高含硫气田集输系统泄漏控制与应急方法研究
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摘要
本文结合“大型油气田及煤层气开发”国家科技重大专项“高含硫气藏安全高效开发技术”及中国石油化工集团2005年度“十条龙”科技攻关项目“普光气田产能建设关键技术研究”外协课题“普光气田集输系统应急体系建设研究”和“普光气田集输站场安全控制技术研究”,系统开展高含硫气田集输系统设备泄漏事故控制措施和应急方法体系的研究,在集输系统设备天然气泄漏机理认识、复杂地形含硫天然气扩散模拟、降雨对含硫天然气扩散硫化氢毒害的影响作用、含硫天然气点火放空二氧化硫危害评价及事故控制有效性分析、复杂地形集输系统设备应急计划区域划分、高含硫气田集输系统泄漏事故应急救援体系框架建设等方面取得了较大的研究成果。研究进展归纳如下:
1高含硫气田集输系统设备泄漏机理分析
分析集输系统工艺流程,将导致含硫天然气大量释放和硫化氢广泛扩散的高含硫气田集输系统设备归类为生产井、集气管道和压力容器。针对各类设备泄漏具有的不同机理,分别建立考虑控制系统影响作用的含硫天然气动态泄漏计算模型,并确定控制系统在响应设备泄漏、抑制天然气泄漏量中的作用。通过简化模型分析泄漏口近场气体射流效应,确定含硫天然气在大空间范围扩散的初始条件。
2复杂地形高含硫天然气扩散研究
针对国内高含硫气田集输系统多位于川东北山区的环境特点,研究复杂地形条件下气体扩散建模方法。通过反演复杂地形、分析大气扩散条件和确定数值计算方案,建立集输系统设备泄漏,含硫天然气在复杂地形空间内扩散的数值模型。结合生产井、集气管道和压力容器的动态泄漏计算,预测扩散硫化氢危害区域,分析不同设备泄漏导致的硫化氢扩散事故特点。对影响气体扩散过程的大气扩散和地形条件进行分析,获得复杂地形条件下扩散硫化氢运动和分布规律。以此为基础,分析复杂地形条件下,集输系统设备泄漏含硫天然气扩散对事故控制工作造成的不利影响。
3降雨条件下高含硫天然气扩散分析
依据国内高含硫气田集输系统所在地区多降水的环境特点,模拟复杂地形条件下大空间范围内的降雨过程,耦合单个雨滴和扩散含硫天然气间的质量传递和化学平衡计算,在气体扩散模型的基础上,建立降雨条件下高含硫天然气扩散数值模型。分析降雨过程中的硫化氢动态清除速率和累积清除质量,并确定降雨强度、风速和地形的影响作用。将无雨和降雨条件下硫化氢危害区域进行对比,确定降雨在控制扩散硫化氢危害上的作用。根据分析结果,综合降雨清除硫化氢的有利因素和可导致的事故救援不利因素,确定降雨对集输系统设备泄漏含硫天然气扩散事故控制工作造成的影响。
4高含硫天然气泄漏点火放空控制措施评价
开展高含硫气田集输系统设备泄漏事故主要控制措施——点火放空的二氧化硫危害分析和抑制人员死亡后果效果评价。针对点火放空过程,分析含硫天然气燃烧热化学反应过程,耦合可燃物和助燃物的气体扩散计算,建立点火放空数值模型。确定点火放空动态过程中,硫化氢燃烧转化为二氧化硫的效率。基于急性中毒剂量-反应关系,明确二氧化硫动态扩散对集输系统设备周边公众产生的累积毒害作用,详细分析二氧化硫毒害区域的面积、影响距离和主要分布方向,获得在复杂地形条件下的分布规律。在理论上验证点火放空在抑制集输系统设备泄漏硫化氢扩散致人员死亡上的有效性,为事故控制和决策提供支持。
5高含硫气田集输系统设备应急计划区域划分研究
针对我国高含硫气田集输系统设备在应急计划区域划分上存在的不足,提出涵盖事故可造成的严重危害区域,全面保护事故条件下公众生命安全的应急计划区域划分原则,并以集输系统设备泄漏硫化氢扩散致人员死亡事故作为应急计划区域的建立基础。从集输系统设备泄漏条件、大气扩散条件、控制系统作用和复杂地形影响确定生产井、集气管道和压力容器可导致的严重事故后果,针对不同设备建立应急计划区域计算所需的参数和流程,并在综合考虑事故救援影响因素的基础上,形成一套复杂地形高含硫气田集输系统设备应急计划区域划分方案。
6高含硫气田集输系统设备泄漏事故应急救援体系框架构建
从功能上将高含硫气田集输系统设备泄漏事故应急救援体系分为7大模块:人员组织体系、预警和预防机制、应急预案体系、支持保障系统、培训演习、公众参与和文件管理系统。建立基于事故指令系统的人员组织体系,实现动态事故条件下应急救援人员的有效组织。将事故应急预案分为总体预案、专项预案和现场处置方案3级进行管理,制定基于风险的4级事故分级方案和相应的应急响应行动,在充分调动利用应急资源的基础上实现优化利用。分析事故条件下的公众保护措施,确定就地庇护防护特点,结合安全疏散条件,就不同设备事故特点提出公众保护措施实施决策方案。
This dissertation is based on the project of“Safe and Effective Exploitation of Highly Sour Gas Field”that is part of the National Key Science and Technology Programs for large oil and gas field exploitation, and the“Development of Emergency Response System for Gas Gathering System of Puguang Sour Gas Filed”and“Safety Control Technology for Gas Gathering Station of Puguang Sour Gas Filed”funded by the“Key Technology Projects for Puguang Gas Field Expolitation”that is part of 2005 "Shi Tiao Long" Science and Technology Programs of China Petrochemical Corporation, in which the leakage control measures and emergency response methods are investigated systemically, and the main research achievements include the analysis of dynamic leakage mechanism of gas gathering equipment, simulation of sour gas dispersion in complex terrain, influence on the hydrogen sulfide poisoning by the rain during sour gas dispersion, the sulfide dioxide hazard and control effectiveness assessment on flaring and venting of sour gas, calculation of emergency planning zone in complex terrain, development of emergency response system for leakage accident of gas gathering system in highly sour gas field, and so on. These works are summarized as follows:
1 Analysis of dynamic leakage mechanism for gas gathering equipment
By analyzing gas processing in the gas gathering system of highly sour gas field, the equipment of the gas gathering system that can result in huge amount of sour gas release and large-scale hydrogen sulfide dispersion, are classified into production well, gas gathering pipeline and pressure vessel. For each type of equipment, the calculation model for the dynamic leakage process is built based on the leakage mechanism and involving the effects of the control system equipped. Then the effectiveness of the control system is assessed on the response to the leakage and the reduction of the total leakage. A simple model is proposed to calculate the gas jet near to the orifice and the results are used as the initial condition for the large-scale gas dispersion.
2 Study on highly sour gas dispersion in complex terrain
The model building method of gas dispersion in complex terrain is founded according to the regional characteristics of the gas gathering system in the highly sour gas field, which distributes in the hills of the northeast Sichuan. The numerical model for sour gas dispersion in complex terrain is achieved through terrain retrieval, gas dispersion condition analysis and numerical scheme construction. And in association with the dynamic leakage calculation for the production well, gas gathering pipeline and pressure vessel, the hydrogen sulfide hazard region is predicted and the accident characteristics of the sour gas dispersion is determined for each type of the equipment. The influences on the gas dispersion from the atmospheric conditions and complex terrain are systematically analyzed, and the transportation and distribution of hydrogen sulfide are obtained in complex terrain. Finally, the disadvantages deriving from the dispersed sour gas caused by the leakage of gas gathering system are analyzed in consideration of the complex terrain.
3 Analysis of the highly sour gas dispersion in the rain
There are lots of precipitation days and large amount of precipitation over the year in the region where the sour gas gathering system located in China. According to this environment characteristics, the numerical model used for the highly sour gas dispersion under the condition of rain is achieved, which is based on the gas dispersion model and by coupling the simulation of rainfall in large-scale complex terrain with the calculation of mass transfer and chemical equilibrium between the raindrops and dispersed sour gas. The dynamic scavenging rate and cumulative scavenging mass of hydrogen sulfide during the rain are analyzed, and the influences coming from the rainfall intensity, wind speed and complex terrain are evaluated. By comparing the hydrogen sulfide hazard region in the rain with those without the rain, the effects of rain on the control of hydrogen sulfide hazard are obtained. Based on the results, the rain effects on the accident of the sour gas dispersion caused by leakage of the gas gathering system are assessed in consideration of the advantage of hydrogen sulfide scavenging and disadvantage to the accident rescue.
