du communisme francais(Paris, 1975), 25-27, 29, 37-38, 80; Christian Gras, Alfred Rosmer (1877-1964 et le mouvement revolutionnaire international (Paris, 1971); Robert Wohl, French Communism in the Making (Stanford, Calif., 1966), 58.
4 Letter from Rosa Luxemburg to Luise Kautsky, 17 December 1917, in Rosa Luxemburg, Letters to Karl and Luise Kautsky, 1896 to 1918, trans. Louis P. Lochner(New York, 1925), 211-212.
5 Letter from Lenin to V. A. Karpinski, 13 September 1915, in Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, Oeuvres (Paris, 1959), 36: 351.
1 Romain Rolland, "Le Feu par Henri Barbusse" (February 1917), L'Esprit libra, 245
2 Romain Rolland, "Ara Pacis, "L'Esprit libre, 179-181; Rolland, "Auxpeuplesassassines, "ibid., 189-197; Rolland, "Un Grand Europeen: G. F. Nicolai, "ibid., 262-298.
3 Romain Rolland, "Tolstoy: L'Esprit libre, "L'Esprit libre, 207-210: Rolland, "A Maxime Gorki," ibid., 211-212; Rolland, "Voix libres d'Amerique, "ibid., 218-221, Rolland, "Pour E. D. Morel, "ibid., 235-236.
4 Romain Rolland, "Introduction" (June 1919) to Les Precurseurs, in L'Esprit libre, 178; letter from Rolland to Rene Arcos, 19 December 1920,
1 Rolland, "Pour E. D. Morel, "236; Romain Rolland, "Pour l'Internationale de l'esprit"(15 March 1918), L'Esprit libre, 322-331.
2 Sigmund Freud, "Thoughts for the Times on War and Death" (1915), The Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, standard ed., trans. James Strachey, 24 vols. (London, 1953-1974) 14: 274-302.
3 Benedict de Spinoza, A Political Treatise, in The Chief Works of Benedict de Spinoza, trans. R. H. M. Elwes (London, 1883), 314.
4 Romain Rolland, "Pour l'Internationale de l'esprit"(1918) in L'Esprit libre (Geneva, 1971), 322-331; David James Fisher, "Pacifism and the Intellectual: The Case of Romain Rolland, "Peace and Change 7, no. 1-2(Winter 1981): 85-96; Rene Cheval, Romain Rolland, l'Allemagne et la guerre(Paris, 1963), 681-699; WiiliamT. Starr, Romain Rolland and a World at War (Evanston, Ill., 1956), 162-169, 173-174, 207-208.
1 Letters, Rolland to Maxim Gorky, 18 March 1917, 27 January 1919,; Jean Perus, Romain Rollandet Maxim Gorki (Paris, 1968), 45-52.
2 Letter from Rolland to Rabindranath Tagore, 26 August 1919,; letter from Rolland to Paul Vaillant-Couturier, 30 March 1919.
3 Romain Rolland, "Romain Rolland et l'Esperanto, "La Vie ouvriere, 6 August 1919; Rolland, "L'Opinion de Romain Rolland sur l'Esperanto, "La Vie ouvriere, 23 April 1920.
4 Letter from Rolland to Upton Sinclair, 22 August 1919, Upton Sinclair MSS, Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.
5 Romain Rolland, "Pour batir la cite libre de l'esprit"(1 November 1918),
1 Romain Rolland, "Journal inedit(1919-1920), "Europe, November-December 1965, 201-204, 207; and Journal intime, carnet 32, May 1920-July 1920, 28, 56-57, 74, 183,
2 Romain Rolland, "A la Russie libre et liberatrice" (1 May 1917) in L'Esprit libre, 205-206; first published in Demain, 1 May 1917; republished in Le Populaire, 22 July 1919.
3 letter, Rolland to Jean-Richard Bloch, 24 October 1918; letter from Rolland to Monsieur B., 26 January 1919。
1 Romain Rolland, "Pour nos freres de Russie. Contre le blocus affameur" (23 October 1919); first published in L'Humanite, 26 October 1919.
2 Romain Rolland, untitled article, La Vie ouvriere, 22 October 1919.
3 关于列宁对帝国主义的观点参见Vladimir Ilyich Lenin，Imperialism，The Highest Stage of Capitalism (1917；Moscow，1964)，185-304；关于他对和平主义的观点参见Lenin，”Bourgeois Pacifism and socialist Pacifism"(1917), Collected Works (Moscow, 1964), 23: 177-194.
1 letter from Rolland to Bloch, 24 October 1918.
