湿地景观近地层冷湿气候要素GIS空间模拟与分析
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摘要
人类活动干扰下湿地景观变化及其带来的气候效应研究已成为全球环境变化研究的热点。本研究以三江自然保护区作为野外实验区，对湿地-农田边缘带上近地层冷湿气象要素在水平与垂直方向上的空间变化进行实地连续测量，构建了微风条件下冷湿气候要素边缘效应水平变化模型，并定量化分析了湿地景观尺度冷湿要素边缘效应的近地层时空尺度动态变化模式。在此基础上，以洪河湿地研究区、南瓮河湿地研究区、双台河口湿地研究区、兴凯湖湿地研究区和扎龙湿地研究区作为研究对象，分别利用气象站数据和遥感数据，结合冷湿气候要素边缘效应水平变化模型，基于GIS技术模拟了五个研究区湿地景观近地层冷湿气候要素的空间分布。最后，对比分析了基于两种数据源的空间模拟效果与时空变化模式。其研究结果表明：
（1）在微风条件下，湿地与农田之间边缘带普遍存在着冷湿小气候边缘效应，气温和相对湿度在水平方向上呈现非线性S型生态递变规律，白天湿地斑块具有冷湿效应而夜间则具有暖干作用；垂直方向上，随着距地面高度不断增加，冷湿气候要素边缘效应强度（MEE）不断减小而边缘效应范围（REE）不断增大；一日内，MEE与REE随时间具有一定的变化规律；作物生长季内，前期的边缘效应较后期更明显；降水状况不同的年份，白天湿地斑块都具有冷湿效应，区别主要在夜间，表现为干旱年份湿地斑块夜间具有冷湿作用。
（2）利用气象站数据与湿地景观格局数据，结合冷湿气候要素边缘效应水平变化模型，形成了一种湿地景观尺度近地层冷湿气候要素的GIS空间模拟方法。
（3）基于气象站数据的空间模拟结果显示冷湿气候要素梯度具有纬向与经向的地带性分异规律。从昼夜对比来看，白天湿地斑块具有明显的降温增湿作用而夜间冷湿作用不稳定；气温与相对湿度的MEE在生长季具有一定的变化规律，生长前期白天气温的边缘效应强于生长后期；而相对湿度MEE总体上呈现U型分布，整个生长季增湿作用明显。
（4）考虑湿地景观斑块内部地表特征差异，利用遥感数据与湿地景观格局数据，结合冷湿气候要素边缘效应水平变化模型，形成了一种改进的湿地景观尺度近地层冷湿气候要素空间模拟方法。
（5）基于遥感数据的空间模拟结果显示，与气象站数据相比，遥感数据可获得斑块内部更为详细的地表特征；其时空变化规律与基于气象站数据的分析结果总体上一致，但各个要素的空间递变程度不同，表现在遥感获得的气温MEE与气象站获得的气温MEE相差约0.44℃，而相对湿度MEE普遍比气象站获得的MEE低3.7%。
下垫面性质不同而产生的水热差异以及由此产生的大气湍流作用是产生湿地冷湿小气候边缘效应的根本原因；同时，当地的气候条件也在此基础上使湿地边缘效应的模式与特征进一步复杂化。通过考虑湿地-农田斑块之间边缘带近地层冷湿气候要素的水平变化模式，本文提出了一种模拟景观尺度下气候要素空间分布的新思路，其模拟效果从本质上优于传统的空间插值方法。该方法为景观生态功能空间尺度转换及机制的深入研究提供了有效途径，丰富与发展了基于格局-过程-功能理论的景观生态学方法体系；同时，对着手研究基于湿地景观空间异质性的湿地气候效应变化及其对区域环境的影响也具有十分重要的应用价值。
The changes of wetland landscape and their climatic effects under the disturbance ofhuman activities have been a hot issue in the global environmental change study. Thus,using a study site located in the northeastern Sanjiang National Nature Reserve, China, weinvestigated the spatiotemporal variations in the microclimatic variables of the surfacelayer across the wetland-farmland edge by collecting air temperature and relative humiditydata continuously along a horizontal transect at four different heights over different periods.Then, the horizontal gradients in cold-humid microclimatic variables across the edge undera light wind condition were fitted and spatiotemporal variations patterns in wetlandlandscape were analyzed by quantified indexes. On this basis, taking the Honghe NatureReserve, Nanwenghe Nature Reserve, Shuangtaihekou Nature Reserve, Xingkaihu NatureReserve, Zhalong Nature Reserve and their neighboring districts as wetlands study areas,combined with the horizontal gradient models of edge effect of cold-humid microclimaticvariables, we respectively used meteorological data and remote sensing images to simulatethe spatial distribution of microclimatic variables on wetland-landscape scale in the fiveregion based on GIS. Finally, the results of spatial simulation and spatiotemporal variationsof cold-humid gradients were compared between two data resources. The main contentsand conclusions are as follows:
(1) The microclimatic features across the edge generally presented sigmoid ecologicalgradients under a light wind condition; horizontally, wetland patches cooled and moistened the adjacent farmlands during the daytime and had a warming-drying effect during thenighttime in a normal year; vertically, the absolute MEE (Magnitude of Edge Effect) of themicroclimatic variables decreased but REE (Range of Edge Effect) increased withincreasing height; in an entire day, the MEE and REE for air temperature and relativehumidity varied with the time of day; in the growing season, edge effects were stronger inthe prior period than in the later period; at the interannual scale, when compared to thefarmland, the wetland was cooler at night in a dry year, but warmer in a normal year.