4 Assessment on the effctiveness of flaring and venting of the releasing sour gas
With the purpose of assessment on the sulfide dioxide poisoning deriving from the combustion of hydrogen sulfide and the effectiveness in controlling the number of deaths, the study on the flaring and venting of the uncontrolled sour gas release is carried out, which is the most effective control measure to the sour gas gathering system leakage. By analyzing the accident process, the numerical model for the flaring and venting is built including the chemistry analysis involved in the combustion and the gas dispersion simulation of fuel and oxidizer. The conversion efficiency of the hydrogen sulfide into sulfide dioxide through combustion is analyzed. Based on the dose-response relationship for the acute poisoning, the cumulative effect of sulfide dioxide poisoning on the public surrounding the equipments of gas gathering system are assessed. And the hazard region with detailed analysis of its areas, maximal influence distances, and main trajectories are obtained and the distrinution trend in complex terrain is predicted. In theory, the effectiveness of controlling the number of deaths by employing flaring and venting of the leakage of gas gathering system is verified, which can be used to support the accident control and decision making.
5 Study on the emergency planning zone for highly sour gas field
According to the absence of determination method of emergency planning zone for gas gathering system in the highly sour gas field in China, the principle of coving the serious hazard zone and providing full protection for the public in case of the accident is proposed to establish the emergency planning zone, and the use of death accident caused by hydrogen sulfide dispersion deriving from the leakage of gas gathering system is suggested to determine the emergency planning zone. The combinations of conditions that result in serious accidents of production well, gas gathering pipeline and pressure vessel are achieved through the analysis of the influence factors of leakage condition, gas dispersion condition, effect of control system and complex terrain. For each type of equipment, the parameters and procedures are proposed to calculate the emergency planning zone. And in combination with the factors influencing the accident rescue, the determination method of emergency planning zone for gas gathering system of the highly sour gas field in complex terrain is provided.
6 Development of emergency response system for leakage accident of gas gathering system in highly sour gas field
The emergency response system for the leakage accident of gas gathering system in the highly sour gas field is divided into 7 functional modules, which includes rescuer organization, prevention and precaution, emergency response plan, support system, training and drilling, public involvement and document management. Based on incident command system, the rescuer organization is constructed to achieve effective allocation of responsibilities during dynamic accident process. The emergency response plans are classified into overall plan, special plan and onsite action plan. The severity of the accident is classified into 4-level and the corresponding actions are provided to fully and optimally use the resource. The public protection measures under accident are analyzed. According to the characteristics of the protection provided by the shelter-in-place and the safe condition of evacuation, the decision making for public protection is provided.
1高含硫气田集输系统设备泄漏机理分析