2 letter from Rolland to Jean Longuet, 22 August 1918; letter from Rolland to Bloch, 24 November 1918; Peter Nettl, Rosa Luxemburg (Oxford, 1969), 486-489.
3 Romain Rolland, "Janvier sanglant a Berlin"; first published in L'Humanite, 16-18 February 1919; Romain Rolland, "Sur un martyr, "L'Avenir in ternational, no. 13 (January 1919): 36-39
1 Romain Rolland, "Journal inedit(1919-1920), "Europe, November-December 1965, 181-182.
2 Ibid., 262-263.
1 Letter from Rolland to Louise Cruppi, 15 February 1922,
2 Letter from Rolland to Cruppi, 1 November 1922,
3 Letter from Rolland to Sofia Guerrieri-Gonzaga, 27 July 1922; letter from Rolland to Cruppi, 8 February 1923
4 Letter from Rolland to Guerrieri-Gonzaga, 31 December 1922; letter from Rolland to Cruppi, 13 September 1923
1 Romain Rolland, "Contre la guerre et ses agents provocateurs, "19 April 1926.
2 Romain Rolland, "Vita sine libertate, nihil, "23 April 1926.
3 Romain Rolland, "Lettre a Filippo Turati"(1 May 1927); Romain Rolland, "La Veuve de Matteotti sequestree, "Le Populaire, 3 October 1927, 3.; Charles Delzell, Mussolini's Enemies: The Italian Antifascist Resistance (Princeton, N. J., 1961), 58.
4 Letter from Rolland to Madame Therese Dispart de Floran, 31 January 1927
1 Letter from Rolland to Salvemini, 28 May 1927
2 Letter from Rolland to Heinz Haeberlin, 3 March 1927, in Pierre Abraham, Romain Rolland(Neuchatel, 1969), 135.
3 Letters from Rolland to Henri Barbusse, 30 November 1926, 10 February 1927
4 Letter from Rolland to Barbusse, 28 January 1928
1 E. H. Carr, The Twilight of the Comintern, 1930-1935 (New York, 1982), 385-399
2 这是套用列宁对一战时期的西方和平主义的评论。
3 Maurice Thorez, "Pourquoi les communistes iront a Geneve, "L'Humanite, 28 June 1932, 1
1 结合后来实际的战争情况来看，应该说这个预见有惊人的准确性。
2 Carr, Twilight of the Comintern, 396-427; Ronald Tiersky, French Communism, 1920-1972 (New York, 1974), 54-95; George Lichtheim, Marxism in Modern France (New York, 1966), 34-68.
3 Letter from Rolland to Barbusse, 10 September 1932. Guessler Normand, "Henri Barbusse and his Monde(1928-1935), "Journal of Contemporary History, Spring 1976, 173-197; Rolland and Barbusse, "Appel de Romain Rolland et Henri Barbusse,"
4 参见吕一民《20世纪法国知识分子的历程》浙江大学出版社 2001年7月版 P126-128
5 并不意味着罗兰完全认同巴比塞和共产党方面的意图。
1 我们应当注意到，此时的罗曼·罗兰已经与当初的那个坚决回避政治的罗兰有了很大差别。
2 Romain Rolland, "Appel a la Ligue des Combattants de la Paix" (10 June 1932).
3 Romain Rolland, "Lettre a Victor Meric," 12July 1932
4 Congres mondial contre la guerre imperialiste, "Bulletin du Congres, " typescript, 1-8, International Institute for Social History, Amsterdam.
5 她是国际和平与自由女子联盟的法国分部主席。
6 Romain Rolland, "Declaration lue a la premiere seance du congres mondial de tousles partis contre la guerre," Europe, 15 September 1932, 148-151; also in Monde, no. 222 (3 September 1932); in Wladimir Martel, Vers la guerre ou la revolution (Alen(?)on, 1933), 18-21; in The World Congress Against War, ed. American Committee for Struggle Against War (New York, 1933), 11-15; also see Romain Rolland, "La Guerre est entre les mains du peuple ouvrier, " L'Humanite, 28 August 1932, 1-2.
