口腔散发微生物气溶胶在室内传播和运动规律的研究
|
摘要
目前,室内微生物污染问题已经受到国内外学者广泛而高度的重视。大量资料及研究成果已经证明病毒和细菌等生物颗粒物可以随空气传播,在室内以及人员密集的封闭空间,人们更容易接触和感染病菌,因此对生物颗粒物在室内的运动和传播规律进行研究极为重要。而人体做为室内微生物的主要来源之一,是本文研究的重点内容。
本课题首先从理论入手,借助物理气溶胶运动的理论计算模型,结合空气微生物特性,建立室内微生物颗粒传播模型,考察微生物气溶胶在室内的传播规律。以拉格朗日方法为基础建立室内蒙特卡罗随机游走模型,分析室内喷射速度,环境风速,通风形式,发生的微生物颗粒的大小等等因素对于微生物气溶胶运动的影响。同时考虑微生物自身蒸发、死亡特性,给出微生物气溶胶室内传播路径的预测方法。参考普通物气溶胶室外扩散模型,结合本课题特点对扩散模型进行修正分析。给出一种较为准确的预测方案。
同时,建立了一套能够模拟人体散发微生物颗粒的实验系统,该系统不论是在发生气溶胶的粒径分布,还是数量以及含菌量上都与人体散发的情况基本吻合。在国内首次通过大量不同场合,不同条件下室内人体散发微生物气溶胶传播的实验研究,对微生物颗粒在室内的运动问题进行了实验验证。模拟不同发生数量,不同传播速度,不同室内洁净程度,不同环境风速等情况下微生物颗粒的运动情况,给出相应的实验结论。通过实验分析,如果忽略外界环境风速、温度等对微生物颗粒的影响,咳嗽状态发生的微生物颗粒能够在室内传播1米左右的距离,而打喷嚏的传播距离则更远。
然后,通过FLUENT流体力学计算软件对微生物颗粒在室内的传播情况进行分析研究,将模拟结果与实验结果进行对比分析,在认定模拟结果可信的前提下对微生物颗粒在室内传播情况进行了大量的分析研究,考察了不同粒径、不同发生速度,不同环境因素对其传播的影响。首次提出室内微生物气溶胶生命龄的概念,指出不同粒径大小的微生物颗粒在室内的存在时间以及致病能力都不相同的,并给出防治微生物颗粒室内污染的方法。
最后,通过VB程序编写了室内微生物颗粒传播的寻源问题程序,对寻源问题进行初步探索,并提出改进的方案。
The issue of indoor microbe contamination gradually draws widely and highly attentions of scholars all around the world. It has been proved by the results of enormous researches that the bio-particles containing virus and microbe, etc. can spread through air. Especially in the room or other sealed spaces which are crowded with people, the potential to contact with virus and then be infected is much higher. Thus the research on movement and transport of bio-particles indoor is critical and indispensable. Human body much as mouth, as the main source of indoor bio-aerosols, is discussed in this paper.
The physics aerosol transport model as the basic analysis method is used combined with bio-aerosols character to build bio-particle transport mechanism. Basing on the Lagrangian equation, the Monte Carlo (MC) modeling method will be coupled into this simulation program to describe the bio-particle transport mechanism indoor. Many influent factors such as indoor airflow velocity,ventilation system model , the bio-aerosol generator velocity , particle diameter , and evaporation and death are considered synthetically in this paper. Consulting the normal aerosol outdoor dispersion model, the indoor bio-aerosol dispersion model is given. Compared with the experiment result, this bio-aerosol dispersion model is more accuracy.
Meanwhile, a human emanation bio-aerosol simulation system is built in this paper. Under the experiment proved, the number of aerosol, the diameter distributing, and microbe content in the aerosol are same to the real condition. Though different location and different air condition experiment discussion, the transport result of bio-particle produced by mouth under different generator velocity, different indoor cleanness degree and different airflow velocity is given. As a result of each cough, the affected area extended as far as 2m, and the bio-particle produced by sneeze can transport farther distance.
Using FLUENT to simulate bio-particle produced by human transport mechanism. First the simulation result and the experiment results are compared to prove the accuracy of the simulation. Then, more simulation cases are given to analysis different airflow condition, different ventilation system, different particle diameter’influence of indoor transport. Last, a new conception of indoor bio-aerosol life age is given to illustrate that the different particle size bio-aerosol’s indoor survival time and influence ability are different. Building indoor environment regular and emergency control strategies and methods are developed.
Additionally, reverse search source of bio-particle method is given using the VB program.
本课题首先从理论入手,借助物理气溶胶运动的理论计算模型,结合空气微生物特性,建立室内微生物颗粒传播模型,考察微生物气溶胶在室内的传播规律。以拉格朗日方法为基础建立室内蒙特卡罗随机游走模型,分析室内喷射速度,环境风速,通风形式,发生的微生物颗粒的大小等等因素对于微生物气溶胶运动的影响。同时考虑微生物自身蒸发、死亡特性,给出微生物气溶胶室内传播路径的预测方法。参考普通物气溶胶室外扩散模型,结合本课题特点对扩散模型进行修正分析。给出一种较为准确的预测方案。
同时,建立了一套能够模拟人体散发微生物颗粒的实验系统,该系统不论是在发生气溶胶的粒径分布,还是数量以及含菌量上都与人体散发的情况基本吻合。在国内首次通过大量不同场合,不同条件下室内人体散发微生物气溶胶传播的实验研究,对微生物颗粒在室内的运动问题进行了实验验证。模拟不同发生数量,不同传播速度,不同室内洁净程度,不同环境风速等情况下微生物颗粒的运动情况,给出相应的实验结论。通过实验分析,如果忽略外界环境风速、温度等对微生物颗粒的影响,咳嗽状态发生的微生物颗粒能够在室内传播1米左右的距离,而打喷嚏的传播距离则更远。
然后,通过FLUENT流体力学计算软件对微生物颗粒在室内的传播情况进行分析研究,将模拟结果与实验结果进行对比分析,在认定模拟结果可信的前提下对微生物颗粒在室内传播情况进行了大量的分析研究,考察了不同粒径、不同发生速度,不同环境因素对其传播的影响。首次提出室内微生物气溶胶生命龄的概念,指出不同粒径大小的微生物颗粒在室内的存在时间以及致病能力都不相同的,并给出防治微生物颗粒室内污染的方法。
最后,通过VB程序编写了室内微生物颗粒传播的寻源问题程序,对寻源问题进行初步探索,并提出改进的方案。
The issue of indoor microbe contamination gradually draws widely and highly attentions of scholars all around the world. It has been proved by the results of enormous researches that the bio-particles containing virus and microbe, etc. can spread through air. Especially in the room or other sealed spaces which are crowded with people, the potential to contact with virus and then be infected is much higher. Thus the research on movement and transport of bio-particles indoor is critical and indispensable. Human body much as mouth, as the main source of indoor bio-aerosols, is discussed in this paper.
