盐湖氯化镁连续制备高纯Mg（OH）_2工艺研究
|
摘要
我国盐湖镁资源十分丰富,但是目前对盐湖盐类资源的不充分开发利用,造成大量镁盐的局部富集,形成了“镁害”。由于高纯氢氧化镁具有广阔的应用前景,本论文以盐湖氯化镁为镁原料,采用氨法连续制各高纯氢氧化镁,从而实现对盐湖镁资源的利用,变“废”为宝。
论文首先从热力学、动力学及沉淀理论角度对制备高纯氢氧化镁的工艺路线进行理论分析;然后先后在试验室规模、小试规模上仔细研究了盐湖氯化镁连续制备高纯氢氧化镁这一工艺:最后采用多种检测手段对样品进行全面分析,检测方法涉及激光粒度分析、离子色谱分析、X-射线衍射(XRD)检测分析、扫描电镜(SEM)分析等。
首先在试验室规模研究了搅拌速度、反应温度、氨气通入速度等工艺条件对产品粒度和纯度的影响,得到的优化条件为:氯化镁浓度4.17mol/L,搅拌速度300r/min,反应温度45℃～65℃,氨气通入速度300ml/min,陈化时间60min,最后得到平均粒度大于43μm、纯度大于99.9%的高纯氢氧化镁。
经小试规模的放大试验证明,当试验规模放大时,优化的试验条件有一定的变化,氯化镁浓度.2.5mol/L,氨气流量45L/min,陈化60min时,试验结果最好;当采用氨水为沉淀剂时,氯化镁浓度3.5mol/L、反应温度65℃、氨镁比2.2:1、搅拌速度500r/min、反应时间60min、陈化温度60℃、陈化时间90min、陈化搅拌速度500r/min时,获得的氢氧化镁Dv50大于39μm,纯度大于99.9%。
本论文的研究结果对开发利用盐湖镁资源生产高纯氢氧化镁提供了直接的技术参数。
The magnesium resource is very abundant in our country, especially in salt lakes. But at present the inadequate exploitation of the resource from salt lakes, to a certain extend, forms the "magnesium crisis". According to extensive applied prospect of high purity magnesium hydroxide, using magnesium chloride from salt lakes as magnesium material, high purity magnesium hydroxide is synthesized continuously by ammonia. So to extend and improve the development level for magnesium resource from salt lakes comes true, and turns the waste into a valuable product.
Firstly it analyzes the synthesis of magnesium hydroxide using precipitation method in theory. Then, there are two stages to study on continuous synthesizing technology of high purity magnesium hydroxide using magnesium chloride from salt lakes, which include laboratory scale stage and pilot stage. Lastly various performances of specimen are tested by Laser particle size analyzer, Ion chromatograph, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscope (SEM).
In the laboratory scale stage, the technical conditions, such as mixing speed, reaction temperature and inlet speed of ammonia, are considered. The optimum experimental conditions of synthesizing high purity magnesium hydroxide are obtained, which are 4.17 mol/L concentration of magnesium chloride, 300r/min mixing speed, 45℃～65℃reaction temperature, 300ml/min inlet speed of ammonia and 60min aging time. Dv50 of magnesium hydroxide is larger than 43μm, and the purity exceeds 99.9%.
In the pilot stage, the amplificatory experiment proves that the optimum conditions would change little, when amplifying the scale of experiment. The best result is obtained on condition that 2.5 mol/L concentration of magnesium chloride, 44L/min ammonia flux and 60min aging time. the optimum conditions of synthesizing high purity magnesium hydroxide by ammonia liquid are 3.5 mol/L concentration of magnesium chloride, 65℃reaction temperature, 2.2:1 relation among mol ratio between ammonia and magnesium, 500r/min mixing speed, 60min reaction time, 60℃aging temperature, 90min aging time and 500r/min mixing speed. In this stage, Dv50 of magnesium hydroxide is larger than 39μm, and the purity exceeds 99.9%.
To some extent, the study benefits to the synthesis of high purity magnesium hydroxide by exploiting magnesium resource in salt lakes.
