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从本地市场到新国际劳动分工
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摘要
城市化的本质是人类生产空间组织形态的变化。自18世纪工业革命以来城市化进程就像一股潮流一样席卷了整个世界,不同国家和地区演化出不同的城市化动力机制。在经济全球化日益深化的今天,全球及国家层面城市化动力机制更趋复杂,对中国这样快速融入新国际劳动分工的国家,其城市化及动力研究不得不从区域层面来考虑。此外,国家“十二五规划”也明确指出中国扩大内需的长效机制是积极稳妥地推进城镇化,研究与总结国内经济发达且有特色的区域城市化动力机制对中国实现内需扩大和社会稳定具有极大的战略意义和价值。浙江省是典型的专业市场推动型经济大省,商品生产、专业市场和贸易三者紧密结合,促使了一大批专业城镇的兴起。这种自下而上、由内到外城市化动力推动了许多城镇发展成中等城市、甚至是大城市或区域中心城市。然而,当前中国及浙江省城市化动力研究仍相对破碎,更缺少以某种理论为依据进行综合性、独特性视角的研究。所以,从动态的、多元的和社会空间作用的视角来研究浙江省城市化动力机制不但具有典型性,还可为中国及区域城市化研究提供借鉴和思考。为此,本文以新经济地理的核心思想—本地市场效应(Home Market Effect)为主线,借鉴迈克尔·波特的钻石模型,论述并构建浙江省专业市场从本地市场效应实现到新国际劳动分工的城市化动力机制。
     新国际贸易理论或新经济地理理论将制造业及出口贸易与新国际劳动分工等作为不同的研究主题,较少考虑两者之间的关系及其对城市化的影响和作用;城市地理学的研究也通常从城市或区域的不同空间形态入手,如全球城市、城市圈/城市群等。而将新国际贸易理论或新经济地理与城市地理学相结合研究的成果少见,从专业市场的视角将两者贯穿起来的研究成果未见。本文的研究可将两个日愈分离不同学科贯穿起来,建立了不同学科的联系,进行了一次较为新鲜而又有意义的探索,为学科融合提供了一个新颖的分析视角。
     研究以新国际贸易理论或新经济地理学的核心精髓—本地市场效应理论为依据贯穿全文,理论推理演绎和实证研究紧密结合。基于前期假设及逻辑严密的理论论证,通过建立行业面板数据和空间面板数据等数据库再赋以模型计量分析,从制造业整体、大类、单体及相应的出口贸易等不同层次的行业领域和国家、区域、市域等不同的空间尺度,以及从本地市场到新国际劳动分工的城市化动态叠加,通过大量的计量分析来验证理论与假设,深入探究从本地市场到新国际劳动分工的浙江省城市化的动力机制。本文的核心议题有四个:一是验证中国制造业及出口贸易和省际空间的本地市场效应的存在性;二是探索本地市场效应对城市化的推动作用;三是探索新国际劳动分工对城市区域生产的空间组织作用;四是以专业市场为载体揭示从本地市场效应实现再到新国际劳动分工的浙江省城市化动力机制。
     本地市场效应是新经济地理学的重要基石,其假说本身是对现实世界的抽象概括,但针对各国不同情况仍需要进行不断的检验。在梳理和评价国内外有关制造业本地市场效应检验研究的基础上,借鉴国外经典的本地市场效应计量模型和国内最新的统计数据,系统分析中国制造业产业及出口贸易和省域空间的本地市场效应的存在性。此部分研究是全文研究的基本依据,也是全文以本地市场效应推动城市化假设能否成立的关键环节。通过计量分析发现:(1)在考虑到劳动和资本这两个资源禀赋的情况下,中国制造业整体已经显现出本地市场效应;(2)就三个大类部门而言,非耐用品和材料相关产品部门存在本地市场效应,耐用品部门不显著;(3)就所研究的15个制造业行业而言,其中的纺织业、服装皮革羽绒及其制品业、木材加工及家具制造业、造纸印刷及文教用品制造业、化学工业、金属冶炼及压延加工业、通用专用设备制造业、交通运输设备制造业、通信设备计算机及其它电子设备制造业、仪器仪表及文化办公用机械制造业等10个产业部门具有本地市场效应;(4)对1997-2007年的中国制造业出口贸易检验中,不仅发现其出口贸易存在本地市场效应,而且还发现中国制造业出口中的要素禀赋比较优势正逐渐衰退,制造业出口贸易的本地市场效应却日渐强大;(5)在省域尺度上,河北、江苏、浙江、广东、上海、天津、山东、湖南、新疆、辽宁和河南等11个省(市)制造业产业显现出本地市场效应。可以得出:在具有本地市场效应的制造业产业或省域上,其生产除了能满足本地或本国的需求之外还能具有出口的规模优势,成为净出口产业或净出口地。
     既然中国制造业及出口贸易和部分省(市)存在本地市场效应,那么从理论上来看其对城市化的推动机理就需深入的分析。截至目前,国外并未见到有本地市场效应与城市化的直接研究成果,借鉴国外本地市场效应与其他领域的相关研究成果,本文将其对城市化的作用机制进行深入研究,得出:(1)本地市场效应是影响企业选址与布局的重要因素。原因在于具有本地市场效应的产业能形成报酬递增机制,具有产业报酬递增的区域往往比其他区域更有吸引力,使得其他企业的布局往往选择具有本地市场效应及本地市场效应放大效应的区域进行生产布局,这种集聚还可能是累积循环的过程。(2)本地市场效应能促进专业化产品及要素市场的形成。本地市场效应促使产业集聚的过程中会产生产业前向和后向的紧密联系,必然也会产生大量的原材料和半成品的交易需求,在假定规模报酬递增等稳定的情况下,与其相伴的交易成本的降低就变的非常重要。所以,在本地市场效应促成产业集聚的产生后,往往也会促使交易的空间集聚,即专业化交易市场形成。(3)本地市场效应可推动城市化发展。本地市场效应在促进产业集聚和专业化市场形成的过程中,通过集聚力吸引力了大量的人口、资金和技术在城市中心的集聚。随着集聚的加强,集聚的拥挤成本就逐渐上升,这使得只有关联性强的企业或单位价值回报率高的企业才能继续留在城市中心,而关联性弱的企业就不得不迁移到城市或原有集聚地的外围,这些企业在外围区域也可以形成与原有集聚地(城市中心)的有密切联系的要素集聚圈层,城市生产要素的集聚和城市空间的拓展促进了城市化发展。此外,集聚在提升城市竞争力、优化城市空间结构上的也能促进城市化的发展。不同产业类型还有着不同的集聚力,也是影响城市化和城市规模大小的重要因素。