The physics aerosol transport model as the basic analysis method is used combined with bio-aerosols character to build bio-particle transport mechanism. Basing on the Lagrangian equation, the Monte Carlo (MC) modeling method will be coupled into this simulation program to describe the bio-particle transport mechanism indoor. Many influent factors such as indoor airflow velocity,ventilation system model , the bio-aerosol generator velocity , particle diameter , and evaporation and death are considered synthetically in this paper. Consulting the normal aerosol outdoor dispersion model, the indoor bio-aerosol dispersion model is given. Compared with the experiment result, this bio-aerosol dispersion model is more accuracy.
Meanwhile, a human emanation bio-aerosol simulation system is built in this paper. Under the experiment proved, the number of aerosol, the diameter distributing, and microbe content in the aerosol are same to the real condition. Though different location and different air condition experiment discussion, the transport result of bio-particle produced by mouth under different generator velocity, different indoor cleanness degree and different airflow velocity is given. As a result of each cough, the affected area extended as far as 2m, and the bio-particle produced by sneeze can transport farther distance.
Using FLUENT to simulate bio-particle produced by human transport mechanism. First the simulation result and the experiment results are compared to prove the accuracy of the simulation. Then, more simulation cases are given to analysis different airflow condition, different ventilation system, different particle diameter’influence of indoor transport. Last, a new conception of indoor bio-aerosol life age is given to illustrate that the different particle size bio-aerosol’s indoor survival time and influence ability are different. Building indoor environment regular and emergency control strategies and methods are developed.
Additionally, reverse search source of bio-particle method is given using the VB program.
引文
[1]周晓瑜,施玮等,室内生物源性污染对健康影响的研究进展[J],公共卫生,2005,34(3):367
[2]卢振,张吉礼等,建筑环境微生物的危害及其生态特性研究进展[J],建筑热能通风空调,2006,25(1):19～25
[3]涂光备等,医院建筑空调净化与设备[M],北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005,1-18
[4]陈宁庆主编 重症急性呼吸综合征的防治[M], 北京:中国科学技术出版社,2004.8:1-2。
[5]舒俭德,科技知识:流感预防和SARS[EB/OL],http://www.ycwb.com/gb/content/2003-10/30/content_596783.htm,2003-10-30
[6]蕥嬉,禽流感可能在人群中传播[EB/OL],http://www.ycwb.com/gb/content/2005-02/08/content_848051.htm,2005-02-08
[7]中华人民共和国国家技术监督局,GB/T18883-2002,室内空气质量标准,北京:中国标准出版社,2002 年 11 月
[8]田伟,陈刚才,室内空气中颗粒物对人体健康的影响,中国预防医学杂志,2002,3(3):174～177
[9]李劲松,试论室内空气生物污染,中国预防医学杂志,2002,3(3):174～177
[10]Peng Xu, Jordan Peccia, Patricia Fabian, John W. Martyny et al, Efficacy of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation of upper-room air in inactivating airborne bacterial spores and mycobacteria in full-sacle studies[J], Atmospheric Environment 37(2003) 405-419.
[11]Black, D.R., Harley, R.A., Hering, S.V., Stolzenburg, M.R.,2000. A new, portable, real-time ozone monitor[J]. Environmental Science and Technology 34, 303l–3040.
[12]Blomquist, G., Palmgren, U., Strom, G., 1984. Improved techniques for sampling airborne fungal particles in highly contaminated environments[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Work and Environmental Health 10, 253–258.
[13]Blumberg, H.M., Watkins, D.L., Berschling, J.D., Antle, A.,Moore, P., White, N.,Hunter, M., Green, B., Ray, S.M.,McGowan Jr., J.E., 1995. Preventingthe nosocomial transmission of tuberculosis[J]. Annals of Internal Medicine122, 658–663.
[14]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1994. Guidelines for preventingthe transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in health-care facilities[J]. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 43(R-13), 1–132.
[15]CDC and NIH, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institutes of Health, 1999. Biosafety in microbiological and biomedical laboratories[J]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National
[16]Institutes of Health, DHHS Publication No (CDC) 93-8395, PHS, US Government PrintingOffice,
[17]Washington, DC.Collins, F.M., 1971. Relative susceptibility of acid-fast and non-acid-fast bacteria to ultraviolet light[J]. Applied Microbiology 21, 41l–413.
[18]David, H.L., 1973. Response of mycobacteria to ultraviolet light radiation. American Review of Respiratory Disease[J] 1175–1185.
[19]Dubos, R.J., Middlebrook, G., 1947. Media for Tubercle bacilli. American Review of Tuberculosis [J]56, 334–345.
[20]Goldner, J.L., Moggio, M., Beissinger, S.F., McCollum, D.E.,1980. Ultraviolet light for the control of airborne bacteria in the operatingroom[J]. In: Kundsin, R.B. (Ed.), Airborne Contagion. New York Academy of Sciences, New York. p.271-284.
[21] Thad Godish Indoor Environmental Quality[M],. Lewis Publishers,2001.27-91.
[22] 于玺华,现代空气微生物学[M],北京:人民军医出版社,2002,11:2-100
[23] 孙一坚,工业通风[M],北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1998,1-10
[24] 车凤翔,空气生物学援救现状和进展[J],环境科学,1986;(7):85。
[25] 车凤翔,空气微生物采用法[J],消毒与灭菌,1987;4(3):143。
[26] 车凤翔 等,京津地区大气微生物时空分布。中国公共卫生学保。1988;8(3):151。
[27] 车凤翔,大气微生物群及其空气污染,国外军事资料分册(第五分册)[M],1983;4:133。
[28] 王蒙 酶制剂生产车间室内空气中颗粒污染的数值与实验研究,硕士论文,天津大学 2007。
[29] T. Ciriani, W. Maione, “Mathematical Models For Surface Water Engineering,” Wiley, 1977.
[30] C.S.Cox Airborne bacteria and viruses, SCI. Prog., Oxf.(1989) 73,469-500。
[31] Hambraeus A. Aerobiology in the operating room. J Hosp Infect,1988;11(Suppl.A):68.
[32]李劲松,室内空气生物污染危害评价和控制的研究,中华预防医学会环境卫生分会,全国空气污染与健康学术研讨会论文集,浙江:袭著革,2005,156～170
[33]R L Riley,W F Wells,C C Mills,et a1.Air hygiene in m tuberculosis: quantitative studies of infectivity and control in pilot ward. In: Am. Rev. Tuber. and Pulm. Dis., l957,75:420~43l
[34] Kaufmann, AF. McDade, JE. Patton, CM et al. Pontiac fever: isolation of the agent (Legionella pneumophila) and demonstration of its mode of transmission. In: Am. J .Epidemiol, 1981, 114(3):337
[35] V N Houk. Spread of tuberculosis via recirculated air in a vessel. In: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1980, 353:l0~ 24
[36]Remington, MA. JAMA, 1985, 253:1574
[37]W Croft. B B Jarvis, C S Yamwam. Airborne outbreak of trichothecene toxicosis In: Atmospheric Environment,1986,20:549—552
[38]Stuart A Batterman, Harriet Burge, HVAC systems as emission sources affecting indoor air quality: a critical review. In: HVAC&R Research, 1995, 1: 61~78
[39]L L Hung, C S Yang, F J Dougherty, et a1.Dust mite and cat dander allergens in office buildings in the M id-Atlantic region, In: Environments for People: Proceedings of IAQ, l992.87-93
[40] Eine Marianna Luoma, Measurement And Characterization Of Particulate And Bioaerosol Pollutants In Indoor Air, PHD THESIS, The University of Michigan,1997.
[41] Z Zhang and Q Chen Particile Dispersion In A Room With Under-Floor Air Distribution Indoor Air 2005 2723-2728
[42]Shengwei Zhu, Shinsuke Kato, Jeong-Hoon Yang Study on Transport Characterisitics of Saliva Droplets Produced by Coughing in a calm indoor environment
[43]Fennelly, K., et al., Cough-generated Aerosols of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A new method to study infectiousness. In: Am J Resp Crit Care Med, 2004, 169: 604~609
[44]L. Morawska, Droplet fate in indoor environments, or can we prevent the spread of infection?, In: Indoor Air,2006,16,335
[45] Mark Raymond Sippola, Particle Deposition in Ventilation Duct, PHD THESIS,University Of California, BERKELEY. 2002.
[46] Igor E. Agranovski, Alexander S.Safatov, Mnitoring of viable airborne SARSvirus in ambient air, Atmospheric environment 38(2004) :3879-3884.
[47] Marc Abadie, Karim Limam, Francis Allard, Indoor Particle Pollution: Effect of Wall Textures on Particle Deposition, Building and Environment 36(2001) 821-827.
[48] J.Richmond-Bryant, A.D.Eisner. L.A.Brixey. R.W. Wiener, Transport of airborne particles within a room, Indoor Air 2006; 16:48-55.
[49] Henrik Brohus , Personal Exposure to Contaminant Sources in Ventilated Rooms, PHD THESIS,Aalborg University, 1997.
[50] Tareq Hussein, Thodoros Glytsos, Jakub Ondracek etl, article size characterization and emission rates during indoor activities in a house, Atmopheric Environment 40(2006)4285-4307.
[51] Elmira Kuiundzic, Engineering Control Technologices for Removing or Inactivating Biologically-Derived Particles in the Indoor Environment, PHD THESIS,University Of Colorado, 2005.
[52] 车凤翔等,京津地区大气细菌生态分布,中国环境科学,1990;10(3):192。
[53] 王枢群,等 医院感染学 重庆:科学技术文献出版社重庆分社,1990;337。
[54] 李岩,空气微生物与医院内感染,医院感染与管理,1986(1):36。
[55] 涂光备,医院感染与空气传播的控制,中国生物安全委员会,生物安全专题讲座专家文集,北京:王容,2004,311～320
[56] 赵歆治,室内生物颗粒物运动和传播的实验研究 天津大学 硕士论文 2007
[57]赵彬,室内不同通风方式下生物颗粒的分布比较,暖通空调,2003, 33: 34～36
[58]赵彬,室内人体飞沫传播的数值研究,暖通空调,暖通空调与 SARS 特集,2003,33: 37～40
[59]赵彬,生物颗粒在相邻房间运动的数值研究,暖通空调,暖通空调与 SARS特集,2003,33: 31～33
[60]李光熙,陶文铨等,非典型肺炎病毒在空气中传播过程的初步数值模拟,西安交通大学学报,2003,37(7): 764～766
[61]陈帆,李玉国等,多病床非典病房的气流分布研究,建筑热能通风空调,2004, 23(1): 21～32
[62]周涛,冯雅洁等,SARS 病毒微粒的空气动力学特性理论分析研究,商丘职业技术学院学报,2003,2(6): 28～30
[63] 赵荣义 范存养 薛殿华 等 ,空气调节(第三版)[M],北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1993:151-160。
[64] Cartwrigh J. Particle shape factors.1962. Ann Occup Hyg. 5(2):163
[65] Parther C Resit. Introduction to aerosol science. New York:Macmillan publishing company,1988:36
[66] L.Talbot etal. Thermophoresis of Particles in a Heated Boundary Layer. J.Fluid Mech., 101(4):737-758.