(2) Using meteorological data and wetland landscape-pattern data, we presented a newspatial simulation method of cold-humid microclimatic variables in the surface layer onwetland landscape scale through combining with the the horizontal gradient models of edgeeffect.
(3) Spatial simulation from meteorological data showed that cold-humid variables andtheir MEE had latitude and meridional zonality; from diurnal patterns, the cooled effects ofwetland patches were obvious in the daytime, while unstable at night; from monthlyvariation, MEE values for Ta and RH had a certain variation pattern; specially, edge effectof Ta in the daytime was stronger during the pre-growth season than during the post season,the distribution of MEE for RH show “U” shape during the growth season with greatmoistening effect.
(4) Considering a difference in patch interiors, we presented a improved spatialsimulation method of cold-humid microclimatic variables on wetland landscape scalecombining with the the horizontal gradient models of edge effect, using remote sensingdata and wetland landscape-pattern data.
(5) Compared with the results based on meteorological data, the simulation based onremote sensing data gave more detailed surface feature in the patch interiors; thespatiotemporal patterns generally consistent with that of meteorological data, but thegradient degrees were different between two data sources. It was show that the differencein MEE for Ta was about0.44℃and MEE for RH from remote sensing data was generally3.7%lower than from meteorological data.
Surface heterogeneity was a key determinant of the microclimatic edge effect in thewetland-farmland system, and local weather conditions were also important in detecting thepatterns and characteristics of wetland edge effects. The study on the horizontal gradientpatterns in cold-humid microclimatic variables across the wetland-farmland edge onwetland-landscape scale presents a new idea on the spatial simulation of climatic variableson landscape scale, of which the simulation result was superior to traditional spatialsimulation method in essence. Therefore, it provides an efficient tool for spatial scaling oflandscape ecological functions and mechanism research, and develops the methodology oflandscape ecology based on pattern-process-function theory; in addition, it is essentialpractical application to detect the wetland microclimatic variation based on wetland spatialheterogeneity and its influence on regional envrinoment.
（1）在微风条件下，湿地与农田之间边缘带普遍存在着冷湿小气候边缘效应，气温和相对湿度在水平方向上呈现非线性S型生态递变规律，白天湿地斑块具有冷湿效应而夜间则具有暖干作用；垂直方向上，随着距地面高度不断增加，冷湿气候要素边缘效应强度（MEE）不断减小而边缘效应范围（REE）不断增大；一日内，MEE与REE随时间具有一定的变化规律；作物生长季内，前期的边缘效应较后期更明显；降水状况不同的年份，白天湿地斑块都具有冷湿效应，区别主要在夜间，表现为干旱年份湿地斑块夜间具有冷湿作用。
（2）利用气象站数据与湿地景观格局数据，结合冷湿气候要素边缘效应水平变化模型，形成了一种湿地景观尺度近地层冷湿气候要素的GIS空间模拟方法。
（3）基于气象站数据的空间模拟结果显示冷湿气候要素梯度具有纬向与经向的地带性分异规律。从昼夜对比来看，白天湿地斑块具有明显的降温增湿作用而夜间冷湿作用不稳定；气温与相对湿度的MEE在生长季具有一定的变化规律，生长前期白天气温的边缘效应强于生长后期；而相对湿度MEE总体上呈现U型分布，整个生长季增湿作用明显。
（4）考虑湿地景观斑块内部地表特征差异，利用遥感数据与湿地景观格局数据，结合冷湿气候要素边缘效应水平变化模型，形成了一种改进的湿地景观尺度近地层冷湿气候要素空间模拟方法。
（5）基于遥感数据的空间模拟结果显示，与气象站数据相比，遥感数据可获得斑块内部更为详细的地表特征；其时空变化规律与基于气象站数据的分析结果总体上一致，但各个要素的空间递变程度不同，表现在遥感获得的气温MEE与气象站获得的气温MEE相差约0.44℃，而相对湿度MEE普遍比气象站获得的MEE低3.7%。
下垫面性质不同而产生的水热差异以及由此产生的大气湍流作用是产生湿地冷湿小气候边缘效应的根本原因；同时，当地的气候条件也在此基础上使湿地边缘效应的模式与特征进一步复杂化。通过考虑湿地-农田斑块之间边缘带近地层冷湿气候要素的水平变化模式，本文提出了一种模拟景观尺度下气候要素空间分布的新思路，其模拟效果从本质上优于传统的空间插值方法。该方法为景观生态功能空间尺度转换及机制的深入研究提供了有效途径，丰富与发展了基于格局-过程-功能理论的景观生态学方法体系；同时，对着手研究基于湿地景观空间异质性的湿地气候效应变化及其对区域环境的影响也具有十分重要的应用价值。
The changes of wetland landscape and their climatic effects under the disturbance ofhuman activities have been a hot issue in the global environmental change study. Thus,using a study site located in the northeastern Sanjiang National Nature Reserve, China, weinvestigated the spatiotemporal variations in the microclimatic variables of the surfacelayer across the wetland-farmland edge by collecting air temperature and relative humiditydata continuously along a horizontal transect at four different heights over different periods.Then, the horizontal gradients in cold-humid microclimatic variables across the edge undera light wind condition