     具有本地市场效应的产业或省(市)在满足本国或本地需求后必然会进行出口,出口过程就是新国际劳动分工的参与过程,实际上也是全球价值链(Global Value Chain)的嵌入过程。通过研究发现,浙江省专业市场实质上是某些相似产业的供销集中平台,并与地方产业集群有着密切的伴生关系,其对城市化的作用机制实质上还包含了地方产业集群及其出口贸易等对城市化的作用力。而且,浙江省专业市场有着在满足当地、本省和本国的市场扩张过程,这可能使其具有本地市场效应的特性。所以,在中国及浙江省制造业均显现本地市场效应的检验条件下,以义乌专业市场为案例通过计量分析发现,浙江省专业市场也存在报酬递增的现象,即在有贸易成本的情况下浙江省专业市场整体上存在本地市场效应特性。通过浙江省专业市场的新国际劳动分工研究中发现:(1)在发展战略上。浙江省专业市场逐步实现了内向国际化到外向国际化的过程,前者是集群主体借助专业市场平台进行对外贸易的积累过程,后者是专业市场作为某类产业整体直接“走出去”,在国外设立分市场的市场和信息的拓展过程。(2)在全球价值链镶嵌上。浙江省专业市场不但参与了全球价值链在本地蔓延和集聚,还融入了价值链环节在全球空间大跨度地跳跃。(3)在参与方式上。浙江省专业市场经历了参与、引进来和走出去的直接国际化过程,以及依靠地方集群参与全球价值链的地方蔓延和跳跃式镶嵌的间接过程。
     通过新国际贸易理论或新经济地理理论和城市地理学的分析为前提,借助波特的钻石理论模型,构建了以专业市场为载体的、产业集群为互动的、不同市场规模需求为导向的、组织整合和空间为战略拓展的、政府政策为引导激励的、新国际劳动分工为发展机遇的浙江省城市化动力机制模型。浙江省实证揭示了专业市场的从本地市场效应形成到新国际劳动分工的嵌入的时序过程是浙江省城市化的主要推动机制,即专业市场的本地市场效应使其具有了规模报酬递增的第一优势,相对产业集群来说专业市场还具有范围经济的第二优势和交易成本低的第三优势,这些优势综合使得其能快速融入新国际劳动分工体系,为城市化再注入新的国际动力。研究表明,以专业市场为载体从本地市场效应实现到新国际劳动分工嵌入的时序动力是浙江省城市化的主要动力,使得浙江省城市化经历了从以农村工业化和城镇化互动发展为特征的“强县战略”,并向以城市化进程加速提升工业化和服务业水平为特征的“国际化战略”转变。
The essence of urbanization is the constantly changing in the spatial form of production-oriented organization. Since the Industrial Revolution of 18th century, urbanization has swept through the world, and various dynamic mechanisms of urbanization have evolved in different countries. And then, the increasingly deepening of economic globalization, make the dynamic mechanisms more sophisticated both at global and regional level. Therefore, the studies on the countries including China, which has rapidly integrated into the New International Division of Labor(NIDL), should explore on the mechanism at the provincial level. Furthermore, China's 12th Five-year Planning pointed out definitely that, the Eeffective mechanism to expand domestic demand is to move forward urbanization actively. According to it, it is of great significance to study on the dynamic mechanism of urbanization in some developmed regions with regional characteristics, so as to realize the aim of expanding domestic demand and maintaining social stability. Zhejiang province, is a typical developed region, which has closely integrated the commodity production, specialized trading markets and exporting trade. With the agglomerating of these factors, a large number of specialized towns have sprug up. The dynamic mechanism of urbanization in Zhejiang driven many cities or towns grow up to be medium sized, large sized or regional hub ones. However, the present studies on the dynamic of China urbanization