[67] 非均匀流场中变速运动颗粒所受Basset力的性质及其数值计算,黄社华,程良骏, 水 利 学 报, l996年第7期
[68] Basset力研究进展与应用分析,由长福 祁海鹰 徐旭常, 应 用 力 学 学 报, 2002年第19卷第2期
[69] 非定常流场中颗粒运动所受Basset力的性质解析,黄社华,程良骏, 力学与实践, 第l8卷1996年1第3期
[70] P.G.Saffman The Lift on a Small Sphere in a slow shear Flow. J. Fluid Mech.,22:385-400,1965.
[71] 陈政旻,咳嗽飞沫粒径分布之研究[D],台湾:台湾大学,2004
[72]Jennison, M.W., In: Aerobiology, 1942: 17,106
[73]Duguid, J.P., The Size and the Duration of Air-carriage of Respiratory Droplets and Droplets-nuclei, In: Journal of Hygiene, 1946, 44: 471~479
[74]Fennelly, K., et al., Cough-generated Aerosols of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis: A new method to study infectiousness, In: Am J Resp Crit Med, 2004: 604~609
[75]Wells W.F., Aerodynamics of Droplet Nuclei, In: Airborne Contagion and Air Hygiene, 1955,13:9
[76]Papineni RS, Rosenthal FS (1997) The size distribution of droplets in the exhaled breath of healthy human subjects. J Aerosol Med 10(2):105–116
[77] 刘丽,毛英杰,陈志红,钛合金在不同 PH 值人工唾液中耐腐蚀性能的研究[J],中国生物医学工程学报,2006,4 ,166-170
[78] Liu X and Zhai Z. 2006. Identification of Appropriate CFD Models for Indoor Particle and Droplet Simulation in Ventilated Spaces, Ventilation 2006, Chicago, US, May 2006. (Invited Speak)
[79] Laiads W C 著 气溶胶技术[M],孙聿峰译 哈尔滨船舶工程学院 1998:1-100
[80] 赵荣义 范存养 薛殿华 等 ,空气调节(第三版)[M],北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1993:151-160。
[81]ORR C Jr, GORDON MT,The density and size of air-borne Serratia Marcescens, In: J Bacteriol,1956,71(3):315
[82]Fort Detrick, Frederick, Calibration of a Modified Anderson Bacterial Aerosol Sampler, In: Applied Microbiology, 1963, 12: 37~43
[83]Cox, C.S., Physical Aspects of Bioaerosol Particles, In: Bioaerosols Handbook, 1955:15~25
[84]G. Ko, M. W. First and H. A. Burge, Influence of relative humidity on particle size and UV sensitivity of Serratia marcescens and Mycobacterium bovis BCG aerosols, In: Tubercle and Lung Disease, 2000,80(4) :217~228
[85] B.戴维森,中子迁移理论[M],P.15,科学出版社,北京,1961
[86]中华人民共和国国家标准局,GB3840-91,制定地方大气污染物排放标准的技术方法,北京:中国标准出版社,1991 年 10 月
[87] Sandra M. Godoy1, Alejandro S. M. Santa Cruz1, Nicolás J. Scenna1,STRRAP II- AN INTEGRATED SYSTEM FOR RISK ANALYSIS AND EMERGENCY PLANNING
[88]C.S. Cox, “The aerobiological pathway of microorganism,” New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 1-293, 1987.
[89]B.Lighthart, S. Frisch, “Estimation of viable airborne microbes downwind fron a point source,” Appl. Environ. Microbio, vol. 31, pp. 700-704, 1976.
[90]A. Bovallius, R. Roffey y E. Henningson, “Long Range Transmission of Bacteria,” Ann NY Acad Sci, vol. 353, pp. 186-225, 1980.
[91]Sture Holmberg, Yuguo Li. Modeling of the indoor environment-particle dispersion and deposition. Indoor Air, 1998(8): 113-122.
[92]Murakami, S., Kato, S., Nagano, S., and Tanaka, S.. Diffusion Characteristics of Airborne Particles with Gravitational Settling in a Convection-Dominant Indoor Flow Field [J]. ASHRAE Transactions, 1992, 98(part 1): 82-97.
[93]Holmberg, S. and Li, Y. Modeling of the Indoor Environment- Particle Dispersion and Deposition [J]. Indoor Air, 1998(8): 113-122.
[94]KQ Li, GC Gong, GF Tang, et al. An improving particle model [J]. Indoor Air 2005: Proceedings of the 10th international conference on indoor air quality and climate, 2005, 1-5: 2009-2013.
[95] Sture Holmberg, Yuguo Li. Modeling of the indoor environment-particle dispersion and deposition[J]. Indoor Air, 1998(8): 113-122.
[96]Holmberg, S. and Li, Y. Modelling of the Indoor Environment- Particle Dispersion and Deposition [J]. Indoor Air, 1998(8): 113-122.
[97]Long, C.M., Suh, H.H., and Koutrakis, P.. Characterization of Indoor Particle Sources Using Continuous Mass and Size Monitors[J]. Journal of the Air and WasteManagement Association, 2000: 1236-1250.
[98] G.Goetzel and M.H.Kalos,Monte Carlo Methods in transport problems, in physica and mathematics,Vol,Progress in Nuclear Energy, Series, J,p.315-369,Pergamon Press, New York 1958
[99] 裴鹿成 张孝泽 著 蒙特卡罗法及其在粒子输运问题中的应用[M],北京:科学出版社 1980, 53-100
[100] 吉庆丰 蒙特卡罗方法及其在水力学中的应用[M], 江苏,南京:东南大学出版社,2004.12,187-200
[101] 国家环境保护总局,国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中华人民共和国国家标准—病原微生物实验室污染物排放标准[S],2006
[102]于玺华,现代空气微生物学,北京:人民军医出版社,2002,16～19
[103] 胡庆轩 徐秀芝 陈梅玲 姜黎 ,不同级数的 ANDERSEN 生物粒子采样器采样效果的比较,《贵州环保科技》,2003 年 9 卷 3 期,33-38。
[104] Hertzberg, Jean, Flow Field of a Human Cough,American Physical Society 2005 11 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005APS..DFD.HA001H
[105] Andy, Hanna, Steve, Steve, Stacie, Nemah , HOW FAST ARE SNEEZES? http://clackhi.nclack.k12.or.us/physics/projects/rates_around_us/sneeze/snot.html
[106]Long, C.M., Suh, H.H., and Koutrakis, P.. Characterization of Indoor Particle Sources Using Continuous Mass and Size Monitors[J]. Journal of the Air and WasteManagement Association, 2000: 1236-1250.
[107]马明建,周长城. 数据采集与处理技术[M]. 西安:西安交通大学出版社
[108]藤敏康,实验误差与数据处理[M]. 南京:南京大学出版社,1989:79~96.
[109]阎凤文,测量数据的处理方法[M]. 北京:原子能出版社,1988:39-105.
[110] American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. ASHRAE 909-RP, Determine the efficiency of antimicrobial treatments of fibrous air filters [R], 1996
[111]马树峰,高效空气过滤器及滤纸计数效率测试相关问题研究[D],[硕士学位论文],天津:天津大学,2005
[112]许钟麟,沈晋明,关于尘埃粒子计数器采样管长度的探讨[J],同济大学学报,1998,26(4):447-452
[113] 李全鹏,空气微生物在纤维滤料上收集存活的研究[D],天津:天津大学,2007
[114] Launder, B.E. and Spalding, D.B. The Numerical Computation of Turbulent Flows [J]. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Energy, 1974, 3: 269-289.
[115] 由长福,李光辉. 可吸入颗粒物近壁运动的直接数值模拟[J].工程热物理学报,2004 年 3 月,25(2): 265-267.
[116] Loomans, M., and Lemaire, T. Particle Concentration Caluculations Using CFD a Comparison [J]. Proceedings of Indoor Air 2002, Edinburgh, Scotland, 153-156.
[117] Snyder, W.H. and Nazaroff, W.W. Modeling particle loss in ventilation ducts [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2003, 37: 5597-5609.
[118] Abadie, M., Limam, K., and Allard, F. Indoor particle pollution: effect of wall textures on particle deposition [J]. Building and Environment, 2001, 36: 821-827.
[119] Cheng, Y.S. Wall deposition of Radon progeny and particles in a spherical chamber [J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 1997, 27: 131-146.
[120] Graham, D.I. and Moyeed, R.A. How Many Particle for My Lagrangian Simulations [J] Powder Technology, 2002, 125: 179-186.
[121] 王彤,谷传纲,杨波,黄建德. 非定常流动计算的PISO 算法 [J]. 水动力学研究与进展,2003A, 18(2): 233-239.
[122] ISSA R I. Solution of the implicitly discredised fluid flow equations by operator-splitting [J]. Journal of Computational Physics, 1985, 62(1): 40-65.
[123] 任玉新,陈海昕. 计算流体力学基础[M]. 北京:清华大学出版社,2006.
[124]Fluent. Fluent 6.2 Documentation [M]. Lebanon, NH: Fluent Inc., 2005.
[125]赵彬,李先庭,彦启森. 室内空气流动数值模拟的风口模型综述[J]. 暖通空 调, 2000, 30(5): 33-38.
[126]Chen Q and Moser A. Simulation of a multiple-nozzle diffuser[J]. Proceedings of the 12th AIVC Conference on Air and Ventilation Control Within Buildings, Ottawa, Canada, 1991, 2: 1-13.
[127]赵彬,李先庭,彦启森. 室内空气流动数值模拟的N 点风口动量模型[J]. 计 算力学学报, 2003, 20(1): 64-70.
[128]Shirolkar, J.S., Coimbra, C.F.M., and McQuay, M.Q. Fundamental Aspectes of Modeling Turbulent Particle Dispersion in Dilute Flows[J]. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 1996, 22: 363-399.
[129] C.B.Beggs, P.A. Sleigh , A quantitative method for evaluating the germicidal effect of upper room UV fields[J]. Aerosol Science 33(2002) 1681-1699.
[2]卢振,张吉礼等,建筑环境微生物的危害及其生态特性研究进展[J],建筑热能通风空调,2006,25(1):19～25
[3]涂光备等,医院建筑空调净化与设备[M],北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005,1-18
[4]陈宁庆主编 重症急性呼吸综合征的防治[M], 北京:中国科学技术出版社,2004.8:1-2。
[5]舒俭德,科技知识:流感预防和SARS[EB/OL],http://www.ycwb.com/gb/content/2003-10/30/content_596783.htm,2003-10-30
[6]蕥嬉,禽流感可能在人群中传播[EB/OL],http://www.ycwb.com/gb/content/2005-02/08/content_848051.htm,2005-02-08
[7]中华人民共和国国家技术监督局,GB/T18883-2002,室内空气质量标准,北京:中国标准出版社,2002 年 11 月
[8]田伟,陈刚才,室内空气中颗粒物对人体健康的影响,中国预防医学杂志,2002,3(3):174～177
[9]李劲松,试论室内空气生物污染,中国预防医学杂志,2002,3(3):174～177
[10]Peng Xu, Jordan Peccia, Patricia Fabian, John W. Martyny et al, Efficacy of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation of upper-room air in inactivating airborne bacterial spores and mycobacteria in full-sacle studies[J], Atmospheric Environment 37(2003) 405-419.
[11]Black, D.R., Harley, R.A., Hering, S.V., Stolzenburg, M.R.,2000. A new, portable, real-time ozone monitor[J]. Environmental Science and Technology 34, 303l–3040.
[12]Blomquist, G., Palmgren, U., Strom, G., 1984. Improved techniques for sampling airborne fungal particles in highly contaminated environments[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Work and Environmental Health 10, 253–258.