论文首先从热力学、动力学及沉淀理论角度对制备高纯氢氧化镁的工艺路线进行理论分析;然后先后在试验室规模、小试规模上仔细研究了盐湖氯化镁连续制备高纯氢氧化镁这一工艺:最后采用多种检测手段对样品进行全面分析,检测方法涉及激光粒度分析、离子色谱分析、X-射线衍射(XRD)检测分析、扫描电镜(SEM)分析等。
首先在试验室规模研究了搅拌速度、反应温度、氨气通入速度等工艺条件对产品粒度和纯度的影响,得到的优化条件为:氯化镁浓度4.17mol/L,搅拌速度300r/min,反应温度45℃～65℃,氨气通入速度300ml/min,陈化时间60min,最后得到平均粒度大于43μm、纯度大于99.9%的高纯氢氧化镁。
经小试规模的放大试验证明,当试验规模放大时,优化的试验条件有一定的变化,氯化镁浓度.2.5mol/L,氨气流量45L/min,陈化60min时,试验结果最好;当采用氨水为沉淀剂时,氯化镁浓度3.5mol/L、反应温度65℃、氨镁比2.2:1、搅拌速度500r/min、反应时间60min、陈化温度60℃、陈化时间90min、陈化搅拌速度500r/min时,获得的氢氧化镁Dv50大于39μm,纯度大于99.9%。
本论文的研究结果对开发利用盐湖镁资源生产高纯氢氧化镁提供了直接的技术参数。
The magnesium resource is very abundant in our country, especially in salt lakes. But at present the inadequate exploitation of the resource from salt lakes, to a certain extend, forms the "magnesium crisis". According to extensive applied prospect of high purity magnesium hydroxide, using magnesium chloride from salt lakes as magnesium material, high purity magnesium hydroxide is synthesized continuously by ammonia. So to extend and improve the development level for magnesium resource from salt lakes comes true, and turns the waste into a valuable product.
Firstly it analyzes the synthesis of magnesium hydroxide using precipitation method in theory. Then, there are two stages to study on continuous synthesizing technology of high purity magnesium hydroxide using magnesium chloride from salt lakes, which include laboratory scale stage and pilot stage. Lastly various performances of specimen are tested by Laser particle size analyzer, Ion chromatograph, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscope (SEM).
In the laboratory scale stage, the technical conditions, such as mixing speed, reaction temperature and inlet speed of ammonia, are considered. The optimum experimental conditions of synthesizing high purity magnesium hydroxide are obtained, which are 4.17 mol/L concentration of magnesium chloride, 300r/min mixing speed, 45℃～65℃reaction temperature, 300ml/min inlet speed of ammonia and 60min aging time. Dv50 of magnesium hydroxide is larger than 43μm, and the purity exceeds 99.9%.
In the pilot stage, the amplificatory experiment proves that the optimum conditions would change little, when amplifying the scale of experiment. The best result is obtained on condition that 2.5 mol/L concentration of magnesium chloride, 44L/min ammonia flux and 60min aging time. the optimum conditions of synthesizing high purity magnesium hydroxide by ammonia liquid are 3.5 mol/L concentration of magnesium chloride, 65℃reaction temperature, 2.2:1 relation among mol ratio between ammonia and magnesium, 500r/min mixing speed, 60min reaction time, 60℃aging temperature, 90min aging time and 500r/min mixing speed. In this stage, Dv50 of magnesium hydroxide is larger than 39μm, and the purity exceeds 99.9%.
To some extent, the study benefits to the synthesis of high purity magnesium hydroxide by exploiting magnesium resource in salt lakes.
引文
[1]向兰,刘峰等.试论我国西部盐湖镁资源的高度利用对策[J].海湖盐化工,2002,3(4):24-27
[2]汪贵元.察尔汗盐湖镁资源及开发利用[J].无机盐工业,2002,34(3):37-38
[3]V.P.Petrov Genetic Types,Characteristics,Distribution and Predication of Brucite and Magnesite Depodits(Nayka:Moscow,USSR)1984,318PP
[4]郑绵平,齐文.我国盐湖资源及其开发利用[J],矿产保护与利用,2006,10(5):45-50
[5]矿产保护与利国,1993,(3)
[6]Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology.3~(rd).ed1981,Vol.14,629-635,Widely-Interscience,USA
[7]马培华.中国盐湖资源的开发利用与科技问题[J].地球科学进展,2000,15(4):365-373
[8]徐日遥、刘宏专、刘荣义.青海盐湖资源综合利用[J].盐湖研究,2003,11(1):31-40
[9]杨幼坤,徐军,梁蓓等.青海盐湖资源开发与应用[J].矿冶,2003,12(1):67-70
[10]金山,韩金铎,景燕.青海省铝、镁、锂金属资源开发利用现状[J].盐湖研究,2005,13(1):62-68
[11]张英珊.青海盐湖资源的开发与利用.2005,5(8):26-27
[12]张卫东.柴达木地区盐湖矿产资源综合开发的原则及对策措施[J].青海师范大学学报,2007,4:25-28
[13]马培华,中国盐湖资源的开发利用与科技问题[J].地球科学进展,2000,15(4):365-375
[14]魏炳举,张万峰.一种极具发展前景的镁系产品一氢氧化镁[J].海湖盐与化工,2003,32(1):26-33.