were fitted and spatiotemporal variations patterns in wetlandlandscape were analyzed by quantified indexes. On this basis, taking the Honghe NatureReserve, Nanwenghe Nature Reserve, Shuangtaihekou Nature Reserve, Xingkaihu NatureReserve, Zhalong Nature Reserve and their neighboring districts as wetlands study areas,combined with the horizontal gradient models of edge effect of cold-humid microclimaticvariables, we respectively used meteorological data and remote sensing images to simulatethe spatial distribution of microclimatic variables on wetland-landscape scale in the fiveregion based on GIS. Finally, the results of spatial simulation and spatiotemporal variationsof cold-humid gradients were compared between two data resources. The main contentsand conclusions are as follows:
(1) The microclimatic features across the edge generally presented sigmoid ecologicalgradients under a light wind condition; horizontally, wetland patches cooled and moistened the adjacent farmlands during the daytime and had a warming-drying effect during thenighttime in a normal year; vertically, the absolute MEE (Magnitude of Edge Effect) of themicroclimatic variables decreased but REE (Range of Edge Effect) increased withincreasing height; in an entire day, the MEE and REE for air temperature and relativehumidity varied with the time of day; in the growing season, edge effects were stronger inthe prior period than in the later period; at the interannual scale, when compared to thefarmland, the wetland was cooler at night in a dry year, but warmer in a normal year.
(2) Using meteorological data and wetland landscape-pattern data, we presented a newspatial simulation method of cold-humid microclimatic variables in the surface layer onwetland landscape scale through combining with the the horizontal gradient models of edgeeffect.
(3) Spatial simulation from meteorological data showed that cold-humid variables andtheir MEE had latitude and meridional zonality; from diurnal patterns, the cooled effects ofwetland patches were obvious in the daytime, while unstable at night; from monthlyvariation, MEE values for Ta and RH had a certain variation pattern; specially, edge effectof Ta in the daytime was stronger during the pre-growth season than during the post season,the distribution of MEE for RH show “U” shape during the growth season with greatmoistening effect.
(4) Considering a difference in patch interiors, we presented a improved spatialsimulation method of cold-humid microclimatic variables on wetland landscape scalecombining with the the horizontal gradient models of edge effect, using remote sensingdata and wetland landscape-pattern data.
(5) Compared with the results based on meteorological data, the simulation based onremote sensing data gave more detailed surface feature in the patch interiors; thespatiotemporal patterns generally consistent with that of meteorological data, but thegradient degrees were different between two data sources. It was show that the differencein MEE for Ta was about0.44℃and MEE for RH from remote sensing data was generally3.7%lower than from meteorological data.
Surface heterogeneity was a key determinant of the microclimatic edge effect in thewetland-farmland system, and local weather conditions were also important in detecting thepatterns and characteristics of wetland edge effects. The study on the horizontal gradientpatterns in cold-humid microclimatic variables across the wetland-farmland edge onwetland-landscape scale presents a new idea on the spatial simulation of climatic variableson landscape scale, of which the simulation result was superior to traditional spatialsimulation method in essence. Therefore, it provides an efficient tool for spatial scaling oflandscape ecological functions and mechanism research, and develops the methodology oflandscape ecology based on pattern-process-function theory; in addition, it is essentialpractical application to detect the wetland microclimatic variation based on wetland spatialheterogeneity and its influence on regional envrinoment.
引文
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