隐性知识转移视角下企业组织资本对技术创新影响研究
|
摘要
技术创新是实现科技进步、促进企业发展的原动力,企业技术创新的需求和积极性不断提升,技术创新的基础和源泉、途径和方式受到了更多的关注。知识经济时代,隐性知识被认为是技术创新的重要推动力；同时,组织资本作为企业竞争优势的重要来源,为如何转移和有效利用隐性知识,以及如何影响技术创新提供了独特的视角。但是目前的研究多集中于考察组织资本对绩效的直接影响,缺乏探究组织资本各维度和不同来源的隐性知识转移的创新贡献度及作用机理。因此,本文着眼于隐性知识转移,将企业组织资本、隐性知识转移与技术创新纳入统一的研究框架,研究企业组织资本、不同来源的隐性知识转移对技术创新方式的影响。
在分析企业组织资本和隐性知识转移内涵的基础上,基于相关理论的归纳和分析,以企业调研和访谈为基础,在理论上探讨了企业组织资本、隐性知识转移对于技术创新的作用机理,提出相应的研究假设,构建以隐性知识转移为中介变量,企业组织资本通过内、外部隐性知识转移对渐进式技术创新和根本性技术创新影响的假设模型。经过相关变量度量与问卷设计,在我国企业中通过调查问卷获得相关数据,对正式问卷数据采用描述性统计分析、相关分析、验证性因素分析、信度分析和结构方程模型等统计方法,从最基层和最常开展的技术创新活动开始,深入挖掘企业组织资本现状,了解企业目前开展的技术创新的状况；并借助SPSS和AMOS统计工具对假设模型进行检验,部分证实了企业组织资本各维度通过内外部隐性知识转移对渐进式技术创新和根本性技术创新的影响路径关系。结果表明企业组织资本各维度通过不同的路径影响内外部隐性知识转移,进而作用于渐进式技术创新和根本性技术创新。研究结论在一定程度上补充和丰富了企业组织资本以及技术创新的相关理论,并且对企业技术创新实践提供理论支持。
Technology innovation is the motive power of realizing the technology progress and promoting enterprise development. The demands and initiative of technology innovation continuously increase, and the foundations、resources、ways and patterns of technology innovation are also received much more attention. In the era of knowledge economy, tacit knowledge is considered as the important propelling force of technology innovation. Meanwhile, organizational capital, as the main resource of enterprise competitive advantage, provides an unique angle of view for how to transfer and effectively utilize tacit knowledge as well as how to influence technology innovation. However, the most current researches focus on the direct effect of organizational capital on performance, lacking inquiry of innovation contribution and function mechanism which come from different dimensions and different resources of organizational capital and transferring from tacit knowledge. Therefore, this paper main focuses on tacit knowledge transfer, putting the organizational capital、tacit knowledge transfer and technology innovation into unified frame of research, which is on the effect of new pattern of technology innovation by organizational capital and different resources of tacit knowledge transfer.
Based on the analysis of organizational capital and implication of tacit knowledge transfer and conclusion and analysis of related theories, this paper in theoretically discussed the mechanism that organizational capital and tacit knowledge transfer acted on technology innovation through investigation and interview with enterprises, and proposed corresponding research hypothesis, established hypothetical model in which tacit knowledge transfer is as intermediary variable, and organizational capital influenced the incremental innovation and radical innovation by internal and external tacit knowledge transferring. By correlated variable measuring and questionnaire designing, formal questionnaires are sent out to different companies in China and we used the corresponding data we got back to analyze our problems. Different methods are used in the analysis of the hypothesis model, such as describe statistics, correlation analysis, reliability analysis, validate factors analysis, structural equation model (SEM) and so on. Starting with the technology innovation activities that are developed the most frequently in the basic level, we thoroughly understood the current situation of organizational capital and technology innovation activities. And this study used the SPSS and AMOS to check out the results. The result shows that the different dimensions of organizational capital influenced internal and external tacit knowledge transferring by different paths, then affected the incremental innovation and radical innovation. This research conclusion supplements and enriches the related theories about organizational capital and technology innovation to some extent, and also provides theoretical support to the technology innovation practice.