are still fragmented and uncorrelated, in lack of convincing theories to support it. Therefore, to explore the urbanization mechanism of Zhejiang province, from dynamic and polybasic perspective, is not only representative, but also innovative for the studies of regional urbanization in China. To this end, this dissertation based on the theory of Home Market Effect, which is the core thought of New Economic Geography, used the Porter's Diamonds to analyze the dynamic mechanism of urbanization for Zhejiang province, which is concluded as "from Home Market Effect to the New International Division of Labor" in the dissertation.
     The New International Trade Theory(NITT) or New Economic Geography Theory(NEGT) always regards the export trade of manufacturing industries and the NIDL as separated issues, and have little consideration on the relationship between them and their impacts on urbanization. Simultaneously, urban geography usually focuses on the spatial pattern for cities or regions, such as global cities, metropolitan areas, urban agglomerations and so on. However, there are few achievements get from the combination of urban geography with NITT or NEGT. In addition, there is no study combing them from perspective of specialized market. This dissertation aimed to bridge the two separated disciplines, and engaged in a new and meaningful exploration, so as to provide a new analytic horizon for relevent studies.
     On basis of theory of Home Market Effects(HMEs), which is the core of NITT or NEGT, the dissertation used both theoretical and empirical analysis. Firslty, some theoretical arguments was carried under locially preliminary assumption; secondly, a mass of industrial and spatial panel dataset was put into modellized analyses; thirdly, the urban dynamics for Zhejiang Province was analyzied by camparison of different layering for manufacturing industry(such as the whole industry, sub-industry and its corresponding export trade), and by that of different spatial scale(such as country, province and city); fourthly, urbanization progress were expound based on above study, with Zhejiang as a case. There are four core objectives under exploration: firstly, the existence of HMEs for Chinese manufacturing and its exporting trade, on both national and provincial level; secondly, the role of HMEs in urbanization progress; thirdly, the functions of NIDL for spatial organization of production in urban areas; fourthly, the dynamic mechanism of Zhejiang urbanization in which the specialized market is regarded as a key agent.
