城镇小区生活废水厌氧—好氧处理的实验研究
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摘要
本文以强化厌氧过程，达到降低城镇小区生活废水处理成本为目标开展了厌氧生物滤池——好氧曝气连续处理废水的研究，并以此设计实验分别对校园生活废水、啤酒麦芽加工废水、屠宰废水和水产品加工废水进行处理，记录实验处理结果并进行分析。结果表明：对于校园生活废水，在经过厌氧生物滤池6h处理后，连续好氧处理1h即可去除COD达80％以上，能够满足国家相关废水排放标准。
厌氧处理装置使用下流式厌氧生物滤池，其中菌胶团以生物膜的形式附着在填料上，进水从反应器顶部注入。在滤池内使用5mm～10mm的炉渣作为填料，并设计有监测孔用于分析滤池内不同高度的水样特性。
在好氧处理装置中设计有反应池、沉淀池和污泥再生池，通过气提装置使污泥自动从沉淀池回流到再生池，节省了潜污泵并降低了动力消耗。同时，好氧处理采用吸附——再生工艺，降低了污泥膨胀发生的可能。
由于采用了厌氧生物滤池和好氧曝气处理相结合的方法处理废水，提高了处理能力并降低了好氧处理所需的时间。同时，此方法对废水水质具有更宽的适应性。本文中介绍的实验装置基建费用省，动力消耗低，可大大降低废水处理成本。
实验中在厌氧生物滤池内添加了除臭菌，可大大减少厌氧过程中不良气味的产生，有效的避免了处理过程中气味的二次污染；在好氧反应池内添加了以自养细菌为主的优势菌，以促进硝化反应，在保持氨氮去除率的同时减少好氧处理时间，降低废水处理成本。
In present dissertation, research work target on reducing the cost of living waste-water treatment came from cities and towns was carried out using anaerobic biological filter - aerobic aeration continuous treatment method. Experiment upon various waste-water which came from campus living, brewery malt processing, animal slaughtering and aquatic product processing was devised and conducted. Based on result analysis, the decrement of COD of campus living waste-water may exceed 80% after 6h of anaerobic biological filter treatment and 1h of continuous aerobic aeration, which satisfied the standard of national waste-water discharging.
Down stream anaerobic biological filter where waste-water poured from top was used as anaerobic processing device in which bacteria colloid was found on padding in biological membrane form. Sampling holes designed to analysis the characteristic of different altitude water was opened on the filter in which slag with diameter of 5mm~10mni was used as padding.
Reaction pool, subsidence pool and sludge renew pool was designed in aerobic processing device, in which gas-lift unit was used to lead sludge reflux from subsidence pool to renew pool. In this device, underwater pump can be cut down to reduce power consume. The probability of sludge expansion was also reduced because of the adsorption-renew technique.
Benefit from the anaerobic biological filter-aerobic aeration combination treatment, the capacity of waste-water treatment was raised and the time of aerobic processing was reduced. This method also extends the adaptability of various kind of waste-water, which can greatly cut down the cost of waste-water treatment by reducing the power consumption.
Deodorization bacteria were added into the anaerobic filter to reduce the foul smell production in anaerobic process, and to avoid secondary smell pollution in the treatment process. Superior bacteria were added into the aerobic reaction pool to advance the nitrification reaction which saves the aerobic process time and reduces the cost of waste-water treatment while keeping the dislodge rate of ammonia and nitrogen.
