白杨优良无性系与栽培密度互作效应研究
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摘要
本研究以4个具代表性的白杨优良无性系(S86、BT17、1316和B331)为材料,在河北威县和山东冠县两个地点采用蛛网式密度试验设计方法,开展白杨优良无性系与栽培密度互作效应研究,从无性系、栽培地点、种植密度以及林分年龄等多个层面,分析种植时间、栽培密度、栽培地点,以及互作效应对白杨无性系生长和产量效益的影响。主要研究结果如下：
(1)4个白杨优良无性系树高、胸径、材积和冠幅生长在种植年度间差异显著。S86和BT17无性系树高、胸径和材积均高于四个无性系的平均值,B331和1316无性系低于平均值。种植年度对树高、胸径和材积影响较大,分别占总效应的69.1%、62.3%和82.5%,对冠幅生长影响较小。BT17和S86无性系生长快于B331和1316,BT17属前期速生型无性系,S86属中后期速生型无性系,而B331和1316生长速度随年度缓慢增大,属匀速型无性系。无性系×年度互作对各生长性状影响极显著,且随年龄增大互作效应愈加明显。S86和BT17树高受互作影响较大,B331和1316在年度间相对较为稳定。无性系×年度互作对性状的影响依次是冠幅>树高>材积>胸径。
(2)4个白杨优良无性系树高、胸径、材积和冠幅生长在两个地点间差异极显著。其中威县试验林的总平均树高、胸径、材积和冠幅分别比冠县高2.6m、2.47cm、1.19m和0.0272m3。4个无性系对种植地点差异的反应不同,无性系×种植地点互作对树高、胸径、材积和冠幅影响均极显著,S86和BT17受互作影响要大于B331和1316。在威县表现突出的BT17和S86在冠县没有显示出优势,表明S86和BT17对栽培环境的要求较B331和1316高,其中,BT17对栽培环境更为敏感。
(3)4个白杨优良无性系生长对密度的反应存在差异。BT17和1316对密度较为敏感,高密度对生长的抑制作用较S86和B331明显。BT17和1316无性系对密度影响的响应快于B331,B331快于S86。冠幅生长对密度影响的响应早于树高,树高早于胸径和材积,不同性状受密度的影响程度不同,材积受密度的影响>胸径>树高。3a生后密度效应的影响作用较为明显,高密度对四个无性系生长均存在抑制作用。1316在6a内尚未达到数量成熟期；BT17和S86在中高密度下5-6a可达到数量成熟；B331在高、中密度下的数量成熟期分别是4-5a、5-6a。无性系×密度互作对各生长指标影响均极显著,且随年龄增大互作效应愈加明显。无性系×地点×年度互作效应对树高、胸径和单株材积影响均不显著。无性系×密度×年度互作效应对树高、胸径生长影响不显著,对单株材积和冠幅生长影响极显著。
(4)早期速生型白杨无性系BT17在优良栽培条件下以较高或较低密度种植,其生长、产量优势均比较突出,属短周期和长周期经营皆宜的优良无性系；中后期速生型白杨无性系S86以低于1482株.hm-2的密度种植生长、产量较大,且以1111-1389株.hm-2的密度种植优势最为突出,属短周期和长短期两用型优良无性系；匀速型白杨无性系1316和B331受栽培条件影响较小,是适合低密度种植、长周期经营的优良无性系。
(5)蛛网式密度试验设计可节约占地,并可从林分外貌上看出密度作用的效果,实现密度作用的可视化,与完全随机区组设计比较同样能够分析出无性系与栽培环境的互作效应,能有效反应出密度对无性系生长的作用规律,在研究林分密度时是值得被推广的一种密度试验设计方法。
Four most representative White poplar superior clones, including S86, BT17, B331and1316clone, were applied to establish test forests in weixian county and guanxian county. A novel spider-web-shaped experimental design was used in my study. In order to reveal interactional effect of White poplar superior clones and planting density, four major factors, including clone, site, spacing and year, were involved to analyze their independent effects and interactional effects on clones growing and output profit. The following major results:
(1) Growth increments of tree height(H), diameter at breast height(DBH), standing volume(V) and canopy width(CW) were significantly different every year. H, DBH and V of S86and BT17clones were above four clonal mean value, but were below for B331and1316clones. Effect of age on H, DBH and V was significant, but on CW was insignificant. Variance component of age effect arrived to69.1%,62.3%and82.5%for H, DBH and V respectively. Growth speed of BT17and S86clones were faster than that of B331and1316clones. BT17clone was growing fast in the early stage. S86clone was growing fast in the mid-term and late stage. But there was significant difference during growth year cycle, their growth speed slowly increased with age.Clonexyear interactive effect was significant effect on every growth traits and interaction was gradually more prominent with age growing. S86and BT17clones were largely affected by clone by year interaction, but B331and1316clones sustained relatively stable growth rate every year. The order of clone by year interactional effect on growth properties was canopy width>tree height> standing volume> diameter at breast height.
(2) Mean TH, mean DBH and mean standing volume were significant between weixian and guanxian.In weixian county, mean TH, mean DBH, mean standing volume and canopy width of forest tree were higher than those of in guanxian county, with excess of2.6m,2.47cm,0.0272m3and1.19cm respectively. Four clones had different response to locational difference.Growth of H, DBH, V and CW was significantly affected by clone by location interaction. S86and BT17with superior growth potentiality were influenced by clone by site interaction.Outstanding growth properties of S86and BT17clones in weixian county were controlled in guanxian county. It suggested that S86and BT17clone required well cultivation conditions than B331and1316clone, BT17clone was more sensitive to site factor than other three clones.
(3) Response of four clones to planting density was different. BT17and1316were more sensitive to planting density than S86and B331clones, and existed stronger restrain from close planting density. There was different time order of response to planting density, BT17and1316clones were earlier than B331clone, B331clone was earlier than S86. Different growth properties were distinguished to time order of response to planting density, canopy width growth>tree height growth> diameter at breast height and standing volume. Effect of planting density on growth was more marked after3-old year. Close planting density was disadvantageous to forest tree growing for four clones. Quantitative maturity time of1316was after6years; BT17and S86clones arrived to quantitative maturity for5-6years at close and medium planting density; B331was quantitatively mature for5-6years at below1482trees per hectare and was mature for4-5years at close planting density. Clone by planting density interaction was significant for all growth factors, and was strengthened with age growing. Triple interactional effect of clone×yearxsite was insignificant for tree height, breast diameter and standing volume. Clone×yearxspacing interaction was marked to growth of standing volume and canopy width growth, not significant difference to diameter and height.
(4) BT17clone with early fast growing could bring out large growth and outputs under fine cultivated conditions matched low or close planting density. BT17clone could use as both short rotation and long rotation cultivated superior clone. S86clone with mid-late fast growing could gain large growth and outputs under fine cultivated conditions matched below1482trees per hectare, and could bring out lager profits, and could create prominent growth and outputs at1111-1389trees per hectare. S86clone could use as short and long rotation cultured superior clone. B331and1316clones with stabile growth speed were not influenced by cultivated environment. They were suitable to use as long rotation afforestation material at low spacing.
(5) The novel spider-web-shaped planting density experimental design was more economical to land occupation and plant material consumption than completely randomized block design, Surprisingly, the spider-web-shaped spacing design could visualize forest dynamic growth law with planting density changing. By comparison with complete randomized block experimental design, spider-web-shaped design could samely analyze clonesx cultivated environment interactional effect on growth, and reveal growth pattern of forest tree. This new experimental design was one value planting density experimental designs to study on stand density law.
(1)4个白杨优良无性系树高、胸径、材积和冠幅生长在种植年度间差异显著。S86和BT17无性系树高、胸径和材积均高于四个无性系的平均值,B331和1316无性系低于平均值。种植年度对树高、胸径和材积影响较大,分别占总效应的69.1%、62.3%和82.5%,对冠幅生长影响较小。BT17和S86无性系生长快于B331和1316,BT17属前期速生型无性系,S86属中后期速生型无性系,而B331和1316生长速度随年度缓慢增大,属匀速型无性系。无性系×年度互作对各生长性状影响极显著,且随年龄增大互作效应愈加明显。S86和BT17树高受互作影响较大,B331和1316在年度间相对较为稳定。无性系×年度互作对性状的影响依次是冠幅>树高>材积>胸径。
(2)4个白杨优良无性系树高、胸径、材积和冠幅生长在两个地点间差异极显著。其中威县试验林的总平均树高、胸径、材积和冠幅分别比冠县高2.6m、2.47cm、1.19m和0.0272m3。4个无性系对种植地点差异的反应不同,无性系×种植地点互作对树高、胸径、材积和冠幅影响均极显著,S86和BT17受互作影响要大于B331和1316。在威县表现突出的BT17和S86在冠县没有显示出优势,表明S86和BT17对栽培环境的要求较B331和1316高,其中,BT17对栽培环境更为敏感。
(3)4个白杨优良无性系生长对密度的反应存在差异。BT17和1316对密度较为敏感,高密度对生长的抑制作用较S86和B331明显。BT17和1316无性系对密度影响的响应快于B331,B331快于S86。冠幅生长对密度影响的响应早于树高,树高早于胸径和材积,不同性状受密度的影响程度不同,材积受密度的影响>胸径>树高。3a生后密度效应的影响作用较为明显,高密度对四个无性系生长均存在抑制作用。1316在6a内尚未达到数量成熟期；BT17和S86在中高密度下5-6a可达到数量成熟；B331在高、中密度下的数量成熟期分别是4-5a、5-6a。无性系×密度互作对各生长指标影响均极显著,且随年龄增大互作效应愈加明显。无性系×地点×年度互作效应对树高、胸径和单株材积影响均不显著。无性系×密度×年度互作效应对树高、胸径生长影响不显著,对单株材积和冠幅生长影响极显著。
(4)早期速生型白杨无性系BT17在优良栽培条件下以较高或较低密度种植,其生长、产量优势均比较突出,属短周期和长周期经营皆宜的优良无性系；中后期速生型白杨无性系S86以低于1482株.hm-2的密度种植生长、产量较大,且以1111-1389株.hm-2的密度种植优势最为突出,属短周期和长短期两用型优良无性系；匀速型白杨无性系1316和B331受栽培条件影响较小,是适合低密度种植、长周期经营的优良无性系。
(5)蛛网式密度试验设计可节约占地,并可从林分外貌上看出密度作用的效果,实现密度作用的可视化,与完全随机区组设计比较同样能够分析出无性系与栽培环境的互作效应,能有效反应出密度对无性系生长的作用规律,在研究林分密度时是值得被推广的一种密度试验设计方法。
