华北落叶松枝叶挥发物的化感作用及其化学成分分析
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摘要
化感作用是影响森林天然更新的重要因子。开展华北落叶松化感作用的研究,不仅可深入揭示其由于连栽或纯林导致的林分生产力下降、自然更新能力降低等问题,而且对建立华北落叶松林高产、高效栽培管理技术体系,促进华北落叶松林的持续经营都具有重要的现实意义。本文在密闭容器中进行了华北落叶松枝叶的挥发性气体和挥发油对自身种子萌发和胚根、胚芽生长的化感作用研究,并采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术,对华北落叶松枝叶挥发油的化学成分进行了分析。试验结果表明:
(1)华北落叶松枝叶的挥发性气体对其自身的种子萌发和生长有显著的抑制作用。与对照相比,枝叶挥发性气体试验组的发芽率、萌发速度指数分别降低了7.33%、35.56%,胚根长、胚轴长、胚根和胚轴鲜重在种子萌发阶段分别降低了42.4%、28.5%、32.9%、33.3%,在生长初期阶段分别降低了20.4%、21.5%、18.6%、26.3%。
(2)华北落叶松枝叶的挥发油对其自身的种子萌发和生长也有显著的抑制作用。与对照相比,挥发油试验组的发芽率、萌发速度指数分别降低了12.00%、28.06%,胚根长、胚轴长、胚根和胚轴鲜重在种子萌发阶段分别降低了17.5%、22.1%、25.0%、21.4%,在生长初期阶段分别降低了47.7%、13.0%、50.5%、5.0%。
(3)化感响应指数(RI)均小于零,化感作用表现为抑制。华北落叶松枝叶挥发性气体试验组发芽率、萌发速度指数的RI值分别为-0.14、-0.35,胚根长、胚轴长、胚根和胚轴鲜重的RI值在种子萌发阶段分别为-0.41、-0.29、-0.329、-0.333,在生长初期阶段分别为-0.22、-0.21、-0.505、-0.050;挥发油试验组发芽率、萌发速度指数的RI值分别-0.18、-0.28,胚根长、胚轴长、胚根和胚轴鲜重的RI值在种子萌发阶段分别-0.17、-0.22、-0.250、-0.214,在生长初期阶段分别-0.48、-0.13、-0.186、-0.263。
(4)华北落叶松枝叶的挥发性气体和挥发油对自身种子萌发都显示出延迟萌发和抑制萌发的作用,虽然对胚根和胚轴伸长量、生物量的减少程度不同,但也产生了明显的抑制作用。说明华北落叶松具有显著的化感潜势,枝叶的挥发物是其释放的化感物质之一,能抑制自身生长,即具有自毒作用。
(5)对华北落叶松枝叶挥发油化学成分的分析结果表明,华北落叶松挥发油中含量较大的化合物有20种,占总挥发物的75.30%。主要化合物有大根香叶烯(11.35%)、1-异丙基-4,7-二甲基-1,2,4a,5,8,8a-六氢萘酚(6.53%)、石竹烯(5.84%)、长叶松节烷(5.23%)、7-甲基-4-亚甲基-1-(1-甲基乙基)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-八氢萘(5.21%)、(E)-3,7,11-三甲基-1,6,10-十二烷三烯-3-醇(5.17%)、.tau.-Muurolol (4.55%)、α-杜松醇(4.31%)、α-石竹烯(4.22%)等,其中存在较多的萜类化合物,有5个单萜,12个倍半萜。挥发物对自身种子萌发和幼芽生长所表现的抑制作用,可能与挥发油中较高含量的萜类化合物有关。
(6)华北落叶松枝叶挥发物的化感作用影响自身的更新,可能是华北落叶松人工纯林退化的一个原因,并且可能会影响到周围其它物种的分布和生长,从而导致其林分结构单一,生态幅减小,群落不稳定。
Allelopathy is an important ecochemical factor in forestry natural regeneration. Researched on allelopathic effects of Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr., not only may further reveal some questions, such as stand productive declined and the natural regeneration ability reduced due to continuous cropping and pure forest, but also had the vital practical significance to establish high production and the highly effective cultivation technique system and promote sustainable management. This paper studied the allelopathic effects of the volatile from the leaves and breaches of L. principis-rupprechtii on its seeds germination and growth, and analyzed the chemical components of the volatile oil by GC-MS. The results showed that:
(1)The volatile gas from the leaves and breaches of L. principis-rupprechtii significantly inhibited own seeds germination and growth. Compared to the control, the volatile gas test group's germination rate and the germination speed index reduced respectively 7.33%, 35.56%, the radicle length, the hypocotyl length, the radicle and the hypocotyl fresh weight reduced respectively 42.4%, 28.5%, 32.9%, 33.3% in the seeds germination stage, and reduced respectively 20.4%, 21.5%, 18.6%, 26.3% in the initial growth stage.
