产业集群竞争力的理论与评价方法研究
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摘要
经济全球化并没有使企业的生产经营活动在空间分布上趋于均衡,反而是相关生产活动的地理集聚现象加强了。一个国家的成功并非来自某一项产业的成功,而是来自纵横交织的产业集群,这些产业集群弥补并提供竞争优势,反映了经济的发展。我国已经进入产业集群与竞争力密切关联阶段,研究产业集群具有重要的现实意义和理论意义。
在对传统经济发展理论进行回顾的基础上,提出了基于产业集群的经济发展的解释,阐述了产业集群与区域竞争力的相互作用关系,并以省为单位对我国主要的二十二种工业产品集群与区域竞争力的关系进行了实证分析。
在对产业集群相关理论进行深入分析的基础上,从“群”的角度提出了产业集群竞争力的“锥体模型”。产业集群卓越的竞争力来源于网络组织优势、学习创新优势和社会资本优势的有机组合。在网络组织优势方面,产业集群所形成的是一种介于企业科层组织和市场组织之间的中间性组织,通过对其组织结构、组织属性、市场结构、外部经济性、拓扑结构和生态学分析,产业集群网络组织比企业科层组织和市场组织具有更强的竞争优势。在学习创新上,产业集群具有集群式创新组织模式优势、技术创新的合理分工优势、学习扩散优势、技术创新集群行为的生态学优势及创新动因优势,这些优势使产业集群具有了创新优势；同时产业集群具有学习效用优势、基于分工的学习成本优势、基于竞合的学习动力优势、基于资源的学习效率优势和基于组织的学习机制优势,使产业集群又具有学习上的优势,学习和创新优势密不可分。在社会资本方面,产业集群通过分工协作形成组织网络的同时,也形成了一种社会网络,拥有社会资本,着重对产业集群基于信任的社会资本优势进行了分析,包括信用优势的层面分析、一次博弈分析和重复博弈分析等。网络组织、学习创新和社会资本优势共同作用,有机组成产业集群竞争力的“锥体模型”,使产业集群具有强大的竞争力。
对产业集群竞争力的评价是产业集群从理论研究到实践应用的关键环节。在产业集群竞争力的锥体模型分析的基础之上,建立了产业集群竞争力的评价指标体系,综合应用AHP法、熵值法、灰色系统理论等,提出了产业集群竞争力的横向评价方法、纵向评价方法和灰色评价方法,并应用上述方法对广东省的佛山、江西省的景德镇和辽宁省的法库三大陶瓷产业集群进行了实际应用,均取得了较满意的结果。
从辨证的观点看,除了上述促进和推动产业集群竞争力发展的诸多因素之外,还有一些影响和制约产业集群竞争力的风险因素存在。在对其表现和成因进行深入分析的基础上,提出了有针对性的防范措施,以规避集群风险,推动和维护产业集群竞争力不断得以提升。
产业集群在不断发展,新情况、新问题不断出现,对产业集群的研究也在不断深入。以提升区域经济竞争力为落脚点,从群的角度对产业竞争力及其评价方法进行深入分析和研究,丰富了产业集群竞争力理论和竞争战略理论,为区域或企业发展战略设计和制度设计提供了有价值的参考,对有关政府部门制定有关集群发展政策提供了依据和支持。
Economic globalization has not made the productive and operational activities to be distributed evenly across the globe, but has strengthened geographical cluster. A country's economic success comes from the interacted industrial clusters, which mutually make up each other's defects and provide their counterparts the comparative advantages, rather than from a certain industry's achievements. This reflects the development in economy. China has stepped into a phrase in which industrial cluster is closely related with its competitiveness. Therefore it is of practical and theoretical significance to study on the industrial cluster.
This dissertation starts from the traditional theories of economic development, further explains the industrial-cluster-based economic development, and then clarifies the interrelationship between the industrial cluster and regional competitiveness. At the same time, it analyzes and exemplifies the relationship between the major twenty-two industrial products'clusters in China and the regional competitiveness in light of each province.