[15]British 1080468,1967
[16]郭如新.日本和美国的氢氧化镁阻燃剂现状及前景[J].阻燃材料与技术,1997(6):7-12
[17]Cook M,Harper J F.Influence of magnesium hydroxide morphology on the crystallinity and properties of filled polypropylene.Advances in Polymer Technology,1998,17(1):53-62
[18]C MorhalnJ I Volasco.J-R curve determination of magnesium hydroxide filled polypropylene using the normalization method[J].Journal of Materials Science,2002,37:1635-1644
[19]Kim S.Flame retardancy and smoke suppression of magnesium hydroxide filled polyethylene[J]Journal of Polymer Science Part B;Polymer Physics,2003,41(9):936-944
[20]Sain M,Park S H.Flame retardant and mechanical properties of natural fibre-PP composites containing magnesium hydroxide.Polymer Degradation and Stability,2004,83(2):363-367
[21]Giorgi R,Bozzi C,Dei L.et al.Nanoparticles of Mg(OH)_2:synthesis and application to paper conservation[J].Langmuir,2005,21(18):8495-8501
[22]Xu Hui,Deng Xin-rong.Preparation and properties of superfine Mg(OH)_2 flame retardant[J].Trans.Nonferrous Met.Soc.China,2006,(16):488-492
[23]Titleman G I,et al.Discoloration of polypropylene based compounds containing magnesium hydroxide[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2002,77:345
[24]欧育湘.国外阻燃剂发展动态及对发展我国阻燃剂工业之浅见[J].阻燃材料与技术,2003,2:1-5
[25]夏俊,王良芥,罗和安.阻燃剂的发展现状和开发动向[J].应用化工,2005,34(1):1-4
[26]马雅琳,王标兵,胡国胜.阻燃剂及其阻燃机理的研究现状[J].材料导报,2006,5(20):392-395
[27]Halikia I,et al.Sothermal kinetic analysis of the thermal decomposition of magnesium hydroxide using thermo gravimetric data[J].Thermo chimica Acta,1998.320:75
[28]Hornsby P R,Watson C L Study of the mechanism of flame retardance and smoke suppression in polymers filled with magnesium hydroxide filler[J].Degradation and Stability,1990,30(1):73-87
[29]李志强,吴庆流,向兰等.温度对氢氧化镁阻燃剂制备影响的研究[J].海湖盐与化工,2004,33(5):1-4
[30]Camino G,Maffezzoli A,Braglia M,et al.Effect of hydroxycarbonate structure on fire retardant effectiveness and mechanical properties in ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.Polym Degradation and Stability,2004,74(3):457
[31]姚佳良,彭红瑞等.聚丙烯/纳米氢氧化镁阻燃复合材料的性能研究[J].青岛科技大学学报,2003,24(2):112-114
[32]郭锡坤,杨建英.红磷增效Al(OH)_3和Mg(OH)_2阻燃聚丙烯的研究[J].中国塑料,1993,7(4):47-50
[33]崔永岩,揣成智.聚丙烯阻燃及其影响因素的研究[J].塑料工业,2000,28(2):48-50
[34]日本化工,JP 2,645,086.[P].1997,8,25,4PP
[35]汪存东,王久芬.新型无卤阻燃剂的研究进展[J].应用化工,2003,32(4):16-19
[36]郭如新.氢氧化镁在工业废水处理中的应用[J].工业水处理2000,20(2):1-4
[37]马颖颖,衣守志.氢氧化镁在水处理中应用研究新进展[J].皮革化工,2007,24(1):24-26
[38]郭如新.绿色安全中和剂氢氧化镁[J].化工科技市场,1999,11(12):18-21
[39]Wu Qingzhong,Bishop,Paul L,et al.A strategy for controlling deposition of struvite in municipal wastewater treatment plants[J].Water environment research,2005,77(2):199-207