在分析企业组织资本和隐性知识转移内涵的基础上,基于相关理论的归纳和分析,以企业调研和访谈为基础,在理论上探讨了企业组织资本、隐性知识转移对于技术创新的作用机理,提出相应的研究假设,构建以隐性知识转移为中介变量,企业组织资本通过内、外部隐性知识转移对渐进式技术创新和根本性技术创新影响的假设模型。经过相关变量度量与问卷设计,在我国企业中通过调查问卷获得相关数据,对正式问卷数据采用描述性统计分析、相关分析、验证性因素分析、信度分析和结构方程模型等统计方法,从最基层和最常开展的技术创新活动开始,深入挖掘企业组织资本现状,了解企业目前开展的技术创新的状况；并借助SPSS和AMOS统计工具对假设模型进行检验,部分证实了企业组织资本各维度通过内外部隐性知识转移对渐进式技术创新和根本性技术创新的影响路径关系。结果表明企业组织资本各维度通过不同的路径影响内外部隐性知识转移,进而作用于渐进式技术创新和根本性技术创新。研究结论在一定程度上补充和丰富了企业组织资本以及技术创新的相关理论,并且对企业技术创新实践提供理论支持。
Technology innovation is the motive power of realizing the technology progress and promoting enterprise development. The demands and initiative of technology innovation continuously increase, and the foundations、resources、ways and patterns of technology innovation are also received much more attention. In the era of knowledge economy, tacit knowledge is considered as the important propelling force of technology innovation. Meanwhile, organizational capital, as the main resource of enterprise competitive advantage, provides an unique angle of view for how to transfer and effectively utilize tacit knowledge as well as how to influence technology innovation. However, the most current researches focus on the direct effect of organizational capital on performance, lacking inquiry of innovation contribution and function mechanism which come from different dimensions and different resources of organizational capital and transferring from tacit knowledge. Therefore, this paper main focuses on tacit knowledge transfer, putting the organizational capital、tacit knowledge transfer and technology innovation into unified frame of research, which is on the effect of new pattern of technology innovation by organizational capital and different resources of tacit knowledge transfer.
Based on the analysis of organizational capital and implication of tacit knowledge transfer and conclusion and analysis of related theories, this paper in theoretically discussed the mechanism that organizational capital and tacit knowledge transfer acted on technology innovation through investigation and interview with enterprises, and proposed corresponding research hypothesis, established hypothetical model in which tacit knowledge transfer is as intermediary variable, and organizational capital influenced the incremental innovation and radical innovation by internal and external tacit knowledge transferring. By correlated variable measuring and questionnaire designing, formal questionnaires are sent out to different companies in China and we used the corresponding data we got back to analyze our problems. Different methods are used in the analysis of the hypothesis model, such as describe statistics, correlation analysis, reliability analysis, validate factors analysis, structural equation model (SEM) and so on. Starting with the technology innovation activities that are developed the most frequently in the basic level, we thoroughly understood the current situation of organizational capital and technology innovation activities. And this study used the SPSS and AMOS to check out the results. The result shows that the different dimensions of organizational capital influenced internal and external tacit knowledge transferring by different paths, then affected the incremental innovation and radical innovation. This research conclusion supplements and enriches the related theories about organizational capital and technology innovation to some extent, and also provides theoretical support to the technology innovation practice.
引文
[1]Cooper R G. Introducing Successful New Industrial Products[J].European Journal of Marketing,1976, 10(06):300-329.
[2]Edvinsson L, Dvir R, Roth N, et al. Innovations:The New Unit of Analysis in the Knowledge Era:The Quest and Context for Innovation Efficiency and Management of IC[J].Journal of Intellectual Capital,2004, 05(01):40-58.
[3]程源,高建.企业外部技术获取：机理与案例分析[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2005,(01)：43-47.
[4]Jasimuddin S M, Klein J H, Connell C. The Paradox of Using Tacit and Explicit Knowledge:Strategies to Face Dilemmas[J].Management Decision,2005,43(01):102-112.
[5]何晓红.论企业隐性知识的产生途径及转移[J].现代情报,2005,(11)：183-187.
[6]李余廷.从隐性知识到显性知识的转化——外化模式在企业中的实现[J].西南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2003,01(02)：89-93.
[7]Subramaniam M, Youndt M A. The Influence of Intellectual Capital on the Types of Innovative Capabilities[J].Academy of Management Journal,2005,48(03):450-463.
[8]Mouritsen J, Bukh P N, Larsen H T, et al. Developing and Managing Knowledge through Intellectual Capital Statements[J].Journal of Intellectual Capital,2002,03(01):10-29.