分析集输系统工艺流程,将导致含硫天然气大量释放和硫化氢广泛扩散的高含硫气田集输系统设备归类为生产井、集气管道和压力容器。针对各类设备泄漏具有的不同机理,分别建立考虑控制系统影响作用的含硫天然气动态泄漏计算模型,并确定控制系统在响应设备泄漏、抑制天然气泄漏量中的作用。通过简化模型分析泄漏口近场气体射流效应,确定含硫天然气在大空间范围扩散的初始条件。
2复杂地形高含硫天然气扩散研究
针对国内高含硫气田集输系统多位于川东北山区的环境特点,研究复杂地形条件下气体扩散建模方法。通过反演复杂地形、分析大气扩散条件和确定数值计算方案,建立集输系统设备泄漏,含硫天然气在复杂地形空间内扩散的数值模型。结合生产井、集气管道和压力容器的动态泄漏计算,预测扩散硫化氢危害区域,分析不同设备泄漏导致的硫化氢扩散事故特点。对影响气体扩散过程的大气扩散和地形条件进行分析,获得复杂地形条件下扩散硫化氢运动和分布规律。以此为基础,分析复杂地形条件下,集输系统设备泄漏含硫天然气扩散对事故控制工作造成的不利影响。
3降雨条件下高含硫天然气扩散分析
依据国内高含硫气田集输系统所在地区多降水的环境特点,模拟复杂地形条件下大空间范围内的降雨过程,耦合单个雨滴和扩散含硫天然气间的质量传递和化学平衡计算,在气体扩散模型的基础上,建立降雨条件下高含硫天然气扩散数值模型。分析降雨过程中的硫化氢动态清除速率和累积清除质量,并确定降雨强度、风速和地形的影响作用。将无雨和降雨条件下硫化氢危害区域进行对比,确定降雨在控制扩散硫化氢危害上的作用。根据分析结果,综合降雨清除硫化氢的有利因素和可导致的事故救援不利因素,确定降雨对集输系统设备泄漏含硫天然气扩散事故控制工作造成的影响。
4高含硫天然气泄漏点火放空控制措施评价
开展高含硫气田集输系统设备泄漏事故主要控制措施——点火放空的二氧化硫危害分析和抑制人员死亡后果效果评价。针对点火放空过程,分析含硫天然气燃烧热化学反应过程,耦合可燃物和助燃物的气体扩散计算,建立点火放空数值模型。确定点火放空动态过程中,硫化氢燃烧转化为二氧化硫的效率。基于急性中毒剂量-反应关系,明确二氧化硫动态扩散对集输系统设备周边公众产生的累积毒害作用,详细分析二氧化硫毒害区域的面积、影响距离和主要分布方向,获得在复杂地形条件下的分布规律。在理论上验证点火放空在抑制集输系统设备泄漏硫化氢扩散致人员死亡上的有效性,为事故控制和决策提供支持。
5高含硫气田集输系统设备应急计划区域划分研究
针对我国高含硫气田集输系统设备在应急计划区域划分上存在的不足,提出涵盖事故可造成的严重危害区域,全面保护事故条件下公众生命安全的应急计划区域划分原则,并以集输系统设备泄漏硫化氢扩散致人员死亡事故作为应急计划区域的建立基础。从集输系统设备泄漏条件、大气扩散条件、控制系统作用和复杂地形影响确定生产井、集气管道和压力容器可导致的严重事故后果,针对不同设备建立应急计划区域计算所需的参数和流程,并在综合考虑事故救援影响因素的基础上,形成一套复杂地形高含硫气田集输系统设备应急计划区域划分方案。
6高含硫气田集输系统设备泄漏事故应急救援体系框架构建
从功能上将高含硫气田集输系统设备泄漏事故应急救援体系分为7大模块:人员组织体系、预警和预防机制、应急预案体系、支持保障系统、培训演习、公众参与和文件管理系统。建立基于事故指令系统的人员组织体系,实现动态事故条件下应急救援人员的有效组织。将事故应急预案分为总体预案、专项预案和现场处置方案3级进行管理,制定基于风险的4级事故分级方案和相应的应急响应行动,在充分调动利用应急资源的基础上实现优化利用。分析事故条件下的公众保护措施,确定就地庇护防护特点,结合安全疏散条件,就不同设备事故特点提出公众保护措施实施决策方案。
This dissertation is based on the project of“Safe and Effective Exploitation of Highly Sour Gas Field”that is part of the National Key Science and Technology Programs for large oil and gas field exploitation, and the“Development of Emergency Response System for Gas Gathering System of Puguang Sour Gas Filed”and“Safety Control Technology for Gas Gathering Station of Puguang Sour Gas Filed”funded by the“Key Technology Projects for Puguang Gas Field Expolitation”that is part of 2005 "Shi Tiao Long" Science and Technology Programs of China Petrochemical Corporation, in which the leakage control measures and emergency response methods are investigated systemically, and the main research achievements include the analysis of dynamic leakage mechanism of gas gathering equipment, simulation of sour gas dispersion in complex terrain, influence on the hydrogen sulfide poisoning by the rain during sour gas dispersion, the sulfide dioxide hazard and control effectiveness assessment on flaring and venting of sour gas, calculation of emergency planning zone in complex terrain, development of emergency response system for leakage accident of gas gathering system in highly sour gas field, and so on. These works are summarized as follows:
1 Analysis of dynamic leakage mechanism for gas gathering equipment
By analyzing gas processing in the gas gathering system of highly sour gas field, the equipment of the gas gathering system that can result in huge amount of sour gas release and large-scale hydrogen sulfide dispersion, are classified into production well, gas gathering pipeline and pressure vessel. For each type of equipment, the calculation model for the dynamic leakage process is built based on the leakage mechanism and involving the effects of the control system equipped. Then the effectiveness of the control system is assessed on the response to the leakage and the reduction of the total leakage. A simple model is proposed to calculate the gas jet near to the orifice and the results are used as the initial condition for the large-scale gas dispersion.