[40]程国斌,马伟,韩梅等.复合混凝剂PMFC处理印染废水的试验研究[J].工业水处理,2004,24(12):22-24
[41]Wang S,Chen K Y.Bitterns as coagulants for treatment of color effluents[A].Organized under sponsorship of the federantion of European chemical societies.Chemistry for protection of the environment:proceedings of an international conference[C].Elsevier Science Pub.Co.,1984:193
[42]Wu Q,Bishop L P,Keener T C.Sludge digestion enhancement and nutrient removal from anaerobic supernatant by Mg(OH)_2 application[J].Water Science and Technology.2001,44(1):161-166
[43]赵建海,宋兴福,陆强,汪瑾,于建国,张人年.氢氧化镁在环境污染治理中的应用研究进展[J].环境污染治理技术与设备,2002,3(5):66-69
[44]郭如新.氧化镁、氢氧化镁在环保领域中的应用[J].江苏化工,2004,32(2):1-4
[45]陈向锋,刘晓慧.氢氧化镁在烟气脱硫中的应用[J].海湖盐与化工,2006,35(3):34-36
[46]胡庆福 主编.镁化合物生产与应用[M].化学工业出版社,2004,3:338,347
[47]吴士军,刘进荣.纳米级氢氧化镁的研究进展[J].内蒙古石油化工,2005,1(1):1-4
[48]宫田茂男,黑田正孝等.具有新结构氢氧化镁的合成[P].日本专利:199019,1990-08-07
[49]Takemura,K.et al.JP 10-183,009.[P].1998,7,7,4pp
[50]许荣辉,李海民.高纯氢氧化镁及其水热处理技术评述。盐湖研究,2004,12(2):63-66
[51]宋彦梅,衣守志.氢氧化镁的生产及应用技术发展.海盐湖与化工,2006,35(2):15-21
[52]施民梅,高贵平,翟学良.Mg(OH)_2的制备、碳化及碳化液热水解产物的组成[J].海湖盐与化工,1997,26(3):31-37
[53]胡庆福,刘鸿雁,王金阁等.一步法制备氢氧化镁阻燃剂新工艺[J].现代化工,1998,(3):22-24
[54]翟学良,高贵平,李素芬.卤水-氨法连续沉淀氢氧化镁[J].海湖盐与化工,2006,25(2):5-7.
[55]叶大伦编著.实用无机物热力学数据手册[M],冶金工业出版社,1979
[56]杨显万,何蔼平,袁宝州编著.高温水溶液热力学数据计算手册(M),冶金工业出版社,1980
[57]韩德刚,高执编著.化学热力学M],高等教育出版社,1996
[58]邓欣荣.水氯镁石制取超细Mg(OH)2阻燃剂的研究[D].湖南长沙,中南大学,2004,5
[59]徐宝强.阻燃级超微氢氧化镁的制备研究[D],云南昆明,昆明理工大学,2005,22
[60]Packter,A.,Cryst.Res.Technol 1985(3):329
[61]Dobrescu,V.,Cryst,Res.Technik 1987(3):327
[62]许荣辉,李海民.氢氧化镁沉淀热力学、动力学控制.盐湖研究,2003,11(3):40-43
[63]胡庆福 主编.镁化合物生产与应用[M].化学工业出版社,2004,3:321
[64]李龙泉,林长山,朱玉瑞,等.定量化学分析[M].合肥,中国科学技术大学出版社,1995
[65]张立德,牟季美.纳米材料和纳米结构[M].北京,科学出版社,2001
[66]曾人杰.无机材料化学[M].厦门,厦门大学出版社,2001
[67]张克从,张乐漶.晶体生长[M].北京,科学出版社,1981
[2]汪贵元.察尔汗盐湖镁资源及开发利用[J].无机盐工业,2002,34(3):37-38
[3]V.P.Petrov Genetic Types,Characteristics,Distribution and Predication of Brucite and Magnesite Depodits(Nayka:Moscow,USSR)1984,318PP
[4]郑绵平,齐文.我国盐湖资源及其开发利用[J],矿产保护与利用,2006,10(5):45-50
[5]矿产保护与利国,1993,(3)
[6]Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology.3~(rd).ed1981,Vol.14,629-635,Widely-Interscience,USA
[7]马培华.中国盐湖资源的开发利用与科技问题[J].地球科学进展,2000,15(4):365-373
[8]徐日遥、刘宏专、刘荣义.青海盐湖资源综合利用[J].盐湖研究,2003,11(1):31-40
[9]杨幼坤,徐军,梁蓓等.青海盐湖资源开发与应用[J].矿冶,2003,12(1):67-70
[10]金山,韩金铎,景燕.青海省铝、镁、锂金属资源开发利用现状[J].盐湖研究,2005,13(1):62-68
[11]张英珊.青海盐湖资源的开发与利用.2005,5(8):26-27
[12]张卫东.柴达木地区盐湖矿产资源综合开发的原则及对策措施[J].青海师范大学学报,2007,4:25-28
[13]马培华,中国盐湖资源的开发利用与科技问题[J].地球科学进展,2000,15(4):365-375
[14]魏炳举,张万峰.一种极具发展前景的镁系产品一氢氧化镁[J].海湖盐与化工,2003,32(1):26-33.