[13]Blumberg, H.M., Watkins, D.L., Berschling, J.D., Antle, A.,Moore, P., White, N.,Hunter, M., Green, B., Ray, S.M.,McGowan Jr., J.E., 1995. Preventingthe nosocomial transmission of tuberculosis[J]. Annals of Internal Medicine122, 658–663.
[14]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1994. Guidelines for preventingthe transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in health-care facilities[J]. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 43(R-13), 1–132.
[15]CDC and NIH, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institutes of Health, 1999. Biosafety in microbiological and biomedical laboratories[J]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National
[16]Institutes of Health, DHHS Publication No (CDC) 93-8395, PHS, US Government PrintingOffice,
[17]Washington, DC.Collins, F.M., 1971. Relative susceptibility of acid-fast and non-acid-fast bacteria to ultraviolet light[J]. Applied Microbiology 21, 41l–413.
[18]David, H.L., 1973. Response of mycobacteria to ultraviolet light radiation. American Review of Respiratory Disease[J] 1175–1185.
[19]Dubos, R.J., Middlebrook, G., 1947. Media for Tubercle bacilli. American Review of Tuberculosis [J]56, 334–345.
[20]Goldner, J.L., Moggio, M., Beissinger, S.F., McCollum, D.E.,1980. Ultraviolet light for the control of airborne bacteria in the operatingroom[J]. In: Kundsin, R.B. (Ed.), Airborne Contagion. New York Academy of Sciences, New York. p.271-284.
[21] Thad Godish Indoor Environmental Quality[M],. Lewis Publishers,2001.27-91.
[22] 于玺华,现代空气微生物学[M],北京:人民军医出版社,2002,11:2-100
[23] 孙一坚,工业通风[M],北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1998,1-10
[24] 车凤翔,空气生物学援救现状和进展[J],环境科学,1986;(7):85。
[25] 车凤翔,空气微生物采用法[J],消毒与灭菌,1987;4(3):143。
[26] 车凤翔 等,京津地区大气微生物时空分布。中国公共卫生学保。1988;8(3):151。
[27] 车凤翔,大气微生物群及其空气污染,国外军事资料分册(第五分册)[M],1983;4:133。
[28] 王蒙 酶制剂生产车间室内空气中颗粒污染的数值与实验研究,硕士论文,天津大学 2007。
[29] T. Ciriani, W. Maione, “Mathematical Models For Surface Water Engineering,” Wiley, 1977.
[30] C.S.Cox Airborne bacteria and viruses, SCI. Prog., Oxf.(1989) 73,469-500。
[31] Hambraeus A. Aerobiology in the operating room. J Hosp Infect,1988;11(Suppl.A):68.
[32]李劲松,室内空气生物污染危害评价和控制的研究,中华预防医学会环境卫生分会,全国空气污染与健康学术研讨会论文集,浙江:袭著革,2005,156～170
[33]R L Riley,W F Wells,C C Mills,et a1.Air hygiene in m tuberculosis: quantitative studies of infectivity and control in pilot ward. In: Am. Rev. Tuber. and Pulm. Dis., l957,75:420~43l
[34] Kaufmann, AF. McDade, JE. Patton, CM et al. Pontiac fever: isolation of the agent (Legionella pneumophila) and demonstration of its mode of transmission. In: Am. J .Epidemiol, 1981, 114(3):337
[35] V N Houk. Spread of tuberculosis via recirculated air in a vessel. In: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1980, 353:l0~ 24
[36]Remington, MA. JAMA, 1985, 253:1574
[37]W Croft. B B Jarvis, C S Yamwam. Airborne outbreak of trichothecene toxicosis In: Atmospheric Environment,1986,20:549—552
[38]Stuart A Batterman, Harriet Burge, HVAC systems as emission sources affecting indoor air quality: a critical review. In: HVAC&R Research, 1995, 1: 61~78
[39]L L Hung, C S Yang, F J Dougherty, et a1.Dust mite and cat dander allergens in office buildings in the M id-Atlantic region, In: Environments for People: Proceedings of IAQ, l992.87-93
[40] Eine Marianna Luoma, Measurement And Characterization Of Particulate And Bioaerosol Pollutants In Indoor Air, PHD THESIS, The University of Michigan,1997.
[41] Z Zhang and Q Chen Particile Dispersion In A Room With Under-Floor Air Distribution Indoor Air 2005 2723-2728
[42]Shengwei Zhu, Shinsuke Kato, Jeong-Hoon Yang Study on Transport Characterisitics of Saliva Droplets Produced by Coughing in a calm indoor environment
[43]Fennelly, K., et al., Cough-generated Aerosols of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A new method to study infectiousness. In: Am J Resp Crit Care Med, 2004, 169: 604~609
[44]L. Morawska, Droplet fate in indoor environments, or can we prevent the spread of infection?, In: Indoor Air,2006,16,335
[45] Mark Raymond Sippola, Particle Deposition in Ventilation Duct, PHD THESIS,University Of California, BERKELEY. 2002.
[46] Igor E. Agranovski, Alexander S.Safatov, Mnitoring of viable airborne SARSvirus in ambient air, Atmospheric environment 38(2004) :3879-3884.
[47] Marc Abadie, Karim Limam, Francis Allard, Indoor Particle Pollution: Effect of Wall Textures on Particle Deposition, Building and Environment 36(2001) 821-827.
[48] J.Richmond-Bryant, A.D.Eisner. L.A.Brixey. R.W. Wiener, Transport of airborne particles within a room, Indoor Air 2006; 16:48-55.
[49] Henrik Brohus , Personal Exposure to Contaminant Sources in Ventilated Rooms, PHD THESIS,Aalborg University, 1997.
[50] Tareq Hussein, Thodoros Glytsos, Jakub Ondracek etl, article size characterization and emission rates during indoor activities in a house, Atmopheric Environment 40(2006)4285-4307.
[51] Elmira Kuiundzic, Engineering Control Technologices for Removing or Inactivating Biologically-Derived Particles in the Indoor Environment, PHD THESIS,University Of Colorado, 2005.