1 我们要结合之前罗兰的认识的转变来理解这个宣言，特别要注意不要仅看字面意思，而要理解罗兰的真实地思想因素。否则，我们很容易把他与共产党员和工团主义者归于一类人。我们要注意到他之前一贯的和平主义知识分子的立场，此时的他和真正的共产党员或马列主义追随者仍有着本质的不同。另一方面，我们也要注意罗兰的思想已经发生了较大的变化。
2 Carr, Twilight of the Comintern, 392-394; Tracts politiques d'organisations et partis pacifistes divers circa 1930-1939, Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris; "Apres le congres d'Amsterdam, "Europe, 15 September 1932; Jacques Duclos, "Le Congres europeen antifasciste, "Europe, 15 June 1933; anonymous editorial, "Apres le congres mondial des jeunes, "Europe, 1 October 1933; Henri Barbusse, "Une Etape du front unique," Monde, no. 264 (24 June 1933); Tracts du comite mondial de lutte contre la guerre imperialiste (1933),
1 Letters from Rolland to Louis Gibarti, 16 September 1933, 17 September 1933; from Rolland to Willi Munzenberg, 26 December 1933; from Munzenberg to Rolland, December 1933
2 参见Romain Rolland, "Le Combat," Commune, no. 1(July 1933)以及Introduction (1 January 1934), L'Ame enchantee
3 具体内容参见Romain Rolland, "Fragments de journal, "Europe, 1 January 1946, 4 (dated 1 February 1933); ibid., 9-10 (dated March 1933).不再赘述.
1 Ibid., 7 (dated 2 March 1933).
2 罗曼·罗兰认为非犹太作家加入抗议行列是十分必要的。此文第一次出版作为”Contre le fascisme hitlerien, "Europe, 15 March 1933, 440; English translation in I Will Not Rest, trans. K. S. Shelvankar (New York, [1935]), 291-292.
3 Letters from Rolland to Jean Guehenno, 2 February 1933, 1 March 1933.
4 Rolland, "Fragments de journal" (dated 10 January 1933), 4-5; letter from German consul in Geneva to Rolland, 19 April 1933, in "Fragments de journal, " 12.
5 Letter from Rolland to German consul in Geneva, 30 April 1933, in "Fragments de journal, " 12. Letter from Rolland to Stefan Zweig, 30March 1933, "Fragments de journal, " 1-11; published as "Lettre a un ami allemand contre l'abdication du patti social-democrate allemand,"
2 Romain Rolland, "Contre le racisme et l'antisemitisme" (dated 9 April 1933); originally a letter to Hardo Bruckner.
3 Romain Roiland, "Lettre a la Koelnische Zeitung, " 14 May 1933; first published in Europe, 15 May 1933, and Front mondial, no. 6 (June 1933)
4 Rolland, "Lettre a la Koelnische Zeitung,"
5 Rolland, "Fragments de journal, " 15; "Auseinanderdersetzing mit Romain Rolland ein Briefwechsel fiber das neue Deutschland, "Koelnische Zeitung, 21 May 1933, 1.
1 Letter from Rolland to the director of the Nietzsche Archive in Weimar, 4 August 1933, "Fragments de journal, " 17.
2 Dimitroff Contra Goering, ed. Comite international d'aide aux victimes du fascisme hitlerien (Paris, 1934). Rolland, "Fragments de journal, " 18: letter from Rolland to Guehenno, 12 July 1934.
3 Romain Rolland, "Contre les vrais incendiaires du Reichstag" (4 September 1933),
4 Romain Rolland, "Pour Thaelmann, "first published in Monde, 6 July 1934, 11; Rolland "Appel au peuple d'Allemague, pour l'acquittement de Dimitrov et de ses compagnons, "first published in Monde, no. 289 (23 December 1933): 3; "Pour Torgler, "first published in L'Humanite, 22
5 Letter from Dimitrov to Rolland, 31 August 1933, cited in Georgi Dimitrov, Letters from Prison, ed. Alfred Kurella (London, 1935), 60-61; Rolland, "Fragments de journal, " 19-20.
6 Rolland, "Fragments de journal, " 19.
1 Letter from Rolland to Victor Margueritte, 6 October 1933, "Fragments de journal, "21.
2 Romain Rolland, "Appel auxjeunes contre le fascisme, " first published in Tribune des jeunes (Pefigueux), May 1934.
3 即斯塔维斯基丑闻。
4 Romain Rolland, "Le Fascisme est l'ennemi. Il faut le briser" (10 June 1934) first published in the Soviet review Front de la science et de la technique.
1 Romain Rolland, "Par la revolution, la paix" (20 March 1935); first published as "La Paix est mortelle pour l'hitlerisme, "Monde, no. 329 (29 March 1935) Louis Dolicet, "Courants antifascistes chez les intellectueis fran(?)ais, "Monde, no. 336 (16 May 1935): 5; Henri Barbusse, "Pour une comprehension claire des devoirs a propos de la resolution des intellectueis, "ibid., no. 340 (13 June 1935)
2 Louis Aragon, "Une Entrevue avec Romain Rolland, l'ingenieur des times, "Cahiers du bolchevisme 13, no. 5 (15 March 1936): 257-263.
3 考虑到背景，虽然采访未必没有意识形态的东西在里面影响其准确性，但我们仍然可明晰的看到罗兰思想的转变。
4 参考前文罗兰关于种族主义与法西斯主义的辨析，这里的法西斯主义应该是专指德国纳粹。
5 Romain Rolland, "Lettre adresse par Romain Rolland aux intellectuels et a lajeunesse bulgare, " 12 July 1936,
6 法文为Vendredi，于1935年由罗兰的三位年轻的同事Andre Chamson，Jean Guehenno，and Andree Viollis创办，此周刊政治立场为无党派但同情法国民阵。
1 Comment empecher la guerre? (How to prevent war?)
2 Romain Rolland, "Pour l'indivisible paix, "in Comment empecher la guerre? 12-19; first published in Vendredi, no. 12 (24 January1936): 1; also appeared in L'Humanite, 29 January 1936, 4; Le Barrage, no. 83 (6 February 1936): 2; Cahiers du bolchevisme 13, no. 3-4 (15 February 1936); 212-217; Cahiers des droits de l'homme, no. 7(10 March 1936): 156-159.
3 Ibid., 16-19.
4 即indivisible peace，也就是前文所述的罗氏和平观。
5 Challaye, "Reponse a Romain Rolland, "4.
1 参见Salut et fraternite．Alain et Romain Rolland(Paris，1969)，63-132．在争论中，阿兰曾写了"Pour Romain Rolland”(29 January 1936)与”Propos d'Alain”(15 May 1936)，指出约翰·克里斯多夫和里乌利才应该是罗兰的精神象征；Alain, "La Politique au citoyen. Propos d'Alain, "Feuilles libre de la quinzaine, no. 10 (25 February 1936).
2 Romain Rolland, "Pour la defense de la paix, " Vendredi, no. 18 (6 March 1936): 3; also published in Cahiers des droits de l'homme, no. 7 (10 March 1936): 160-164; Commune, no. 32 (April 1936); Comment empecher la guerre? 20-30.
3 Victor Basch, "Le Probleme de la paix, " Cahiers des droits de l'homme, no. 7 (10 March 1936): 148-156; gomain golland 以"Une Lettre"作为回应
4 Michel Alexandre and L. Emery, "Une Lettre a Vendredi, "Vendredi, no. 23 (3 April 1936): 4; Pierre Cuenat, "Paix indivisible? Oui...mais d'abord faites la paix, "Le Barrage, no. 92(2April 1936): 3-4; Pierre Cuenat, "Manifeste pacifiste, "Feuilles libres de la quinzaine, no. 18 (25 June 1936): 191-192; Pierre Cuenat, "Ou est la paix?Pacifisme et revolution, " Vigilance, no. 36(28 April 1936): 15.
5 Ibid., 12.
1 [美]汉斯·J·摩根索：《国家间政治》中国人民公安大学出版社1990年版第564页。
[1] 吕一民．20世纪法国知识分子的历程．浙江大学出版社，2001
[2] 吕一民．法国通史．上海社会科学出版社，2002
[3] 彭小瑜．教会法研究．商务印书馆，2003
[5] 楼均信．中国法国史研究信息．浙江大学出版社，1999
[6] 陈文海．法国史．人民出版社，2004
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[1] 杨通进：《战争、和平与道德》载《中国人民大学学报》2004年第3期
[2] 王春露：《两次世界大战期间英国和平主义运动及其历史评价》载《东北师范大学学报》1997年第4期
[3] Martinn Benjamin: Pacifism for Pragmatists. Ethics, April, 1973.
[4] David A. Hoekema. A Practical Christian Pacifism, Christian Century. October, 1986
[5] Romain Rolland on himself, World Authors 1900-1950, vol. 3, ed. by Martin Seymour-Smith and Andrew C. Kimmens, 1996
[6] Henri Giordan, ed. , Romain Rolland et le mouvement florentin de "la Voce" (Paris, 1966).
[7] Romain Rolland, "Lettre ouverte a Gerhard Hauptmann" (24 August 1914), L'Esprit libre
[8] Romain Rolland, "Inter Arma Caritas" (30 October 1914), L'Esprit libre
[9] Romain Rolland, "Romain Rolland et l'Esperanto, " La Vie ouvriere, 6 August 1919
[10] Romain Rolland, "Janvier sanglant a Berlin"; first published in L'Humanite, 16-18 February 1919