This paper sets up Cone Model of the cluster's competitiveness from the angle of "cluster" on the basis of the deep analysis on the industrial-cluster-related theories. The superior competitiveness results from the organic combination of web organization's advantages, learning innovation advantages and social capital's advantages. The industrial organization has developed into a web organization, standing in the midst of enterprise's hierarchic organization and market organization, surpassing them in its competitiveness through the analysis on its organization's construction and properties, its market structure, outer economic properties, topological structure and ecology. The industrial cluster is marked by two inseparable advantages:one is innovative advantage, resulting from the advantages of innovative organization model in the type of cluster, reasonable division of labor on the grounds of technological innovation, learning diffusion, innovative motion and the ecological advantages of the technological innovative cluster behaviors. Another advantage is in learning, for that industrial cluster is of learning utility advantage, learning cost advantage based on division of labor, learning dynamic advantage based on co-competitive, learning efficiency advantage based on resources, and learning mechanism based on organization. The industrial cluster comes into a web organization through the division of labor and cooperation as well as a social web, containing social capital, whose advantages are analyzed on the basis of trust including the hierarchic analysis on the trust advantages, and the analysis on the once-and-for-all game and repetitive game. The Cone Model of industrial cluster's competitiveness is organically comprised of, and is affected by the web organization, learning innovation and social capital's advantages altogether, which leads to stronger competitiveness of the industrial cluster.
The evaluation on the industrial cluster's competitiveness is the key link to apply the theory concerning about the industrial cluster to the practices. Apart from it, the comprehensive application of AHP method, entropy value method and grey systematic theory is realized by the analysis on the Cone Model of the industrial cluster's competitiveness, which also provides the basis of utilizing the horizontal evaluating method, the vertical evaluating method and the grey evaluating method in studying the industrial cluster's competitiveness. These methods have been put into the practical uses when studying on each ceramic industrial cluster of Foshan, Jingdezhen and Faku, in Guangdong, Jiangxi and Liaoning province accordingly, and rather satisfactory results have been achieved sequentially.
From the dialectical point of view, there exist some risky factors affecting and limiting the industrial cluster's competitiveness in addition to the above factors facilitating and motivating them. Directing against these risky factors, tit-for-tat preventive measures are set forth after having analyzed their embodiments and contributing factors thoroughly, so that the cluster's risks might be evaded and the industrial cluster's competitiveness might be further advanced.
New situations and challenges arise with the continual development of the industrial cluster, which contributes to the deeper research into it. This dissertation has carried on thorough analysis and researches on the industry's competitiveness and its evaluating methods from the aspect of cluster for the purpose of promoting the regional economic competitiveness. In this way, it enriches the theories of industrial cluster's competitiveness and the enterprises'competitive strategy, supplies region or those related enterprises with valuable references in designing their expending strategy and system, and provides a solid foundation and great supports for these concerning authorities to lay out policy about the growth of cluster.
在对传统经济发展理论进行回顾的基础上,提出了基于产业集群的经济发展的解释,阐述了产业集群与区域竞争力的相互作用关系,并以省为单位对我国主要的二十二种工业产品集群与区域竞争力的关系进行了实证分析。
在对产业集群相关理论进行深入分析的基础上,从“群”的角度提出了产业集群竞争力的“锥体模型”。产业集群卓越的竞争力来源于网络组织优势、学习创新优势和社会资本优势的有机组合。在网络组织优势方面,产业集群所形成的是一种介于企业科层组织和市场组织之间的中间性组织,通过对其组织结构、组织属性、市场结构、外部经济性、拓扑结构和生态学分析,产业集群网络组织比企业科层组织和市场组织具有更强的竞争优势。在学习创新上,产业集群具有集群式创新组织模式优势、技术创新的合理分工优势、学习扩散优势、技术创新集群行为的生态学优势及创新动因优势,这些优势使产业集群具有了创新优势；同时产业集群具有学习效用优势、基于分工的学习成本优势、基于竞合的学习动力优势、基于资源的学习效率优势和基于组织的学习机制优势,使产业集群又具有学习上的优势,学习和创新优势密不可分。在社会资本方面,产业集群通过分工协作形成组织网络的同时,也形成了一种社会网络,拥有社会资本,着重对产业集群基于信任的社会资本优势进行了分析,包括信用优势的层面分析、一次博弈分析和重复博弈分析等。网络组织、学习创新和社会资本优势共同作用,有机组成产业集群竞争力的“锥体模型”,使产业集群具有强大的竞争力。
对产业集群竞争力的评价是产业集群从理论研究到实践应用的关键环节。在产业集群竞争力的锥体模型分析的基础之上,建立了产业集群竞争力的评价指标体系,综合应用AHP法、熵值法、灰色系统理论等,提出了产业集群竞争力的横向评价方法、纵向评价方法和灰色评价方法,并应用上述方法对广东省的佛山、江西省的景德镇和辽宁省的法库三大陶瓷产业集群进行了实际应用,均取得了较满意的结果。
从辨证的观点看,除了上述促进和推动产业集群竞争力发展的诸多因素之外,还有一些影响和制约产业集群竞争力的风险因素存在。在对其表现和成因进行深入分析的基础上,提出了有针对性的防范措施,以规避集群风险,推动和维护产业集群竞争力不断得以提升。
产业集群在不断发展,新情况、新问题不断出现,对产业集群的研究也在不断深入。以提升区域经济竞争力为落脚点,从群的角度对产业竞争力及其评价方法进行深入分析和研究,丰富了产业集群竞争力理论和竞争战略理论,为区域或企业发展战略设计和制度设计提供了有价值的参考,对有关政府部门制定有关集群发展政策提供了依据和支持。
Economic globalization has not made the productive and operational activities to be distributed evenly across the globe, but has strengthened geographical cluster. A country's economic success comes from the interacted industrial clusters, which mutually make up each other's defects and provide their counterparts the comparative advantages, rather than from a certain industry's achievements. This reflects the development in economy. China has stepped into a phrase in which industrial cluster is closely related with its competitiveness. Therefore it is of practical and theoretical significance to study on the industrial cluster.