[15]British 1080468,1967
[16]郭如新.日本和美国的氢氧化镁阻燃剂现状及前景[J].阻燃材料与技术,1997(6):7-12
[17]Cook M,Harper J F.Influence of magnesium hydroxide morphology on the crystallinity and properties of filled polypropylene.Advances in Polymer Technology,1998,17(1):53-62
[18]C MorhalnJ I Volasco.J-R curve determination of magnesium hydroxide filled polypropylene using the normalization method[J].Journal of Materials Science,2002,37:1635-1644
[19]Kim S.Flame retardancy and smoke suppression of magnesium hydroxide filled polyethylene[J]Journal of Polymer Science Part B;Polymer Physics,2003,41(9):936-944
[20]Sain M,Park S H.Flame retardant and mechanical properties of natural fibre-PP composites containing magnesium hydroxide.Polymer Degradation and Stability,2004,83(2):363-367
[21]Giorgi R,Bozzi C,Dei L.et al.Nanoparticles of Mg(OH)_2:synthesis and application to paper conservation[J].Langmuir,2005,21(18):8495-8501
[22]Xu Hui,Deng Xin-rong.Preparation and properties of superfine Mg(OH)_2 flame retardant[J].Trans.Nonferrous Met.Soc.China,2006,(16):488-492
[23]Titleman G I,et al.Discoloration of polypropylene based compounds containing magnesium hydroxide[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2002,77:345
[24]欧育湘.国外阻燃剂发展动态及对发展我国阻燃剂工业之浅见[J].阻燃材料与技术,2003,2:1-5
[25]夏俊,王良芥,罗和安.阻燃剂的发展现状和开发动向[J].应用化工,2005,34(1):1-4
[26]马雅琳,王标兵,胡国胜.阻燃剂及其阻燃机理的研究现状[J].材料导报,2006,5(20):392-395
[27]Halikia I,et al.Sothermal kinetic analysis of the thermal decomposition of magnesium hydroxide using thermo gravimetric data[J].Thermo chimica Acta,1998.320:75
[28]Hornsby P R,Watson C L Study of the mechanism of flame retardance and smoke suppression in polymers filled with magnesium hydroxide filler[J].Degradation and Stability,1990,30(1):73-87
[29]李志强,吴庆流,向兰等.温度对氢氧化镁阻燃剂制备影响的研究[J].海湖盐与化工,2004,33(5):1-4
[30]Camino G,Maffezzoli A,Braglia M,et al.Effect of hydroxycarbonate structure on fire retardant effectiveness and mechanical properties in ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.Polym Degradation and Stability,2004,74(3):457
[31]姚佳良,彭红瑞等.聚丙烯/纳米氢氧化镁阻燃复合材料的性能研究[J].青岛科技大学学报,2003,24(2):112-114
[32]郭锡坤,杨建英.红磷增效Al(OH)_3和Mg(OH)_2阻燃聚丙烯的研究[J].中国塑料,1993,7(4):47-50
[33]崔永岩,揣成智.聚丙烯阻燃及其影响因素的研究[J].塑料工业,2000,28(2):48-50