     As an important cornerstone of the New Economic Geography, the theory of HMEs is actually a hypothesis reflecting the real world. Therefore, its theoretical applicability in different countries still needs to be constantly tested. Based on the sorting and evaluating of manufacturing test of HMEs at home and abroad, drew on the foreign classical econometric models and collected domestic the newest data, the dissertation analyzed the existence of HMEs in the China's manufacturing industries and export trade, bothe on national and provincial level. This part of study is the fundamental basis for full text, and is also the key part to draw the assumption that HMEs can promote the progress of urbanization. Through quantitative analysis, the article found that: Firstly, on considering of factor endowments of labor and capital, China's manufacturing industry as a whole has been showing the existenc of HMEs; secondly, there exist prominent home market effects for manufacturing industries related with nondurable goods and materials in China but that of durable goods are not as significant as the former; thirdly,10 out of the 15 kinds of manufacturing industries considered in the study, including the manufacturing industry of Textile, Apparel and Leather products, Woods processing and Furniture manufacturing, Paper manufacturing, Printing, Stationery, Chemicals, Metal smelting, Rolling processing, General and special equipment, Transport equipment, Communication equipment, Computers and other electronic equipment, Instruments and Office equipment, proves the existence of HMEs; Fourthly, the result demonstrateed comparative advantage of factor endowments have gradually declined and the HMEs rapidly increased from 1997 to 2007 which provided an effective explanation for the decline of the comparative advantage of resource endowments and the increase in the export scale of China's manufacturing industries; fifthly, among the 30 provincial regions under study, the regional response for HMEs is primarily found in the eleven provinces including Hebei, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Shanghai, Tianjin, Shandong, Hunan, Xinjiang, etc. The study demonstrated that the countries and regions with relatively large domestic market can not only meet with local demands, but also export goods effectively. As a result, such countries and regions may become the net exporting regions.
     Since the HMEs exists in China's manufacturing industries and exporting trade, it's necessary to analyze their impacts on urbanization progress. Up to now, there are no directly relevant academic achievements on it. The study used the theory of HMEs as an instrument to explain the dynamics of urbanization and drew the conclusions as follows:(I) HMEs is an important factor influencing the location of enterprises and their spatial organization in the city. It is the existence of HMEs in the industries which can arise the Increasing Returns to Scale(IRS) makes the regions effected by IRS more attractive than other ones and the enterprises tend to locate in the regions with magnified Home Market Effect. As a result of it, the spatial agglormeration may be a progress of accumulated cycling. (II)HMEs can advance the market deveopment of specialized goods, which can consolidates the forward and backward industrial linkages, and lead to increasing demand for trade on materials and. Semi-manufactured goods. Therefore, under the condition of stable IRS, the correspongding reduction of transaction costs becomes very important. Consequently, the spatial agglomeration for trading come into being after the industrial agglomeration resulted by the HMEs. That is called as specialized trading market. (Ⅲ) HMEs can accelerate the progress of urbanization. The aggregated force of HMEs can attract people, capital and technology pour into the urban centor. With the strengthening of agglomeration, the congestion costs will increase accordingly. The enterprises with higher unit value return will stay in the centor, the others will be forced to migrate outside the aggreged region or to the peripheral area of the city. The enterprises in the peripheral area still have close contact with core area of the city, which promotes the extension of urban spaces through diffusion and agglomeration. In addition, the enhancing of urban competitiveness and the upgrading of industrial structure resulting by agglomeration can also urge forward urbanization. Furthermore, the different industries in the city have different impacts on the process of urbanization and its scale.
     The industries or provinces in existence of HMEs will turn to international market in the circumstance of saturation of the domestic market. Exporting is also a procedure of participating in the NIDL, which can be explained as the integration into the global value chains. In the context of Zhejiang province, the specialized markets, with the local industrial clusters, are generally served as the marketing platforms for the industries in the whole province. They show the existence of HMEs, due to the process of expansion from local, provincial to national market. Based on the case study of Yiwu city, the specialized markets of Zhejiang province carry the characteristic of IRS. That is to say, the HMEs exist in the specialized market of Zhejiang province as a whole. The conclusions are as follows:firstly, the specialized markets of Zhejiang province have experienced the internationalization process from inward to outward; secondly, the specialized markets of Zhejiang province not only participated in the local spread and agglomeration of global value chains, but also integrated into the great jump of value chain on a global scale; thirdly, the specialized market of Zhejiang province has experienced the internationalization process of participate-in, bringing-in and going-global.
     On the premise of relevant theories of New International Trade and New Economic Geography and urban geography, the dissertation used the Porter's Diamond model, and built the model of dynamic mechanism of urbanization in Zhejiang province with specialized market as the agent, with industrial clusters as interaction power, with scale of market demand as orientation, with organizational integration and spatial expansion as strategies, with government policies as incentive power, and with new international division of labor as developing opportunities. The study revealed that the sequential process from the realization of HMEs for specialized market to the participation in the NIDL was the major dynamic mechanism of urbanization in Zhejiang province. This mechanism makes Zhejiang province's urbanization have gone the "county strategy" in characteristic of the interaction between rural industrialization and urbanization, and start to march toward the "international strategy" in the features of accelerated industrialization and improved service industry promoted by urbanization.
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