This dissertation starts from the traditional theories of economic development, further explains the industrial-cluster-based economic development, and then clarifies the interrelationship between the industrial cluster and regional competitiveness. At the same time, it analyzes and exemplifies the relationship between the major twenty-two industrial products'clusters in China and the regional competitiveness in light of each province.
This paper sets up Cone Model of the cluster's competitiveness from the angle of "cluster" on the basis of the deep analysis on the industrial-cluster-related theories. The superior competitiveness results from the organic combination of web organization's advantages, learning innovation advantages and social capital's advantages. The industrial organization has developed into a web organization, standing in the midst of enterprise's hierarchic organization and market organization, surpassing them in its competitiveness through the analysis on its organization's construction and properties, its market structure, outer economic properties, topological structure and ecology. The industrial cluster is marked by two inseparable advantages:one is innovative advantage, resulting from the advantages of innovative organization model in the type of cluster, reasonable division of labor on the grounds of technological innovation, learning diffusion, innovative motion and the ecological advantages of the technological innovative cluster behaviors. Another advantage is in learning, for that industrial cluster is of learning utility advantage, learning cost advantage based on division of labor, learning dynamic advantage based on co-competitive, learning efficiency advantage based on resources, and learning mechanism based on organization. The industrial cluster comes into a web organization through the division of labor and cooperation as well as a social web, containing social capital, whose advantages are analyzed on the basis of trust including the hierarchic analysis on the trust advantages, and the analysis on the once-and-for-all game and repetitive game. The Cone Model of industrial cluster's competitiveness is organically comprised of, and is affected by the web organization, learning innovation and social capital's advantages altogether, which leads to stronger competitiveness of the industrial cluster.
The evaluation on the industrial cluster's competitiveness is the key link to apply the theory concerning about the industrial cluster to the practices. Apart from it, the comprehensive application of AHP method, entropy value method and grey systematic theory is realized by the analysis on the Cone Model of the industrial cluster's competitiveness, which also provides the basis of utilizing the horizontal evaluating method, the vertical evaluating method and the grey evaluating method in studying the industrial cluster's competitiveness. These methods have been put into the practical uses when studying on each ceramic industrial cluster of Foshan, Jingdezhen and Faku, in Guangdong, Jiangxi and Liaoning province accordingly, and rather satisfactory results have been achieved sequentially.
From the dialectical point of view, there exist some risky factors affecting and limiting the industrial cluster's competitiveness in addition to the above factors facilitating and motivating them. Directing against these risky factors, tit-for-tat preventive measures are set forth after having analyzed their embodiments and contributing factors thoroughly, so that the cluster's risks might be evaded and the industrial cluster's competitiveness might be further advanced.
New situations and challenges arise with the continual development of the industrial cluster, which contributes to the deeper research into it. This dissertation has carried on thorough analysis and researches on the industry's competitiveness and its evaluating methods from the aspect of cluster for the purpose of promoting the regional economic competitiveness. In this way, it enriches the theories of industrial cluster's competitiveness and the enterprises'competitive strategy, supplies region or those related enterprises with valuable references in designing their expending strategy and system, and provides a solid foundation and great supports for these concerning authorities to lay out policy about the growth of cluster.
引文
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