厌氧处理装置使用下流式厌氧生物滤池，其中菌胶团以生物膜的形式附着在填料上，进水从反应器顶部注入。在滤池内使用5mm～10mm的炉渣作为填料，并设计有监测孔用于分析滤池内不同高度的水样特性。
在好氧处理装置中设计有反应池、沉淀池和污泥再生池，通过气提装置使污泥自动从沉淀池回流到再生池，节省了潜污泵并降低了动力消耗。同时，好氧处理采用吸附——再生工艺，降低了污泥膨胀发生的可能。
由于采用了厌氧生物滤池和好氧曝气处理相结合的方法处理废水，提高了处理能力并降低了好氧处理所需的时间。同时，此方法对废水水质具有更宽的适应性。本文中介绍的实验装置基建费用省，动力消耗低，可大大降低废水处理成本。
实验中在厌氧生物滤池内添加了除臭菌，可大大减少厌氧过程中不良气味的产生，有效的避免了处理过程中气味的二次污染；在好氧反应池内添加了以自养细菌为主的优势菌，以促进硝化反应，在保持氨氮去除率的同时减少好氧处理时间，降低废水处理成本。
In present dissertation, research work target on reducing the cost of living waste-water treatment came from cities and towns was carried out using anaerobic biological filter - aerobic aeration continuous treatment method. Experiment upon various waste-water which came from campus living, brewery malt processing, animal slaughtering and aquatic product processing was devised and conducted. Based on result analysis, the decrement of COD of campus living waste-water may exceed 80% after 6h of anaerobic biological filter treatment and 1h of continuous aerobic aeration, which satisfied the standard of national waste-water discharging.
Down stream anaerobic biological filter where waste-water poured from top was used as anaerobic processing device in which bacteria colloid was found on padding in biological membrane form. Sampling holes designed to analysis the characteristic of different altitude water was opened on the filter in which slag with diameter of 5mm~10mni was used as padding.
Reaction pool, subsidence pool and sludge renew pool was designed in aerobic processing device, in which gas-lift unit was used to lead sludge reflux from subsidence pool to renew pool. In this device, underwater pump can be cut down to reduce power consume. The probability of sludge expansion was also reduced because of the adsorption-renew technique.
Benefit from the anaerobic biological filter-aerobic aeration combination treatment, the capacity of waste-water treatment was raised and the time of aerobic processing was reduced. This method also extends the adaptability of various kind of waste-water, which can greatly cut down the cost of waste-water treatment by reducing the power consumption.
Deodorization bacteria were added into the anaerobic filter to reduce the foul smell production in anaerobic process, and to avoid secondary smell pollution in the treatment process. Superior bacteria were added into the aerobic reaction pool to advance the nitrification reaction which saves the aerobic process time and reduces the cost of waste-water treatment while keeping the dislodge rate of ammonia and nitrogen.
引文
[1] 王小芳，杨玲娟．从我国水资源的现状论水污染治理的策略．天水师范学院学报，2001，21(5)：41～43
[2] 陈明等．国内外环保科技发展动向．环境保护科学，2000，(26)：52～54
[3] 国家环保总局．1998中国环境状况公报．环境保护，1999，(7)：3～9
[4] 李鸿峰．中国环境．中国环境报，2000，5：17
[5] 俞誉福，叶明吕．环境化学导论．上海：复旦大学出版社，1997．56～57
[6] 北京市环境保护科学研究院．三废处理工程技术手册(废水卷)．北京：化学工业出版社，2000．72-80
[7] 严煦世．水和废水技术研究．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1992：97～99
[8] McCarty P.L. Anaerobic waste treatment fundamentals. Public Works, 1964, 95(9): 107～112
[9] Parkin G.F, Owen W.F. Fundamentals of anaerobic digestion of wastewater sludges. Journal of the Environmental Engineering, 1986, 112:867～920
[10] Pohland F.G. Jr. Anaerobic treatment: Fundamental concepts, applications, and new horizons. In: Design of Anaerobic Processes for the Treatment of Industrial and Municipal Wastes. Eds.: Malina J.F.Jr. and Pohland F.G.Technomies Publishing, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1992. 1～40.
[11] Boone D.R., Whitman W.B., Rouviere P. Diversity and taxonomy of methanogens. In: Methanogenesis: Ecology, Physiology, Biochemistry & Genetics. Ed. Ferry J.G. New York: Chapman & Hall, 1993.35～38
[12] Sahm H. Anaerobic wastewater treatment. Advances in Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, 1984, 29:83～115
[13] 谭铁鹏．厌氧技术在处理废水中应用剖析．甘肃环境研究与监测，1998，11：38～42
[14] 钱易．现代废水处理新技术．北京：科学出版社，1993：78～79
[15] R．E．斯皮思，李亚新译．工业废水的厌氧生物技术．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2001：13～14
[16] 杨健，吴一蘩等．厌氧水解—高负荷生物滤池处理城镇污水的试验研究．四川环境，2001，20：6～12
[17] 杜勤．生物滤池——固体接触新技术及应用．石油化工环境保护，1999，2：27～30
[18] 方芳，龙腾锐．厌氧生物滤池的研究及应用现状．中国给水排水，1999，15(4)：24～27
[19] 胡宏韬，林学钰．环境污染物的处理技术．干旱环境监测，2000，14：152～155
[20] 牛学义．生物滤床污水处理工艺的应用范围和效率．给水排水，1999，25：26～29
[21] 华玉苍．厌氧菌的检测方法．酿酒科技，2001，2(69)：8～10
[22] Gujer W., Zehnder A.J.B. Conversion processes in anaerobic digestion. Water Science and Technology, 1983, 15(8/9): 127～167
[23] 刘祖文，唐敏康．SBR工艺处理屠宰废水．南方冶金学院学报，2001，22(2)： 117～120
[24] 李海，孙瑞征等．城市污水处理技术及工程实例．北京：化学工业出版社，2002．45
[25] 薛军，李亚峰等．关于污泥好氧处理的几个问题．黄金学报，2000，2：306～308
[26] 周春生等．剩余污泥好氧消化的生物降解性研究．重庆环境科学，1995，17：27～29
[27] 蒋展鹏，尤作亮等．论述与研究城市污水强化一级处理新工艺——活化污泥法．中国给水排水，1999，15(12)：1～5
[28] 唐传祥．好氧生物流化床废水处理技术．化工给排水设计，1994，2：34～39
[29] Monod J. The growth of bacterial cultures. Annual Review of Microbiology, 1949, 3:371～394
[30] 崔峰．应用选择器抑制污泥膨胀的20年实践．环境污染与防治，1997，3：37～39
[31] 李庆召，王定勇．活性污泥膨胀机理及抑制对策的研究形状．环境保护科学，2001，27(106)：14～15
[32] Painter H.A. Microbial transformation of inorganic nitrogen. Progress in Water Technology, 1977, 8(4/5): 3～29
[33] McClintock S.A., Sherrard J.H., Novak J.T. and Randall C.W. Nitrate versus oxygen respiration in the activated sludge process. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 1988, 60:342～350
[34] Lawrence A.W. and McCarty P.L. Unified basis for biological treatment design and operation. Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division, ASCE, 1970, 96: 757～778
[35] Rittmann B.E. and Snoeyink V.L. Achieving biologically stable drinking water. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1984, 76(10): 106～114
[36] Sharma B. and Ahlert R.C. Nitrification and nitrogen removal. Water Research, 1977, 11: 897～925
[37] Siegrist H. and Gujer W. Demonstration of mass transfer and pH effects in a nitrifying biofilm. Water Research, 1987, 21:1481～1487
[38] Tanaka H., Uzman S. and Dunn I.J. Kinetics of nitrification using a fluidized sand bed reactor with attached growth. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 1981, 23:1683～1702
[39] 刘祖文，唐敏康．SBR工艺处理屠宰废水．南方冶金学院学报，2001，22(2)：117～120
[40] 苗群，刘志强等．水产品加工废水处理工程．青岛建筑工程学院学报，2002，23(3)：38～40
[2] 陈明等．国内外环保科技发展动向．环境保护科学，2000，(26)：52～54
[3] 国家环保总局．1998中国环境状况公报．环境保护，1999，(7)：3～9
[4] 李鸿峰．中国环境．中国环境报，2000，5：17
[5] 俞誉福，叶明吕．环境化学导论．上海：复旦大学出版社，1997．56～57
[6] 北京市环境保护科学研究院．三废处理工程技术手册(废水卷)．北京：化学工业出版社，2000．72-80
[7] 严煦世．水和废水技术研究．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1992：97～99
[8] McCarty P.L. Anaerobic waste treatment fundamentals. Public Works, 1964, 95(9): 107～112
[9] Parkin G.F, Owen W.F. Fundamentals of anaerobic digestion of wastewater sludges. Journal of the Environmental Engineering, 1986, 112:867～920
[10] Pohland F.G. Jr. Anaerobic treatment: Fundamental concepts, applications, and new horizons. In: Design of Anaerobic Processes for the Treatment of Industrial and Municipal Wastes. Eds.: Malina J.F.Jr. and Pohland F.G.Technomies Publishing, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1992. 1～40.