[9]Serenko A, Bontis N. Meta-Review of Knowledge Management and Intellectual Capital Literature: Citation Impact and Research Productivity Rankings[J].Knowledge and Process Management,2004,11(03): 185-198.
[10]Bontis N. Assessing Knowledge Assets:A Review of the Models used to Measure Intellectual Capital [J].International Journal of Management Reviews,2001,03(01):41-60.
[11]李冬琴,黄晓春.智力资本：概念、结构和计量述评[J].科学学研究,2003,21(S1)：210-214.
[12]Youndt M A, Subramaniam M, Snell S A. Intellectual Capital Profiles:An Examination of Investments and Returns[J].Journal of Management Studies,2004,41(02):335-361.
[13]张洪石,付玉秀.影响突破性创新的结构因素分析和实证研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2006,(01)：43-48.
[14]王双龙.浅析组织资本对企业绩效的影响[J].财会月刊,2006,(32)：53-54.
[15]邸强,唐元虎.组织资本与企业绩效关系的实证研究[J].哈尔滨商业大学学报(自然科学版),2005,21(03)：374-386.
[16]林祥,李垣.基于隐性知识的核心能力的维度分析[J].经济社会体制比较,2003,(05)：105-108.
[17]Koberg C S, Detienne D R, Heppard K A. An Empirical Test of Environmental, Organizational, and Process Factors Affecting Incremental and Radical Innovation [J] Journal of High Technology Management Research,2003,14(01):21-45.
[18]Acs Z J, Audretsch D B. Innovation in Large and Small Firms:An Empirical Analysis[J].American Economic Review,1988,78(04):678-690.
[19]Solo C S. Innovation in the Capitalist Process:A Critique of the Schumpeterian Theory[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics,1951,65(03):417-428.
[20]Freeman C. The Economic of Industrial Innovation[C]. The MIT Press.1982.
[21]董景荣.技术创新过程管理——理论、方法及实践[M].重庆：重庆出版社,2000.
[22]罗志如.当代西方经济学说[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1989.
[23]Mueser R. Identifying Technical Innovations[J].IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,1985, EM32(04):158-176.
[24]傅家骥.技术创新学[M].北京：清华大学出版社,1998.
[25]汪应洛.基于知识的管理创新体系研究[J].中外管理导报,2002,(06)：46-48.
[26]贾蔚文.关于国家创新系统的几个问题[J].中国软科学,1999,(02)：50-65.
[27]董景荣,周洪力.技术创新内涵的理论思考[J].科技管理研究,2007,(07)：27-29.
[28]柳卸林,马驰,汤世国.什么是国家创新体系[J].数量经济技术经济研究,1999,(05)：20-22.
[29]人民日报.关于加强技术创新发展高科技实现产业化的决定[N].1999-08-25.
[30]李垣,范诵,赵永彬.不同企业文化模式对技术创新的影响分析[J].预测,2005,24(04)：26-30.
[31]Dewar R D, Dutton J E. The Adoption of Radical and Incremental Innovations:An Empirical Analysis[J].Management Science,1986,32(11):1422-1433.
[32]杨文瀚,刘思峰.供应链企业间互动与技术创新的关系研究[J].科学学研究,2006,24(05)：798-803.
[33]周玉泉,李垣.合作学习、组织柔性与创新方式选择的关系研究[J].科研管理,2006,27(02)：9-14.
[34]Brodeeck M. Personal Knowledge:Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy[J].American Sociological Review,1960,25(04):582-583.
[35]Smith E A. The Role of Tacit and Explicit Knowledge in the Workplace[J]Journal of Knowledge Management,2001,05(04):311-321.
[36]Szulanski G. Exploring Internal Stickiness:Impediments to the Transfer of Best Practice within the Firm[J].Strategic Management Journal,1996,17:27-43.
[37]Hansen M T. The Search-Transfer Problem:The Role of Weak Ties in Sharing Knowledge Across Organization Subunits[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1999,44(01):82-111.
[38]Darr E D, Argote L. The Acquisition, Transfer, and Depreciation of Knowledge in Service Organizations: Productivity in Franchises[J].Management Science,1995,41(11):1750-1763.
[39]Baum J A C, Ingram P. Survival-Enhancing Learning in the Manhattan Hotel Industry[J].Management Science,1998,44(07):996-1016.
