罗尔斯公平正义视角下的高等教育公平问题研究
摘要
教育的正义性(公平)是社会公平的基础、是缩小贫富差距最坚韧的武器、是国家持续发展的不竭动力。
党和国家向来高度重视教育事业。新中国成立后,尤其是改革开放以来,经过全党和全社会的共同协作努力,我们开辟了中国特色社会主义教育发展的新道路,成立了世界最大规模的教育体系,保证了亿万人民群众受教育的权利。教育发展极大提高了全民族素质,在科技创新、繁荣、各个领域都有很大的突破。为社会进步、民生改善做出了不可替代的重大贡献。我国实现了从人口大国向人力资源大国的积极转变。
在我国改革开放的二十几年里,随着高等教育的发展,人们有更多的机会接受高等教育的同时,高等教育领域的公平问题也逐渐引起人们的重视,如贫困生上学难、弱校更弱、残疾人不公平对待等等现象。更有甚者,出现冒名顶替、漏题、盗题等现象。特别是近些年来,高等教育从“社会的边缘”逐步转向“社会的中心”,知识与文化作为一种十分重要的资本形态,直接影响到人们的社会地位。高等教育与人们的社会地位、职业等级息息相关,实际发挥着分配职业阶梯上的等级和社会结构中的位置的作用。能否接受高等教育以及接受何种质量的高等教育,关系到我们每个人的切身利益,甚至对我们的人生都起着决定性的作用。在这种情况下,高等教育的公平问题更是受到人们广泛的关注。
因此,剖析中国教育不公平现状及其原因,提出解决教育不公平问题的对策和措施,是现实提出的迫切要求,它有助于我国实施科教兴国战略,人才强国战略,增强国家综合国力,实现经济腾飞。同时,也有助于每个公民实现社会价值与个人价值,给予他们一个公平的、自由展现他们真才实学的平台。
本文立足于当代中国实际,以罗尔斯的公平正义理论为指导,研究中国当前的教育公平性问题。在文章的安排上,按照提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的思路对教育公平进行全面的、综合的探讨,以期有助于对中国目前教育公平问题的研究,并推动教育公平在中国的实现。本文对转型期中国的教育公平问题进行了系统全面地分析,第一部分阐释了研究背景及意义并对国外研究状况和国内研究状况进行了介绍。第二部分对教育公平性的相关概念及理论基础进行论述。阐释罗尔斯的正义原则和教育公平的内涵。在他看来,“正义是社会体制的第一美德,就像真实是思想体系的第一美德一样。”正义既是人们社会理想的组成部分,又是调节社会利益冲突的重要手段,既是目的,又是手段。在这个意义上,罗尔斯认为:“正义的基本主题就是社会的基本结构,或者说得更准确些,就是主要的社会体制分配基本权利和义务以及确定社会合作所产生的利益分配的方式。”第三部分结合相关案例以分析、历史考察和文献调查等方法从理论和实践两个层面深入分析了当前中国高等教育公平性方面存在的问题及原因。运用了罗彩霞事件进行了深入解析,更细致准确的反应出了教育转型下中国高等教育的问题所在。第四部分在前面所讨论的基础上探讨了如何有效解决高等教育公平的对策,力求实现高等教育公平。根据对罗尔斯原则的理解和启示,对如何调整政策,加大对教育的投资;制定严密的入学法则,提供公平平等的入学平台等有效解决方案进行了解释说明。教育是国家发展的基础,教育公平是重要的社会公平,如何能让高等教育得到真正有效的公平,是国家进步的重要里程碑。
Education's justness (fair) is the foundation of social justice, is the most powerful weapon to reduce the gap between rich and poor, is the drainless power of national sustained development.
The party and the country always pay attention to the education. After new China was established, since particularly the reform and open policy, through the party and the entire society's common cooperation diligently, we paved a new way of the Chinese characteristic socialist education development, has established the world biggest scale education system, had guaranteed the right of trillion people to be educated. The education development improved the entire national quality enormously, got a big breakthrough in each domain such as in the scientific innovation and culture flourishing, made the unreplaceable important contributions for the social progress and the livelihood of the people improvement. Our country has realized the transition from the large population to a large human resources nation.
In the reform and open policy of our country for more than twenty years, along with higher education's development, the people have more opportunities to accept higher education, at the same time, the higher education domain's fair question also gradually brings to people's attention, such as the problem of lives impoverished goes to school, a weak school turn weaker, disabled person is not treated to be fair, and so on. And what are more appears a false identity to be used and the topic to be robbed and leaked. Specially in recent years, the higher education changes to“society's center”gradually from“society's edge”, as one kind of very important capital shape, the knowledge and the culture immediately influence on people's social position. The higher education is closely linked with people's social position, the professional rank,
Displays the function that actually assigning on professional steps and ladders in the rank and the social structure position. Whether to accept the higher education as well as accept what is related with each person's vital interest, even is playing the decisive role on our life. On this condition, higher education's fair question receives widespread attention.
Therefore, to analyze present situation and the reason of Chinese education unfair problem, propose the solution and the measure to education unfair question, are the urgent needs which the reality proposed, it is helpful in our country to implement the nation strategy of tecnoledge and education, the talented person, enhance comprehensive national strength, realize economical soaring. At the same time, is also helpful for each citizen to realize the social value and the individual value, gives them a fair and free platform to show their truly learned and genuinely talented.
This article bases on the Contemporary of China reality, take Rawls's fair just theory as the instruction, studies Chinese current education fairness question. In the article arrangement, according to the way that proposing the question, analyzing the question, solve the question to discuss comprehensively, to hope that is helpful by the time to the research that the education fair question, and promote the realization of the education fairly in China. This article carried on the system to Chinese education fair question to analyze comprehensively, the first part has explained the research background and the significance and has carried on the introduction to the overseas research condition and the domestic research condition. The second part carries on the elaboration to related concept of education fairness and the theory. Explains Rawls's just principle and the education fair connotation. In his opinion,“just is the social system's first moral excellence, such as real is the ideology's first moral excellence as the same.”The justice is not only the people's society ideal constituent, is also the important means adjust the society conflicts of interest, not only the goal, but also the method. In this significance, Rawls thought:“the just basic subject is society's basic structure, or more accurate, are the benefit assignment way which the main social system assign basic right and the voluntary as well as the determination social cooperation produces.”The third part with related case to use analysis, the historical inspection and the literature search and so on from theory and practices aspect to analyze the question and the reason thoroughly current Chinese higher education fairness existed. Carried on the thorough analysis using the Luo Caixia event, a more careful accurate response was given to the Chinese higher education's question. The fourth part has discussed the effective solution to the higher education fair countermeasure, to make every effort to realize the higher education to be fair. According to Rawls principle's understanding and enlightenment, to how to adjust the policy, enlarge to the education investment; Formulate the strict matriculation principle, provide the fair and equal matriculation platform and so on carry on the explanation to effective solution plan. The education is the foundation of national development, the education fair is the important social justice, how to do for the higher education to obtaining true effective fair, is the national progressive important milestone.
党和国家向来高度重视教育事业。新中国成立后,尤其是改革开放以来,经过全党和全社会的共同协作努力,我们开辟了中国特色社会主义教育发展的新道路,成立了世界最大规模的教育体系,保证了亿万人民群众受教育的权利。教育发展极大提高了全民族素质,在科技创新、繁荣、各个领域都有很大的突破。为社会进步、民生改善做出了不可替代的重大贡献。我国实现了从人口大国向人力资源大国的积极转变。
在我国改革开放的二十几年里,随着高等教育的发展,人们有更多的机会接受高等教育的同时,高等教育领域的公平问题也逐渐引起人们的重视,如贫困生上学难、弱校更弱、残疾人不公平对待等等现象。更有甚者,出现冒名顶替、漏题、盗题等现象。特别是近些年来,高等教育从“社会的边缘”逐步转向“社会的中心”,知识与文化作为一种十分重要的资本形态,直接影响到人们的社会地位。高等教育与人们的社会地位、职业等级息息相关,实际发挥着分配职业阶梯上的等级和社会结构中的位置的作用。能否接受高等教育以及接受何种质量的高等教育,关系到我们每个人的切身利益,甚至对我们的人生都起着决定性的作用。在这种情况下,高等教育的公平问题更是受到人们广泛的关注。
因此,剖析中国教育不公平现状及其原因,提出解决教育不公平问题的对策和措施,是现实提出的迫切要求,它有助于我国实施科教兴国战略,人才强国战略,增强国家综合国力,实现经济腾飞。同时,也有助于每个公民实现社会价值与个人价值,给予他们一个公平的、自由展现他们真才实学的平台。
本文立足于当代中国实际,以罗尔斯的公平正义理论为指导,研究中国当前的教育公平性问题。在文章的安排上,按照提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的思路对教育公平进行全面的、综合的探讨,以期有助于对中国目前教育公平问题的研究,并推动教育公平在中国的实现。本文对转型期中国的教育公平问题进行了系统全面地分析,第一部分阐释了研究背景及意义并对国外研究状况和国内研究状况进行了介绍。第二部分对教育公平性的相关概念及理论基础进行论述。阐释罗尔斯的正义原则和教育公平的内涵。在他看来,“正义是社会体制的第一美德,就像真实是思想体系的第一美德一样。”正义既是人们社会理想的组成部分,又是调节社会利益冲突的重要手段,既是目的,又是手段。在这个意义上,罗尔斯认为:“正义的基本主题就是社会的基本结构,或者说得更准确些,就是主要的社会体制分配基本权利和义务以及确定社会合作所产生的利益分配的方式。”第三部分结合相关案例以分析、历史考察和文献调查等方法从理论和实践两个层面深入分析了当前中国高等教育公平性方面存在的问题及原因。运用了罗彩霞事件进行了深入解析,更细致准确的反应出了教育转型下中国高等教育的问题所在。第四部分在前面所讨论的基础上探讨了如何有效解决高等教育公平的对策,力求实现高等教育公平。根据对罗尔斯原则的理解和启示,对如何调整政策,加大对教育的投资;制定严密的入学法则,提供公平平等的入学平台等有效解决方案进行了解释说明。教育是国家发展的基础,教育公平是重要的社会公平,如何能让高等教育得到真正有效的公平,是国家进步的重要里程碑。
Education's justness (fair) is the foundation of social justice, is the most powerful weapon to reduce the gap between rich and poor, is the drainless power of national sustained development.