(2)The volatile oil from the leaves and breaches of L. principis-rupprechtii also significantly inhibited own seeds germination and growth. Compared to the control, the volatile oil test group's germination rate and the germination speed index reduced respectively 12.00%, 28.06%, the radicle length, the hypocotyl length, the radicle and the hypocotyl fresh weight reduced respectively 17.5%, 22.1%, 25.0%, 21.4% in the seeds germination stage, and reduced respectively 47.7%, 13.0%, 50.5%, 5.0% in the initial growth stage.
(3)Allelopathy response index(RI<0) showed that allelopathic effects manifested to inhibit. RI value of the volatile gas from the leaves and breaches of L. principis-rupprechtii test group's germination rate and the germination speed index were -0.14, -0.35, the radicle length, the hypocotyl length, the radicle and the hypocotyl fresh weight' were -0.41, -0.29, -0.329, -0.333 in the seeds germination stage, and were -0.22, -0.21, -0.505, -0.050 in the initial growth stage. RI value of the volatile oil test group's germination rate and the germination speed index were -0.18, -0.28, the radicle length, the hypocotyl length, the radicle and the hypocotyl fresh weight' were -0.17, -0.22, -0.250, -0.214 in the seeds germination stage, and were -0.48, -0.13, -0.186, -0.263 in the initial growth stage.
(4)The volatile gas and oil from the leaves and breaches of L. principis -rupprechtii delayed and inhibited to its seeds germination. The effects on the length, the biomass of the radicle and the hypocotyl were different, but also had the obvious inhibition. They explained that L. principis-rupprechtii had the potentials allelochemicals and the volatile from the leaves and breaches of L. principis-rupprechtii was one of allelochemicals of release to inhibit own growth, which namely had autotoxicity.
(5)The analysis results of volatile oil from the leaves and breaches of L. principis-rupprechtii showed that: The volatile oil contained 20 major components which accounted for 75.30% of the total ion peak area. The main component was Germacrene D(11.35%)1-Isopropyl-4,7-dimethyl-1,2,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-naphtalene (6.53%)Caryophyllene(5.84%)Patchulane(5.23%)Naphthalene,1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydro-7-methyl-4-methylene-1-(1-methylethyl)-(5.21%)1,6,10-Dodecatrien-3-ol,3,7,11-trimethyl-(5.17%)tau.-Muurolol(4.55%)α-Cadinol(4.31%)α-Caryophyllene(4.22%), and the others were under 4%. Terpenes and their oxidized derivatives were the major chemical constituents in the oil. There were 5 monoterpenes and 12 sesquiterpenes in the volatile oil. The inhibition effects of the volatile from the leaves and breaches of L. principis-rupprechtii on its seeds germination and growth may be related to the high content of terpenes and their oxidized derivatives.
(6)The allelopathic effects of the volatile from the leaves and breaches of L .principis-rupprechtii affected own regeneration, and was a reason of artificial pure forestry degeneration. It would possibly affect distribution and the growth of nearby other species, and thus would causes its stand structure unitary, ecological amplitude reduced, the community unstable.
(1)华北落叶松枝叶的挥发性气体对其自身的种子萌发和生长有显著的抑制作用。与对照相比,枝叶挥发性气体试验组的发芽率、萌发速度指数分别降低了7.33%、35.56%,胚根长、胚轴长、胚根和胚轴鲜重在种子萌发阶段分别降低了42.4%、28.5%、32.9%、33.3%,在生长初期阶段分别降低了20.4%、21.5%、18.6%、26.3%。
(2)华北落叶松枝叶的挥发油对其自身的种子萌发和生长也有显著的抑制作用。与对照相比,挥发油试验组的发芽率、萌发速度指数分别降低了12.00%、28.06%,胚根长、胚轴长、胚根和胚轴鲜重在种子萌发阶段分别降低了17.5%、22.1%、25.0%、21.4%,在生长初期阶段分别降低了47.7%、13.0%、50.5%、5.0%。
(3)化感响应指数(RI)均小于零,化感作用表现为抑制。华北落叶松枝叶挥发性气体试验组发芽率、萌发速度指数的RI值分别为-0.14、-0.35,胚根长、胚轴长、胚根和胚轴鲜重的RI值在种子萌发阶段分别为-0.41、-0.29、-0.329、-0.333,在生长初期阶段分别为-0.22、-0.21、-0.505、-0.050;挥发油试验组发芽率、萌发速度指数的RI值分别-0.18、-0.28,胚根长、胚轴长、胚根和胚轴鲜重的RI值在种子萌发阶段分别-0.17、-0.22、-0.250、-0.214,在生长初期阶段分别-0.48、-0.13、-0.186、-0.263。
(4)华北落叶松枝叶的挥发性气体和挥发油对自身种子萌发都显示出延迟萌发和抑制萌发的作用,虽然对胚根和胚轴伸长量、生物量的减少程度不同,但也产生了明显的抑制作用。说明华北落叶松具有显著的化感潜势,枝叶的挥发物是其释放的化感物质之一,能抑制自身生长,即具有自毒作用。
(5)对华北落叶松枝叶挥发油化学成分的分析结果表明,华北落叶松挥发油中含量较大的化合物有20种,占总挥发物的75.30%。主要化合物有大根香叶烯(11.35%)、1-异丙基-4,7-二甲基-1,2,4a,5,8,8a-六氢萘酚(6.53%)、石竹烯(5.84%)、长叶松节烷(5.23%)、7-甲基-4-亚甲基-1-(1-甲基乙基)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-八氢萘(5.21%)、(E)-3,7,11-三甲基-1,6,10-十二烷三烯-3-醇(5.17%)、.tau.-Muurolol (4.55%)、α-杜松醇(4.31%)、α-石竹烯(4.22%)等,其中存在较多的萜类化合物,有5个单萜,12个倍半萜。挥发物对自身种子萌发和幼芽生长所表现的抑制作用,可能与挥发油中较高含量的萜类化合物有关。
(6)华北落叶松枝叶挥发物的化感作用影响自身的更新,可能是华北落叶松人工纯林退化的一个原因,并且可能会影响到周围其它物种的分布和生长,从而导致其林分结构单一,生态幅减小,群落不稳定。