[11] Boone D.R., Whitman W.B., Rouviere P. Diversity and taxonomy of methanogens. In: Methanogenesis: Ecology, Physiology, Biochemistry & Genetics. Ed. Ferry J.G. New York: Chapman & Hall, 1993.35～38
[12] Sahm H. Anaerobic wastewater treatment. Advances in Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, 1984, 29:83～115
[13] 谭铁鹏．厌氧技术在处理废水中应用剖析．甘肃环境研究与监测，1998，11：38～42
[14] 钱易．现代废水处理新技术．北京：科学出版社，1993：78～79
[15] R．E．斯皮思，李亚新译．工业废水的厌氧生物技术．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2001：13～14
[16] 杨健，吴一蘩等．厌氧水解—高负荷生物滤池处理城镇污水的试验研究．四川环境，2001，20：6～12
[17] 杜勤．生物滤池——固体接触新技术及应用．石油化工环境保护，1999，2：27～30
[18] 方芳，龙腾锐．厌氧生物滤池的研究及应用现状．中国给水排水，1999，15(4)：24～27
[19] 胡宏韬，林学钰．环境污染物的处理技术．干旱环境监测，2000，14：152～155
[20] 牛学义．生物滤床污水处理工艺的应用范围和效率．给水排水，1999，25：26～29
[21] 华玉苍．厌氧菌的检测方法．酿酒科技，2001，2(69)：8～10
[22] Gujer W., Zehnder A.J.B. Conversion processes in anaerobic digestion. Water Science and Technology, 1983, 15(8/9): 127～167
[23] 刘祖文，唐敏康．SBR工艺处理屠宰废水．南方冶金学院学报，2001，22(2)： 117～120
[24] 李海，孙瑞征等．城市污水处理技术及工程实例．北京：化学工业出版社，2002．45
[25] 薛军，李亚峰等．关于污泥好氧处理的几个问题．黄金学报，2000，2：306～308
[26] 周春生等．剩余污泥好氧消化的生物降解性研究．重庆环境科学，1995，17：27～29
[27] 蒋展鹏，尤作亮等．论述与研究城市污水强化一级处理新工艺——活化污泥法．中国给水排水，1999，15(12)：1～5
[28] 唐传祥．好氧生物流化床废水处理技术．化工给排水设计，1994，2：34～39
[29] Monod J. The growth of bacterial cultures. Annual Review of Microbiology, 1949, 3:371～394
[30] 崔峰．应用选择器抑制污泥膨胀的20年实践．环境污染与防治，1997，3：37～39
[31] 李庆召，王定勇．活性污泥膨胀机理及抑制对策的研究形状．环境保护科学，2001，27(106)：14～15
[32] Painter H.A. Microbial transformation of inorganic nitrogen. Progress in Water Technology, 1977, 8(4/5): 3～29
[33] McClintock S.A., Sherrard J.H., Novak J.T. and Randall C.W. Nitrate versus oxygen respiration in the activated sludge process. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 1988, 60:342～350
[34] Lawrence A.W. and McCarty P.L. Unified basis for biological treatment design and operation. Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division, ASCE, 1970, 96: 757～778
[35] Rittmann B.E. and Snoeyink V.L. Achieving biologically stable drinking water. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1984, 76(10): 106～114
[36] Sharma B. and Ahlert R.C. Nitrification and nitrogen removal. Water Research, 1977, 11: 897～925
[37] Siegrist H. and Gujer W. Demonstration of mass transfer and pH effects in a nitrifying biofilm. Water Research, 1987, 21:1481～1487
[38] Tanaka H., Uzman S. and Dunn I.J. Kinetics of nitrification using a fluidized sand bed reactor with attached growth. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 1981, 23:1683～1702
[39] 刘祖文，唐敏康．SBR工艺处理屠宰废水．南方冶金学院学报，2001，22(2)：117～120
[40] 苗群，刘志强等．水产品加工废水处理工程．青岛建筑工程学院学报，2002，23(3)：38～40