[40]Egbu C O. Managing Knowledge and Intellectual Capital for Improved Organizational Innovations in the Construction Industry:An Examination of Critical Success Factors[J].Engineering Construction& Architectural Management,2004,11(05):301-315.
[41]Hall R, Andriani P. Managing Knowledge for Innovation[J].Long Range Planning,2002,35(01):29-48.
[42]常荔,邹珊刚,李顺才.基于知识链的知识扩散的影响因素研究[J].科研管理,2001,22(05)：122-127.
[43]陈菲琼.我国企业与跨国公司知识联盟的知识转移层次研究[J].科研管理,2001,22(02)：66-73.
[44]Yeung A K, Ulrich D O, Nason S W, et al. Organizational Learning Copability[M]. NewYork:Oxford University Press,1999.
[45]Szulanski G. The Process of Knowledge Transfer:A Diachronic Analysis of Stickiness[J].Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,2000,82(01):9-27.
[46]Knight F H. Risk,Uncertainty and Profit[M]. Boston,Mass:Houghton Mifflin,1921.
[47]Knight F H. The Economic Organization[M]. New York:1967.
[48]Rosen S. Learning by Experience as Joint Production[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,1972,86(03): 366-382.
[49]Prescott E C, Visscher M. Organizational Capital[J].Journal of Political Economy,1980,88(03): 446-461.
[50]Tomer J F. Organizational Capital:The Path to Higher Productivity and Well-being[M]. New York: Praeger Publishers,1987.
[51]Coleman J S. Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital [J].The American Journal of Sociology, 1988,94:S95-S120.
[52]Barney J. Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage[J].Journal of Management,1991, 17(01):99-120.
[53]Evenson R E, Westphal L E. In Handbook of Development Economic[J].Technological Change and Technological Strategy,1995:34-38.
[54]Lev B, Radhakrishnan S. The Measurement of Firm-Specific Organization Capital[N].NBER Working Paper Series,2003.
[55]Atkeson A, Kehoe P J. Modeling and Measuring Organization Capital [J] Journal of Political Economy, 2005,113(05):1026-1053.
[56]Stewart T A. Intellectual Capital:The New Wealth of Organization[M]. New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group. Inc,1997.
[57]Edvinsson L, Sullivan P. Developing a Model for Management Intellectual Capital [J].European Management Journal,1996,14(04):187-199.
[58]Edvinsson L, Malone. Intellectual Capital:Realizing Your Company's True Value by Finding Its Hidden Brain Power[M]. New York:Harper Collins,1996.
[59]张钢.人力资本、组织资本与组织创新[J].科学学研究,2000,18(01)：68-112.
[60]储小平,李怀祖.信任与家族企业的成长[J].管理世界,2003,(06)：98-104.
[61]赵顺龙,陈传明.论企业组织资本形成的驱动因素[J].江海学刊,2004,(03)：65-70.
[62]冯邦彦,方红.关于企业“组织资本”的理论分析[J].经济学动态,2005,(10)：10-11.
[63]Kogut B. Joint Ventures:Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives[J].Strategic Management Journal,1988, 09(04):319-332.
[64]李怀祖.管理研究方法论(第二版)[M].西安：西安交通大学出版社,2004.
[65]Sekaran U.企业研究方法(第4版)[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2005.
[66]Katila R. New Product Search Over Time:Past Ideas in their Prime?[J].Academy of Management Journal,2002,45(05):995-1010.
[67]Lyles M A, Mitroff I I. Organization Problem Formulation:An Empirical Study[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1980,25:102-119.
[68]Martin X, Mitchell W. The Influence of Local Search and Performance Heuristics on New Design Introduction in a New Product Market[J].Research Policy,1998,26(07-08):753-771.
[69]Hansen M T, Nohria N, Tierney T. What's Your Strategy for Managing Knowledge?[J].Harvard Business Review,1999,77(02):106-116.
[70]Katila R, Ahuja G. Something Old, Something New:A Longitudinal Study of Search Behavior and New Product Introduction[J].Academy of Management Journal,2002,45(06):1183-1194.
[71]Snell S A, Dean Jr J W. Integrated Manufacturing and Human Resource Management: A Human Capital Perspective[J].Academy of Management Journal,1992,35(03):467-504.