Allelopathy is an important ecochemical factor in forestry natural regeneration. Researched on allelopathic effects of Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr., not only may further reveal some questions, such as stand productive declined and the natural regeneration ability reduced due to continuous cropping and pure forest, but also had the vital practical significance to establish high production and the highly effective cultivation technique system and promote sustainable management. This paper studied the allelopathic effects of the volatile from the leaves and breaches of L. principis-rupprechtii on its seeds germination and growth, and analyzed the chemical components of the volatile oil by GC-MS. The results showed that:
(1)The volatile gas from the leaves and breaches of L. principis-rupprechtii significantly inhibited own seeds germination and growth. Compared to the control, the volatile gas test group's germination rate and the germination speed index reduced respectively 7.33%, 35.56%, the radicle length, the hypocotyl length, the radicle and the hypocotyl fresh weight reduced respectively 42.4%, 28.5%, 32.9%, 33.3% in the seeds germination stage, and reduced respectively 20.4%, 21.5%, 18.6%, 26.3% in the initial growth stage.
(2)The volatile oil from the leaves and breaches of L. principis-rupprechtii also significantly inhibited own seeds germination and growth. Compared to the control, the volatile oil test group's germination rate and the germination speed index reduced respectively 12.00%, 28.06%, the radicle length, the hypocotyl length, the radicle and the hypocotyl fresh weight reduced respectively 17.5%, 22.1%, 25.0%, 21.4% in the seeds germination stage, and reduced respectively 47.7%, 13.0%, 50.5%, 5.0% in the initial growth stage.
(3)Allelopathy response index(RI<0) showed that allelopathic effects manifested to inhibit. RI value of the volatile gas from the leaves and breaches of L. principis-rupprechtii test group's germination rate and the germination speed index were -0.14, -0.35, the radicle length, the hypocotyl length, the radicle and the hypocotyl fresh weight' were -0.41, -0.29, -0.329, -0.333 in the seeds germination stage, and were -0.22, -0.21, -0.505, -0.050 in the initial growth stage. RI value of the volatile oil test group's germination rate and the germination speed index were -0.18, -0.28, the radicle length, the hypocotyl length, the radicle and the hypocotyl fresh weight' were -0.17, -0.22, -0.250, -0.214 in the seeds germination stage, and were -0.48, -0.13, -0.186, -0.263 in the initial growth stage.
(4)The volatile gas and oil from the leaves and breaches of L. principis -rupprechtii delayed and inhibited to its seeds germination. The effects on the length, the biomass of the radicle and the hypocotyl were different, but also had the obvious inhibition. They explained that L. principis-rupprechtii had the potentials allelochemicals and the volatile from the leaves and breaches of L. principis-rupprechtii was one of allelochemicals of release to inhibit own growth, which namely had autotoxicity.
(5)The analysis results of volatile oil from the leaves and breaches of L. principis-rupprechtii showed that: The volatile oil contained 20 major components which accounted for 75.30% of the total ion peak area. The main component was Germacrene D(11.35%)1-Isopropyl-4,7-dimethyl-1,2,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-naphtalene (6.53%)Caryophyllene(5.84%)Patchulane(5.23%)Naphthalene,1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydro-7-methyl-4-methylene-1-(1-methylethyl)-(5.21%)1,6,10-Dodecatrien-3-ol,3,7,11-trimethyl-(5.17%)tau.-Muurolol(4.55%)α-Cadinol(4.31%)α-Caryophyllene(4.22%), and the others were under 4%. Terpenes and their oxidized derivatives were the major chemical constituents in the oil. There were 5 monoterpenes and 12 sesquiterpenes in the volatile oil. The inhibition effects of the volatile from the leaves and breaches of L. principis-rupprechtii on its seeds germination and growth may be related to the high content of terpenes and their oxidized derivatives.
(6)The allelopathic effects of the volatile from the leaves and breaches of L .principis-rupprechtii affected own regeneration, and was a reason of artificial pure forestry degeneration. It would possibly affect distribution and the growth of nearby other species, and thus would causes its stand structure unitary, ecological amplitude reduced, the community unstable.
引文
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