[52] 车凤翔等,京津地区大气细菌生态分布,中国环境科学,1990;10(3):192。
[53] 王枢群,等 医院感染学 重庆:科学技术文献出版社重庆分社,1990;337。
[54] 李岩,空气微生物与医院内感染,医院感染与管理,1986(1):36。
[55] 涂光备,医院感染与空气传播的控制,中国生物安全委员会,生物安全专题讲座专家文集,北京:王容,2004,311～320
[56] 赵歆治,室内生物颗粒物运动和传播的实验研究 天津大学 硕士论文 2007
[57]赵彬,室内不同通风方式下生物颗粒的分布比较,暖通空调,2003, 33: 34～36
[58]赵彬,室内人体飞沫传播的数值研究,暖通空调,暖通空调与 SARS 特集,2003,33: 37～40
[59]赵彬,生物颗粒在相邻房间运动的数值研究,暖通空调,暖通空调与 SARS特集,2003,33: 31～33
[60]李光熙,陶文铨等,非典型肺炎病毒在空气中传播过程的初步数值模拟,西安交通大学学报,2003,37(7): 764～766
[61]陈帆,李玉国等,多病床非典病房的气流分布研究,建筑热能通风空调,2004, 23(1): 21～32
[62]周涛,冯雅洁等,SARS 病毒微粒的空气动力学特性理论分析研究,商丘职业技术学院学报,2003,2(6): 28～30
[63] 赵荣义 范存养 薛殿华 等 ,空气调节(第三版)[M],北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1993:151-160。
[64] Cartwrigh J. Particle shape factors.1962. Ann Occup Hyg. 5(2):163
[65] Parther C Resit. Introduction to aerosol science. New York:Macmillan publishing company,1988:36
[66] L.Talbot etal. Thermophoresis of Particles in a Heated Boundary Layer. J.Fluid Mech., 101(4):737-758.
[67] 非均匀流场中变速运动颗粒所受Basset力的性质及其数值计算,黄社华,程良骏, 水 利 学 报, l996年第7期
[68] Basset力研究进展与应用分析,由长福 祁海鹰 徐旭常, 应 用 力 学 学 报, 2002年第19卷第2期
[69] 非定常流场中颗粒运动所受Basset力的性质解析,黄社华,程良骏, 力学与实践, 第l8卷1996年1第3期
[70] P.G.Saffman The Lift on a Small Sphere in a slow shear Flow. J. Fluid Mech.,22:385-400,1965.
[71] 陈政旻,咳嗽飞沫粒径分布之研究[D],台湾:台湾大学,2004
[72]Jennison, M.W., In: Aerobiology, 1942: 17,106
[73]Duguid, J.P., The Size and the Duration of Air-carriage of Respiratory Droplets and Droplets-nuclei, In: Journal of Hygiene, 1946, 44: 471~479
[74]Fennelly, K., et al., Cough-generated Aerosols of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis: A new method to study infectiousness, In: Am J Resp Crit Med, 2004: 604~609
[75]Wells W.F., Aerodynamics of Droplet Nuclei, In: Airborne Contagion and Air Hygiene, 1955,13:9
[76]Papineni RS, Rosenthal FS (1997) The size distribution of droplets in the exhaled breath of healthy human subjects. J Aerosol Med 10(2):105–116
[77] 刘丽,毛英杰,陈志红,钛合金在不同 PH 值人工唾液中耐腐蚀性能的研究[J],中国生物医学工程学报,2006,4 ,166-170
[78] Liu X and Zhai Z. 2006. Identification of Appropriate CFD Models for Indoor Particle and Droplet Simulation in Ventilated Spaces, Ventilation 2006, Chicago, US, May 2006. (Invited Speak)
[79] Laiads W C 著 气溶胶技术[M],孙聿峰译 哈尔滨船舶工程学院 1998:1-100
[80] 赵荣义 范存养 薛殿华 等 ,空气调节(第三版)[M],北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1993:151-160。
[81]ORR C Jr, GORDON MT,The density and size of air-borne Serratia Marcescens, In: J Bacteriol,1956,71(3):315
[82]Fort Detrick, Frederick, Calibration of a Modified Anderson Bacterial Aerosol Sampler, In: Applied Microbiology, 1963, 12: 37~43
[83]Cox, C.S., Physical Aspects of Bioaerosol Particles, In: Bioaerosols Handbook, 1955:15~25
[84]G. Ko, M. W. First and H. A. Burge, Influence of relative humidity on particle size and UV sensitivity of Serratia marcescens and Mycobacterium bovis BCG aerosols, In: Tubercle and Lung Disease, 2000,80(4) :217~228
[85] B.戴维森,中子迁移理论[M],P.15,科学出版社,北京,1961
[86]中华人民共和国国家标准局,GB3840-91,制定地方大气污染物排放标准的技术方法,北京:中国标准出版社,1991 年 10 月
[87] Sandra M. Godoy1, Alejandro S. M. Santa Cruz1, Nicolás J. Scenna1,STRRAP II- AN INTEGRATED SYSTEM FOR RISK ANALYSIS AND EMERGENCY PLANNING
[88]C.S. Cox, “The aerobiological pathway of microorganism,” New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 1-293, 1987.
[89]B.Lighthart, S. Frisch, “Estimation of viable airborne microbes downwind fron a point source,” Appl. Environ. Microbio, vol. 31, pp. 700-704, 1976.
[90]A. Bovallius, R. Roffey y E. Henningson, “Long Range Transmission of Bacteria,” Ann NY Acad Sci, vol. 353, pp. 186-225, 1980.
[91]Sture Holmberg, Yuguo Li. Modeling of the indoor environment-particle dispersion and deposition. Indoor Air, 1998(8): 113-122.
[92]Murakami, S., Kato, S., Nagano, S., and Tanaka, S.. Diffusion Characteristics of Airborne Particles with Gravitational Settling in a Convection-Dominant Indoor Flow Field [J]. ASHRAE Transactions, 1992, 98(part 1): 82-97.