Four most representative White poplar superior clones, including S86, BT17, B331and1316clone, were applied to establish test forests in weixian county and guanxian county. A novel spider-web-shaped experimental design was used in my study. In order to reveal interactional effect of White poplar superior clones and planting density, four major factors, including clone, site, spacing and year, were involved to analyze their independent effects and interactional effects on clones growing and output profit. The following major results:
(1) Growth increments of tree height(H), diameter at breast height(DBH), standing volume(V) and canopy width(CW) were significantly different every year. H, DBH and V of S86and BT17clones were above four clonal mean value, but were below for B331and1316clones. Effect of age on H, DBH and V was significant, but on CW was insignificant. Variance component of age effect arrived to69.1%,62.3%and82.5%for H, DBH and V respectively. Growth speed of BT17and S86clones were faster than that of B331and1316clones. BT17clone was growing fast in the early stage. S86clone was growing fast in the mid-term and late stage. But there was significant difference during growth year cycle, their growth speed slowly increased with age.Clonexyear interactive effect was significant effect on every growth traits and interaction was gradually more prominent with age growing. S86and BT17clones were largely affected by clone by year interaction, but B331and1316clones sustained relatively stable growth rate every year. The order of clone by year interactional effect on growth properties was canopy width>tree height> standing volume> diameter at breast height.
(2) Mean TH, mean DBH and mean standing volume were significant between weixian and guanxian.In weixian county, mean TH, mean DBH, mean standing volume and canopy width of forest tree were higher than those of in guanxian county, with excess of2.6m,2.47cm,0.0272m3and1.19cm respectively. Four clones had different response to locational difference.Growth of H, DBH, V and CW was significantly affected by clone by location interaction. S86and BT17with superior growth potentiality were influenced by clone by site interaction.Outstanding growth properties of S86and BT17clones in weixian county were controlled in guanxian county. It suggested that S86and BT17clone required well cultivation conditions than B331and1316clone, BT17clone was more sensitive to site factor than other three clones.
(3) Response of four clones to planting density was different. BT17and1316were more sensitive to planting density than S86and B331clones, and existed stronger restrain from close planting density. There was different time order of response to planting density, BT17and1316clones were earlier than B331clone, B331clone was earlier than S86. Different growth properties were distinguished to time order of response to planting density, canopy width growth>tree height growth> diameter at breast height and standing volume. Effect of planting density on growth was more marked after3-old year. Close planting density was disadvantageous to forest tree growing for four clones. Quantitative maturity time of1316was after6years; BT17and S86clones arrived to quantitative maturity for5-6years at close and medium planting density; B331was quantitatively mature for5-6years at below1482trees per hectare and was mature for4-5years at close planting density. Clone by planting density interaction was significant for all growth factors, and was strengthened with age growing. Triple interactional effect of clone×yearxsite was insignificant for tree height, breast diameter and standing volume. Clone×yearxspacing interaction was marked to growth of standing volume and canopy width growth, not significant difference to diameter and height.
(4) BT17clone with early fast growing could bring out large growth and outputs under fine cultivated conditions matched low or close planting density. BT17clone could use as both short rotation and long rotation cultivated superior clone. S86clone with mid-late fast growing could gain large growth and outputs under fine cultivated conditions matched below1482trees per hectare, and could bring out lager profits, and could create prominent growth and outputs at1111-1389trees per hectare. S86clone could use as short and long rotation cultured superior clone. B331and1316clones with stabile growth speed were not influenced by cultivated environment. They were suitable to use as long rotation afforestation material at low spacing.
(5) The novel spider-web-shaped planting density experimental design was more economical to land occupation and plant material consumption than completely randomized block design, Surprisingly, the spider-web-shaped spacing design could visualize forest dynamic growth law with planting density changing. By comparison with complete randomized block experimental design, spider-web-shaped design could samely analyze clonesx cultivated environment interactional effect on growth, and reveal growth pattern of forest tree. This new experimental design was one value planting density experimental designs to study on stand density law.
引文
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