2 Study on highly sour gas dispersion in complex terrain
The model building method of gas dispersion in complex terrain is founded according to the regional characteristics of the gas gathering system in the highly sour gas field, which distributes in the hills of the northeast Sichuan. The numerical model for sour gas dispersion in complex terrain is achieved through terrain retrieval, gas dispersion condition analysis and numerical scheme construction. And in association with the dynamic leakage calculation for the production well, gas gathering pipeline and pressure vessel, the hydrogen sulfide hazard region is predicted and the accident characteristics of the sour gas dispersion is determined for each type of the equipment. The influences on the gas dispersion from the atmospheric conditions and complex terrain are systematically analyzed, and the transportation and distribution of hydrogen sulfide are obtained in complex terrain. Finally, the disadvantages deriving from the dispersed sour gas caused by the leakage of gas gathering system are analyzed in consideration of the complex terrain.
3 Analysis of the highly sour gas dispersion in the rain
There are lots of precipitation days and large amount of precipitation over the year in the region where the sour gas gathering system located in China. According to this environment characteristics, the numerical model used for the highly sour gas dispersion under the condition of rain is achieved, which is based on the gas dispersion model and by coupling the simulation of rainfall in large-scale complex terrain with the calculation of mass transfer and chemical equilibrium between the raindrops and dispersed sour gas. The dynamic scavenging rate and cumulative scavenging mass of hydrogen sulfide during the rain are analyzed, and the influences coming from the rainfall intensity, wind speed and complex terrain are evaluated. By comparing the hydrogen sulfide hazard region in the rain with those without the rain, the effects of rain on the control of hydrogen sulfide hazard are obtained. Based on the results, the rain effects on the accident of the sour gas dispersion caused by leakage of the gas gathering system are assessed in consideration of the advantage of hydrogen sulfide scavenging and disadvantage to the accident rescue.
4 Assessment on the effctiveness of flaring and venting of the releasing sour gas
With the purpose of assessment on the sulfide dioxide poisoning deriving from the combustion of hydrogen sulfide and the effectiveness in controlling the number of deaths, the study on the flaring and venting of the uncontrolled sour gas release is carried out, which is the most effective control measure to the sour gas gathering system leakage. By analyzing the accident process, the numerical model for the flaring and venting is built including the chemistry analysis involved in the combustion and the gas dispersion simulation of fuel and oxidizer. The conversion efficiency of the hydrogen sulfide into sulfide dioxide through combustion is analyzed. Based on the dose-response relationship for the acute poisoning, the cumulative effect of sulfide dioxide poisoning on the public surrounding the equipments of gas gathering system are assessed. And the hazard region with detailed analysis of its areas, maximal influence distances, and main trajectories are obtained and the distrinution trend in complex terrain is predicted. In theory, the effectiveness of controlling the number of deaths by employing flaring and venting of the leakage of gas gathering system is verified, which can be used to support the accident control and decision making.
5 Study on the emergency planning zone for highly sour gas field
According to the absence of determination method of emergency planning zone for gas gathering system in the highly sour gas field in China, the principle of coving the serious hazard zone and providing full protection for the public in case of the accident is proposed to establish the emergency planning zone, and the use of death accident caused by hydrogen sulfide dispersion deriving from the leakage of gas gathering system is suggested to determine the emergency planning zone. The combinations of conditions that result in serious accidents of production well, gas gathering pipeline and pressure vessel are achieved through the analysis of the influence factors of leakage condition, gas dispersion condition, effect of control system and complex terrain. For each type of equipment, the parameters and procedures are proposed to calculate the emergency planning zone. And in combination with the factors influencing the accident rescue, the determination method of emergency planning zone for gas gathering system of the highly sour gas field in complex terrain is provided.
6 Development of emergency response system for leakage accident of gas gathering system in highly sour gas field
The emergency response system for the leakage accident of gas gathering system in the highly sour gas field is divided into 7 functional modules, which includes rescuer organization, prevention and precaution, emergency response plan, support system, training and drilling, public involvement and document management. Based on incident command system, the rescuer organization is constructed to achieve effective allocation of responsibilities during dynamic accident process. The emergency response plans are classified into overall plan, special plan and onsite action plan. The severity of the accident is classified into 4-level and the corresponding actions are provided to fully and optimally use the resource. The public protection measures under accident are analyzed. According to the characteristics of the protection provided by the shelter-in-place and the safe condition of evacuation, the decision making for public protection is provided.
引文
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