[93]Holmberg, S. and Li, Y. Modeling of the Indoor Environment- Particle Dispersion and Deposition [J]. Indoor Air, 1998(8): 113-122.
[94]KQ Li, GC Gong, GF Tang, et al. An improving particle model [J]. Indoor Air 2005: Proceedings of the 10th international conference on indoor air quality and climate, 2005, 1-5: 2009-2013.
[95] Sture Holmberg, Yuguo Li. Modeling of the indoor environment-particle dispersion and deposition[J]. Indoor Air, 1998(8): 113-122.
[96]Holmberg, S. and Li, Y. Modelling of the Indoor Environment- Particle Dispersion and Deposition [J]. Indoor Air, 1998(8): 113-122.
[97]Long, C.M., Suh, H.H., and Koutrakis, P.. Characterization of Indoor Particle Sources Using Continuous Mass and Size Monitors[J]. Journal of the Air and WasteManagement Association, 2000: 1236-1250.
[98] G.Goetzel and M.H.Kalos,Monte Carlo Methods in transport problems, in physica and mathematics,Vol,Progress in Nuclear Energy, Series, J,p.315-369,Pergamon Press, New York 1958
[99] 裴鹿成 张孝泽 著 蒙特卡罗法及其在粒子输运问题中的应用[M],北京:科学出版社 1980, 53-100
[100] 吉庆丰 蒙特卡罗方法及其在水力学中的应用[M], 江苏,南京:东南大学出版社,2004.12,187-200
[101] 国家环境保护总局,国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中华人民共和国国家标准—病原微生物实验室污染物排放标准[S],2006
[102]于玺华,现代空气微生物学,北京:人民军医出版社,2002,16～19
[103] 胡庆轩 徐秀芝 陈梅玲 姜黎 ,不同级数的 ANDERSEN 生物粒子采样器采样效果的比较,《贵州环保科技》,2003 年 9 卷 3 期,33-38。
[104] Hertzberg, Jean, Flow Field of a Human Cough,American Physical Society 2005 11 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005APS..DFD.HA001H
[105] Andy, Hanna, Steve, Steve, Stacie, Nemah , HOW FAST ARE SNEEZES? http://clackhi.nclack.k12.or.us/physics/projects/rates_around_us/sneeze/snot.html
[106]Long, C.M., Suh, H.H., and Koutrakis, P.. Characterization of Indoor Particle Sources Using Continuous Mass and Size Monitors[J]. Journal of the Air and WasteManagement Association, 2000: 1236-1250.
[107]马明建,周长城. 数据采集与处理技术[M]. 西安:西安交通大学出版社
[108]藤敏康,实验误差与数据处理[M]. 南京:南京大学出版社,1989:79~96.
[109]阎凤文,测量数据的处理方法[M]. 北京:原子能出版社,1988:39-105.
[110] American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. ASHRAE 909-RP, Determine the efficiency of antimicrobial treatments of fibrous air filters [R], 1996
[111]马树峰,高效空气过滤器及滤纸计数效率测试相关问题研究[D],[硕士学位论文],天津:天津大学,2005
[112]许钟麟,沈晋明,关于尘埃粒子计数器采样管长度的探讨[J],同济大学学报,1998,26(4):447-452
[113] 李全鹏,空气微生物在纤维滤料上收集存活的研究[D],天津:天津大学,2007
[114] Launder, B.E. and Spalding, D.B. The Numerical Computation of Turbulent Flows [J]. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Energy, 1974, 3: 269-289.
[115] 由长福,李光辉. 可吸入颗粒物近壁运动的直接数值模拟[J].工程热物理学报,2004 年 3 月,25(2): 265-267.
[116] Loomans, M., and Lemaire, T. Particle Concentration Caluculations Using CFD a Comparison [J]. Proceedings of Indoor Air 2002, Edinburgh, Scotland, 153-156.
[117] Snyder, W.H. and Nazaroff, W.W. Modeling particle loss in ventilation ducts [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2003, 37: 5597-5609.
[118] Abadie, M., Limam, K., and Allard, F. Indoor particle pollution: effect of wall textures on particle deposition [J]. Building and Environment, 2001, 36: 821-827.
[119] Cheng, Y.S. Wall deposition of Radon progeny and particles in a spherical chamber [J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 1997, 27: 131-146.
[120] Graham, D.I. and Moyeed, R.A. How Many Particle for My Lagrangian Simulations [J] Powder Technology, 2002, 125: 179-186.
[121] 王彤,谷传纲,杨波,黄建德. 非定常流动计算的PISO 算法 [J]. 水动力学研究与进展,2003A, 18(2): 233-239.
[122] ISSA R I. Solution of the implicitly discredised fluid flow equations by operator-splitting [J]. Journal of Computational Physics, 1985, 62(1): 40-65.
[123] 任玉新,陈海昕. 计算流体力学基础[M]. 北京:清华大学出版社,2006.
[124]Fluent. Fluent 6.2 Documentation [M]. Lebanon, NH: Fluent Inc., 2005.
[125]赵彬,李先庭,彦启森. 室内空气流动数值模拟的风口模型综述[J]. 暖通空 调, 2000, 30(5): 33-38.
[126]Chen Q and Moser A. Simulation of a multiple-nozzle diffuser[J]. Proceedings of the 12th AIVC Conference on Air and Ventilation Control Within Buildings, Ottawa, Canada, 1991, 2: 1-13.
[127]赵彬,李先庭,彦启森. 室内空气流动数值模拟的N 点风口动量模型[J]. 计 算力学学报, 2003, 20(1): 64-70.
[128]Shirolkar, J.S., Coimbra, C.F.M., and McQuay, M.Q. Fundamental Aspectes of Modeling Turbulent Particle Dispersion in Dilute Flows[J]. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 1996, 22: 363-399.
[129] C.B.Beggs, P.A. Sleigh , A quantitative method for evaluating the germicidal effect of upper room UV fields[J]. Aerosol Science 33(2002) 1681-1699.