[72]March J G. Exploration and Exploitation in Organizational Learning[J].Organization Science,1991, 02(01):71-87.
[73]van de Ven A H. Central Problems in the Management of Innovation[J].Management Science,1986, 32(05):590-607.
[74]Garud R, Nayyar P R. Transformative Capacity:Continual Structuring by Intertemporal Technology Transfer[J].Strategic Management Journal,1994,15(05):365-385.
[75]赵顺龙.企业组织资本形成研究[M].黑龙江人民出版社,2004.
[76]朱晓燕,金乾生.网络经济下的组织内部知识转移定价研究[J].情报杂志,2007,(11)：87-91.
[77]张志勇,刘益.基于网络视角的企业间知识转移研究[J].情报杂志,2007,(11)：70-72.
[78]Jang S, Hong K, Bock G W, et al. Knowledge Management and Process Innovation: The Knowledge Transformation Path in Samsung SDI[J].Journal of Knowledge Management,2002,06:479-485.
[79]Gopalakrishnan S, Bierly P. Organizational Innovation and Strategic Choices:A Knowledge-Based View[J]. Academy of Management Proceedings,1997,08(05):422-426.
[80]Leonard D, Sensiper S. The Role of Tacit Knowledge in Group Innovation[J].California Management Review,1998,40(03):112-132.
[81]Madhavan R, Grover R. From Embedded Knowledge to Embodied Knowledge:New Product Development as Knowledge Management[J]. Journal of Marketing,1998,62(04):1-12.
[82]李纲,田鑫.企业文化与企业内部隐性知识转移的关系研究[J].情报杂志,2007,(02)：4-6.
[83]von Krogh G, Nonaka I, Aben M. Making the Most of Your Company's Knowledge:A Strategic Framework[J].Long Range Planning,2001,34(04):421-439.
[84]Kahn K B, McDonough E F. An Empirical Study of the Relationships among Co-location, Integration, Performance, and Satisfaction[J]. Journal of Product Innovation Management,1997,14(03):161-178.
[85]Grant R M, Baden-Fuller C. A Knowledge-Based Theory of Inter-Firm Collaboration[J].Academy of Management Proceedings,1995,08:17-21.
[86]Cavusgil S T, Calantone R J, Yushan Z. Tacit Knowledge Transfer and Firm Innovation Capability[J].Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing,2003,18(01):6-21.
[87]Ikujiro N, Hirotaka T. The Knowledge-Creating Company:How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics Of Innovation[M]. New York:Oxford University Press,1997.
[88]Appleyard M M. The Influence of Knowledge Accumulation on Buyer-Supplier Codevelopment Projects[J].Journal of Product Innovation Management,2003,20(05):356-373.
[89]Parkhe A. Interfirm Diversity, Organizational Learnings, and Longevity in Global Strategic Alliances[J].Journal of International Business Studies,1991,22(04):579-601.
[90]Hamel G. Competition for Competence and Inter-Partner Learning within International Strategic Alliances[J].Strategic Management Journal,1991,12:83-103.
[91]Mody A. Learning through Alliances[J].Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization,1993,20(02): 151-170.
[92]Cohen W M, Levinthal D A. Absorptive Capacity:A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1990,35(01):128-152.
[93]李健宁.结构方程模型导论[M].合肥：安徽大学出版社,2004.
[94]孙连荣.结构方程模型(SEM)的原理及操作[J].宁波大学学报(教育科学版),2005,27(02)：31-43.
[95]Boomsma A. Nonconvergence, Improper Solutions, and Starting Values in LISREL Maximum Likelihood Estimation[J].Phychometrika,1982,50:229-242.
[96]侯杰泰,温忠麟,成子娟.结构方程模型及其应用[M].北京：教育科学出版社,2005.
[97]吴明隆.SPSS统计应用实务[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2000.
[2]Edvinsson L, Dvir R, Roth N, et al. Innovations:The New Unit of Analysis in the Knowledge Era:The Quest and Context for Innovation Efficiency and Management of IC[J].Journal of Intellectual Capital,2004, 05(01):40-58.
[3]程源,高建.企业外部技术获取：机理与案例分析[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2005,(01)：43-47.
[4]Jasimuddin S M, Klein J H, Connell C. The Paradox of Using Tacit and Explicit Knowledge:Strategies to Face Dilemmas[J].Management Decision,2005,43(01):102-112.
[5]何晓红.论企业隐性知识的产生途径及转移[J].现代情报,2005,(11)：183-187.
[6]李余廷.从隐性知识到显性知识的转化——外化模式在企业中的实现[J].西南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2003,01(02)：89-93.
[7]Subramaniam M, Youndt M A. The Influence of Intellectual Capital on the Types of Innovative Capabilities[J].Academy of Management Journal,2005,48(03):450-463.
[8]Mouritsen J, Bukh P N, Larsen H T, et al. Developing and Managing Knowledge through Intellectual Capital Statements[J].Journal of Intellectual Capital,2002,03(01):10-29.
[9]Serenko A, Bontis N. Meta-Review of Knowledge Management and Intellectual Capital Literature: Citation Impact and Research Productivity Rankings[J].Knowledge and Process Management,2004,11(03): 185-198.
[10]Bontis N. Assessing Knowledge Assets:A Review of the Models used to Measure Intellectual Capital [J].International Journal of Management Reviews,2001,03(01):41-60.
[11]李冬琴,黄晓春.智力资本：概念、结构和计量述评[J].科学学研究,2003,21(S1)：210-214.
[12]Youndt M A, Subramaniam M, Snell S A. Intellectual Capital Profiles:An Examination of Investments and Returns[J].Journal of Management Studies,2004,41(02):335-361.
[13]张洪石,付玉秀.影响突破性创新的结构因素分析和实证研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2006,(01)：43-48.
[14]王双龙.浅析组织资本对企业绩效的影响[J].财会月刊,2006,(32)：53-54.
[15]邸强,唐元虎.组织资本与企业绩效关系的实证研究[J].哈尔滨商业大学学报(自然科学版),2005,21(03)：374-386.
[16]林祥,李垣.基于隐性知识的核心能力的维度分析[J].经济社会体制比较,2003,(05)：105-108.
[17]Koberg C S, Detienne D R, Heppard K A. An Empirical Test of Environmental, Organizational, and Process Factors Affecting Incremental and Radical Innovation [J] Journal of High Technology Management Research,2003,14(01):21-45.
[18]Acs Z J, Audretsch D B. Innovation in Large and Small Firms:An Empirical Analysis[J].American Economic Review,1988,78(04):678-690.
[19]Solo C S. Innovation in the Capitalist Process:A Critique of the Schumpeterian Theory[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics,1951,65(03):417-428.
[20]Freeman C. The Economic of Industrial Innovation[C]. The MIT Press.1982.
[21]董景荣.技术创新过程管理——理论、方法及实践[M].重庆：重庆出版社,2000.
[22]罗志如.当代西方经济学说[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1989.
[23]Mueser R. Identifying Technical Innovations[J].IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,1985, EM32(04):158-176.
[24]傅家骥.技术创新学[M].北京：清华大学出版社,1998.
[25]汪应洛.基于知识的管理创新体系研究[J].中外管理导报,2002,(06)：46-48.
[26]贾蔚文.关于国家创新系统的几个问题[J].中国软科学,1999,(02)：50-65.
[27]董景荣,周洪力.技术创新内涵的理论思考[J].科技管理研究,2007,(07)：27-29.
[28]柳卸林,马驰,汤世国.什么是国家创新体系[J].数量经济技术经济研究,1999,(05)：20-22.
[29]人民日报.关于加强技术创新发展高科技实现产业化的决定[N].1999-08-25.
[30]李垣,范诵,赵永彬.不同企业文化模式对技术创新的影响分析[J].预测,2005,24(04)：26-30.
[31]Dewar R D, Dutton J E. The Adoption of Radical and Incremental Innovations:An Empirical Analysis[J].Management Science,1986,32(11):1422-1433.
[32]杨文瀚,刘思峰.供应链企业间互动与技术创新的关系研究[J].科学学研究,2006,24(05)：798-803.
[33]周玉泉,李垣.合作学习、组织柔性与创新方式选择的关系研究[J].科研管理,2006,27(02)：9-14.
[34]Brodeeck M. Personal Knowledge:Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy[J].American Sociological Review,1960,25(04):582-583.
[35]Smith E A. The Role of Tacit and Explicit Knowledge in the Workplace[J]Journal of Knowledge Management,2001,05(04):311-321.
[36]Szulanski G. Exploring Internal Stickiness:Impediments to the Transfer of Best Practice within the Firm[J].Strategic Management Journal,1996,17:27-43.
[37]Hansen M T. The Search-Transfer Problem:The Role of Weak Ties in Sharing Knowledge Across Organization Subunits[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1999,44(01):82-111.
[38]Darr E D, Argote L. The Acquisition, Transfer, and Depreciation of Knowledge in Service Organizations: Productivity in Franchises[J].Management Science,1995,41(11):1750-1763.
[39]Baum J A C, Ingram P. Survival-Enhancing Learning in the Manhattan Hotel Industry[J].Management Science,1998,44(07):996-1016.
[40]Egbu C O. Managing Knowledge and Intellectual Capital for Improved Organizational Innovations in the Construction Industry:An Examination of Critical Success Factors[J].Engineering Construction& Architectural Management,2004,11(05):301-315.
[41]Hall R, Andriani P. Managing Knowledge for Innovation[J].Long Range Planning,2002,35(01):29-48.
[42]常荔,邹珊刚,李顺才.基于知识链的知识扩散的影响因素研究[J].科研管理,2001,22(05)：122-127.
[43]陈菲琼.我国企业与跨国公司知识联盟的知识转移层次研究[J].科研管理,2001,22(02)：66-73.
[44]Yeung A K, Ulrich D O, Nason S W, et al. Organizational Learning Copability[M]. NewYork:Oxford University Press,1999.
[45]Szulanski G. The Process of Knowledge Transfer:A Diachronic Analysis of Stickiness[J].Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,2000,82(01):9-27.
[46]Knight F H. Risk,Uncertainty and Profit[M]. Boston,Mass:Houghton Mifflin,1921.
[47]Knight F H. The Economic Organization[M]. New York:1967.
[48]Rosen S. Learning by Experience as Joint Production[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,1972,86(03): 366-382.
[49]Prescott E C, Visscher M. Organizational Capital[J].Journal of Political Economy,1980,88(03): 446-461.
[50]Tomer J F. Organizational Capital:The Path to Higher Productivity and Well-being[M]. New York: Praeger Publishers,1987.
[51]Coleman J S. Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital [J].The American Journal of Sociology, 1988,94:S95-S120.
[52]Barney J. Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage[J].Journal of Management,1991, 17(01):99-120.
[53]Evenson R E, Westphal L E. In Handbook of Development Economic[J].Technological Change and Technological Strategy,1995:34-38.
[54]Lev B, Radhakrishnan S. The Measurement of Firm-Specific Organization Capital[N].NBER Working Paper Series,2003.
[55]Atkeson A, Kehoe P J. Modeling and Measuring Organization Capital [J] Journal of Political Economy, 2005,113(05):1026-1053.
[56]Stewart T A. Intellectual Capital:The New Wealth of Organization[M]. New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group. Inc,1997.
[57]Edvinsson L, Sullivan P. Developing a Model for Management Intellectual Capital [J].European Management Journal,1996,14(04):187-199.
[58]Edvinsson L, Malone. Intellectual Capital:Realizing Your Company's True Value by Finding Its Hidden Brain Power[M]. New York:Harper Collins,1996.
[59]张钢.人力资本、组织资本与组织创新[J].科学学研究,2000,18(01)：68-112.
[60]储小平,李怀祖.信任与家族企业的成长[J].管理世界,2003,(06)：98-104.
[61]赵顺龙,陈传明.论企业组织资本形成的驱动因素[J].江海学刊,2004,(03)：65-70.
[62]冯邦彦,方红.关于企业“组织资本”的理论分析[J].经济学动态,2005,(10)：10-11.
[63]Kogut B. Joint Ventures:Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives[J].Strategic Management Journal,1988, 09(04):319-332.
[64]李怀祖.管理研究方法论(第二版)[M].西安：西安交通大学出版社,2004.
[65]Sekaran U.企业研究方法(第4版)[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2005.
[66]Katila R. New Product Search Over Time:Past Ideas in their Prime?[J].Academy of Management Journal,2002,45(05):995-1010.
[67]Lyles M A, Mitroff I I. Organization Problem Formulation:An Empirical Study[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1980,25:102-119.
[68]Martin X, Mitchell W. The Influence of Local Search and Performance Heuristics on New Design Introduction in a New Product Market[J].Research Policy,1998,26(07-08):753-771.
[69]Hansen M T, Nohria N, Tierney T. What's Your Strategy for Managing Knowledge?[J].Harvard Business Review,1999,77(02):106-116.
[70]Katila R, Ahuja G. Something Old, Something New:A Longitudinal Study of Search Behavior and New Product Introduction[J].Academy of Management Journal,2002,45(06):1183-1194.
[71]Snell S A, Dean Jr J W. Integrated Manufacturing and Human Resource Management: A Human Capital Perspective[J].Academy of Management Journal,1992,35(03):467-504.
[72]March J G. Exploration and Exploitation in Organizational Learning[J].Organization Science,1991, 02(01):71-87.
[73]van de Ven A H. Central Problems in the Management of Innovation[J].Management Science,1986, 32(05):590-607.
[74]Garud R, Nayyar P R. Transformative Capacity:Continual Structuring by Intertemporal Technology Transfer[J].Strategic Management Journal,1994,15(05):365-385.
[75]赵顺龙.企业组织资本形成研究[M].黑龙江人民出版社,2004.
[76]朱晓燕,金乾生.网络经济下的组织内部知识转移定价研究[J].情报杂志,2007,(11)：87-91.
[77]张志勇,刘益.基于网络视角的企业间知识转移研究[J].情报杂志,2007,(11)：70-72.
[78]Jang S, Hong K, Bock G W, et al. Knowledge Management and Process Innovation: The Knowledge Transformation Path in Samsung SDI[J].Journal of Knowledge Management,2002,06:479-485.
[79]Gopalakrishnan S, Bierly P. Organizational Innovation and Strategic Choices:A Knowledge-Based View[J]. Academy of Management Proceedings,1997,08(05):422-426.
[80]Leonard D, Sensiper S. The Role of Tacit Knowledge in Group Innovation[J].California Management Review,1998,40(03):112-132.
[81]Madhavan R, Grover R. From Embedded Knowledge to Embodied Knowledge:New Product Development as Knowledge Management[J]. Journal of Marketing,1998,62(04):1-12.
[82]李纲,田鑫.企业文化与企业内部隐性知识转移的关系研究[J].情报杂志,2007,(02)：4-6.
[83]von Krogh G, Nonaka I, Aben M. Making the Most of Your Company's Knowledge:A Strategic Framework[J].Long Range Planning,2001,34(04):421-439.
[84]Kahn K B, McDonough E F. An Empirical Study of the Relationships among Co-location, Integration, Performance, and Satisfaction[J]. Journal of Product Innovation Management,1997,14(03):161-178.
[85]Grant R M, Baden-Fuller C. A Knowledge-Based Theory of Inter-Firm Collaboration[J].Academy of Management Proceedings,1995,08:17-21.
[86]Cavusgil S T, Calantone R J, Yushan Z. Tacit Knowledge Transfer and Firm Innovation Capability[J].Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing,2003,18(01):6-21.
[87]Ikujiro N, Hirotaka T. The Knowledge-Creating Company:How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics Of Innovation[M]. New York:Oxford University Press,1997.
[88]Appleyard M M. The Influence of Knowledge Accumulation on Buyer-Supplier Codevelopment Projects[J].Journal of Product Innovation Management,2003,20(05):356-373.
[89]Parkhe A. Interfirm Diversity, Organizational Learnings, and Longevity in Global Strategic Alliances[J].Journal of International Business Studies,1991,22(04):579-601.
[90]Hamel G. Competition for Competence and Inter-Partner Learning within International Strategic Alliances[J].Strategic Management Journal,1991,12:83-103.
[91]Mody A. Learning through Alliances[J].Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization,1993,20(02): 151-170.
[92]Cohen W M, Levinthal D A. Absorptive Capacity:A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1990,35(01):128-152.
[93]李健宁.结构方程模型导论[M].合肥：安徽大学出版社,2004.
[94]孙连荣.结构方程模型(SEM)的原理及操作[J].宁波大学学报(教育科学版),2005,27(02)：31-43.
[95]Boomsma A. Nonconvergence, Improper Solutions, and Starting Values in LISREL Maximum Likelihood Estimation[J].Phychometrika,1982,50:229-242.
[96]侯杰泰,温忠麟,成子娟.结构方程模型及其应用[M].北京：教育科学出版社,2005.
[97]吴明隆.SPSS统计应用实务[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2000.