The party and the country always pay attention to the education. After new China was established, since particularly the reform and open policy, through the party and the entire society's common cooperation diligently, we paved a new way of the Chinese characteristic socialist education development, has established the world biggest scale education system, had guaranteed the right of trillion people to be educated. The education development improved the entire national quality enormously, got a big breakthrough in each domain such as in the scientific innovation and culture flourishing, made the unreplaceable important contributions for the social progress and the livelihood of the people improvement. Our country has realized the transition from the large population to a large human resources nation.
In the reform and open policy of our country for more than twenty years, along with higher education's development, the people have more opportunities to accept higher education, at the same time, the higher education domain's fair question also gradually brings to people's attention, such as the problem of lives impoverished goes to school, a weak school turn weaker, disabled person is not treated to be fair, and so on. And what are more appears a false identity to be used and the topic to be robbed and leaked. Specially in recent years, the higher education changes to“society's center”gradually from“society's edge”, as one kind of very important capital shape, the knowledge and the culture immediately influence on people's social position. The higher education is closely linked with people's social position, the professional rank,
Displays the function that actually assigning on professional steps and ladders in the rank and the social structure position. Whether to accept the higher education as well as accept what is related with each person's vital interest, even is playing the decisive role on our life. On this condition, higher education's fair question receives widespread attention.
Therefore, to analyze present situation and the reason of Chinese education unfair problem, propose the solution and the measure to education unfair question, are the urgent needs which the reality proposed, it is helpful in our country to implement the nation strategy of tecnoledge and education, the talented person, enhance comprehensive national strength, realize economical soaring. At the same time, is also helpful for each citizen to realize the social value and the individual value, gives them a fair and free platform to show their truly learned and genuinely talented.
This article bases on the Contemporary of China reality, take Rawls's fair just theory as the instruction, studies Chinese current education fairness question. In the article arrangement, according to the way that proposing the question, analyzing the question, solve the question to discuss comprehensively, to hope that is helpful by the time to the research that the education fair question, and promote the realization of the education fairly in China. This article carried on the system to Chinese education fair question to analyze comprehensively, the first part has explained the research background and the significance and has carried on the introduction to the overseas research condition and the domestic research condition. The second part carries on the elaboration to related concept of education fairness and the theory. Explains Rawls's just principle and the education fair connotation. In his opinion,“just is the social system's first moral excellence, such as real is the ideology's first moral excellence as the same.”The justice is not only the people's society ideal constituent, is also the important means adjust the society conflicts of interest, not only the goal, but also the method. In this significance, Rawls thought:“the just basic subject is society's basic structure, or more accurate, are the benefit assignment way which the main social system assign basic right and the voluntary as well as the determination social cooperation produces.”The third part with related case to use analysis, the historical inspection and the literature search and so on from theory and practices aspect to analyze the question and the reason thoroughly current Chinese higher education fairness existed. Carried on the thorough analysis using the Luo Caixia event, a more careful accurate response was given to the Chinese higher education's question. The fourth part has discussed the effective solution to the higher education fair countermeasure, to make every effort to realize the higher education to be fair. According to Rawls principle's understanding and enlightenment, to how to adjust the policy, enlarge to the education investment; Formulate the strict matriculation principle, provide the fair and equal matriculation platform and so on carry on the explanation to effective solution plan. The education is the foundation of national development, the education fair is the important social justice, how to do for the higher education to obtaining true effective fair, is the national progressive important milestone.
引文
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