[34]日本化工,JP 2,645,086.[P].1997,8,25,4PP
[35]汪存东,王久芬.新型无卤阻燃剂的研究进展[J].应用化工,2003,32(4):16-19
[36]郭如新.氢氧化镁在工业废水处理中的应用[J].工业水处理2000,20(2):1-4
[37]马颖颖,衣守志.氢氧化镁在水处理中应用研究新进展[J].皮革化工,2007,24(1):24-26
[38]郭如新.绿色安全中和剂氢氧化镁[J].化工科技市场,1999,11(12):18-21
[39]Wu Qingzhong,Bishop,Paul L,et al.A strategy for controlling deposition of struvite in municipal wastewater treatment plants[J].Water environment research,2005,77(2):199-207
[40]程国斌,马伟,韩梅等.复合混凝剂PMFC处理印染废水的试验研究[J].工业水处理,2004,24(12):22-24
[41]Wang S,Chen K Y.Bitterns as coagulants for treatment of color effluents[A].Organized under sponsorship of the federantion of European chemical societies.Chemistry for protection of the environment:proceedings of an international conference[C].Elsevier Science Pub.Co.,1984:193
[42]Wu Q,Bishop L P,Keener T C.Sludge digestion enhancement and nutrient removal from anaerobic supernatant by Mg(OH)_2 application[J].Water Science and Technology.2001,44(1):161-166
[43]赵建海,宋兴福,陆强,汪瑾,于建国,张人年.氢氧化镁在环境污染治理中的应用研究进展[J].环境污染治理技术与设备,2002,3(5):66-69
[44]郭如新.氧化镁、氢氧化镁在环保领域中的应用[J].江苏化工,2004,32(2):1-4
[45]陈向锋,刘晓慧.氢氧化镁在烟气脱硫中的应用[J].海湖盐与化工,2006,35(3):34-36
[46]胡庆福 主编.镁化合物生产与应用[M].化学工业出版社,2004,3:338,347
[47]吴士军,刘进荣.纳米级氢氧化镁的研究进展[J].内蒙古石油化工,2005,1(1):1-4
[48]宫田茂男,黑田正孝等.具有新结构氢氧化镁的合成[P].日本专利:199019,1990-08-07
[49]Takemura,K.et al.JP 10-183,009.[P].1998,7,7,4pp
[50]许荣辉,李海民.高纯氢氧化镁及其水热处理技术评述。盐湖研究,2004,12(2):63-66
[51]宋彦梅,衣守志.氢氧化镁的生产及应用技术发展.海盐湖与化工,2006,35(2):15-21
[52]施民梅,高贵平,翟学良.Mg(OH)_2的制备、碳化及碳化液热水解产物的组成[J].海湖盐与化工,1997,26(3):31-37
[53]胡庆福,刘鸿雁,王金阁等.一步法制备氢氧化镁阻燃剂新工艺[J].现代化工,1998,(3):22-24
[54]翟学良,高贵平,李素芬.卤水-氨法连续沉淀氢氧化镁[J].海湖盐与化工,2006,25(2):5-7.
[55]叶大伦编著.实用无机物热力学数据手册[M],冶金工业出版社,1979
[56]杨显万,何蔼平,袁宝州编著.高温水溶液热力学数据计算手册(M),冶金工业出版社,1980
[57]韩德刚,高执编著.化学热力学M],高等教育出版社,1996
[58]邓欣荣.水氯镁石制取超细Mg(OH)2阻燃剂的研究[D].湖南长沙,中南大学,2004,5
[59]徐宝强.阻燃级超微氢氧化镁的制备研究[D],云南昆明,昆明理工大学,2005,22
[60]Packter,A.,Cryst.Res.Technol 1985(3):329
[61]Dobrescu,V.,Cryst,Res.Technik 1987(3):327
[62]许荣辉,李海民.氢氧化镁沉淀热力学、动力学控制.盐湖研究,2003,11(3):40-43
[63]胡庆福 主编.镁化合物生产与应用[M].化学工业出版社,2004,3:321
[64]李龙泉,林长山,朱玉瑞,等.定量化学分析[M].合肥,中国科学技术大学出版社,1995
[65]张立德,牟季美.纳米材料和纳米结构[M].北京,科学出版社,2001
[66]曾人杰.无机材料化学[M].厦门,厦门大学出版社,2001
[67]张克从,张乐漶.晶体生长[M].北京,科学出版社,1981
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |