华北平原水肥管理对小麦玉米水、氮利用效率的研究
|
摘要
小麦和玉米是全世界重要的种植作物,而在中国华北平原是重要轮作种植区域。土壤水分和养分管理是影响华北平原小麦玉米产量和品质的两大主要因素。在华北平原小麦-玉米轮作体系下,不当水氮管理已被广泛报道,特别是当氮施用量到超出植物需要时,会转换成不同形态氮,从而容易挥发到大气中或向下淋溶到土壤中,这样不仅造成经济损失,并且还污染空气和地下水源。在气候变暖和该地区极端降雨天气频度增加背景下,进一步加强水氮管理、减少水氮损失尤为重要。因此,本文重点探讨在气候变化情景下,降水和不同施氮量影响作物生长各部位生物量、产量以及提高其水氮利用效率,为华北平原可持续小麦和玉米高产提供科学依据。
两年田间试验设在中国农业科学院廊坊实验站(39°60’27”N,116°60’09”E),土壤类型为碱性沙壤土,实验设计为4个肥料水平(F0=NO PO K0, F1=N120P84K120,F2=N240P168K240,F3=N360P254K360公斤/公顷)、5种降水年型(根据30降水分布资料模拟不同降水年型降水)灌水水平(干旱年W1=483mm/年,欠水年W2=650mm/年,正常年W3=850mm/年,丰水年W4=1200mm/年,实际降水年W5=年间降水+66mm播前水),灌溉水分处理(W1,W2,W3,W4)在移动防雨棚(防止降雨)内进行,降雨水分处理(W5)在露天场地进行。完全随机设计,每个处理三次重复。生长季为2011-12年和2012-13年两个生长季。本文重点是研究不同氮肥和用水对小麦和玉米生长、干物质量、产量的影响,评价在不同气候变化情景下,土壤和植物体各部位氮累积。主要结果如下：
水氮影响作物各部位干物质累积量的研究表明：两个生长季(2011-2012年和2012-2013年)小麦在开花期叶片干物质随水分和氮处理水平增加而显著增加；在2012-13年,穗干物质在不同水分及氮处理中显著变化,W4F1产量最高；茎和根干物质也有类似趋势,其中在2011-12年度,所有处理均表现不显著,但在2012-13年,W4F3处理呈显著差异,表现为茎>穗壳>叶>根；在两个生长季节中,氮肥用量和水含量显著影响小麦收获期各个部位干物质量；在2011-12年,在W4F3处理下,籽粒产量达到最大,其次为F2W4,F2W3处理,而2012-13年干旱年,W3F2处理茎秆干物质产量较高；茎干物质量在2011-12年W4F3处理较高,在小麦收获期表现为籽粒>茎>穗壳>根>叶；在两个年度内,F3W4和F2W3处理最大叶干物质重达到最大,然而,在2012-2013年期间F3W4处理的茎秆干物质量较高；在2011-12年F3W4和F4W4处理下根干物质量最高；2011-12年各处理千粒重明显高于2012-13年,但处理间无显著差异。2012年玉米在吐丝期,在W5F2处理具有最大叶和棒轴干物质量,其次为F3F1处理,同样,在W5F3处理下根干物质量较高,吐丝期干物质累积量依次为表现为茎>叶>根>棒轴,而收获期则为表现为籽粒>茎>棒轴>叶>根,但氮和水分水平对株高没有显著影响；F3W5、F2W5处理下到玉米籽粒产量更高,F2W3、F1W4、F3W4、F2W4处理的产量也相对较高,而产量随水和施氮水平增加表现增加趋势。
通过各生育期氮转移量NT,氮转移效率NTE,籽粒中来自花期/吐丝期氮的贡献CNS和氮收获指数NHI测算,对小麦和玉米花期/吐丝期和收获期各部位中N吸收和积累的研究表明：2012-13生长季,作物氮素吸收和积累随水分和氮肥施用而增加；在小麦中,大部分土壤氮肥主要在花期吸收,尽管土壤中氮继续保证了植物氮吸收,之后吸收速率稳定或略有下降,在灌浆期各部位氮累积量依次为茎>叶>穗>根,而收获期则表现为籽粒>茎>穗壳>根>叶;在玉米生长期,N吸收在吐丝和收获阶段趋于稳定,在吐丝期,玉米各部位氮累积量依次为茎>叶>棒>根,而在收获期则表现为籽粒>叶>茎>根>棒轴；相对自然降雨水分处理条件下,灌溉水分处理下作物能够吸收更多的氮,特别是在2012-2013年表现更突出；NT、NTE、CNS和NHI显著受水分和氮肥水平影响；在所有水分处理下,NT、NTE、CNS和NHI随氮肥水平的增加而增加,表明氮肥和灌溉影响植物氮的吸收和转运。因此,干旱条件下生长敏感阶段补充灌溉,是提高水分利用率和作物氮吸收量的一个有效管理措施。此外,水和氮肥极大地影响水分与氮的吸收效率,因此有效地利用水分和氮肥将有助于减少过度水和氮的输入,进一步增加净收入。
土壤N平衡计算结果表明：无论水肥处理水平、年份和作物类型,铵态氮最高积累量均出现在0-20厘米表层土壤剖面；铵态氮累积量达到最大期的时间,W5F4处理是在2012年小麦收获后,而W5F3和W3F4处理均在2012年和2013年小麦收获后；无论作物和年份,所有土壤剖面深度的硝态氮累积随氮肥料剂量的增加而增加,施肥处理对土壤硝酸盐含量有显著作用；相对施肥处理,未施肥处理土壤硝态氮浓度最低,高施氮肥以及灌溉处理土壤硝态氮浓度最高；由于硝酸盐是组成矿质氮的主要部分,土层中无机氮含量或多或少受施氮肥影响,存在硝态氮积累趋势。
每种作物播种前土壤含水量会随灌溉水平和降雨而显著变化。最经济施氮量和灌溉水平均低于最高产量要求的最大施氮和灌溉水平,施氮量在225-330kgha-1和476-638mm总用水量时,小麦可以获得最佳经济产量4849-8838kgha-1,而玉米施氮量在250-345kgha-1和833-1164mm总用水量时,可获得最高经济产量9466-11463kgha-1。在试验年度里,作物水分利用(蒸散)与灌溉量存在线性相关的。WUE随着灌水量增加而降低,低灌溉处理下WUE比高灌溉处理高。试验年度,WUE随施氮量增加而显著增加,施肥氮量到240kgha-1时达到最高。在不同的施氮处理中,N240处理水分利用效率最高。氮肥利用效率随灌溉量增加而增加(表现较好的氮水协同作用),但随施氮量进一步增加而下降,在F3W1处理在所有作物生长季的氮利用效率最低。
总之,本研究提供的证据表明,合理水氮管理可以部分抵消气候变化带来的干旱影响,并获取小麦和玉米高产、较高水分和氮肥利用效率的重要措施。
Wheat and maize are important grain crops grown worldwide. In China, these crops are mostly grown in north china plains (NCP). The water and nutrient content in the soil are two main factors that affect crop yield and quality. Nitrogen is the main elemental component of nutrient management for crop production; its injudicious use is widely reported in wheat-maize cropping system of NCP. Due to conversion of nitrogen in different forms when it is applied beyond to absorption capacity by plants, it evaporates in to atmosphere or, leaches down into the soil. This results not only economic losses but also pollutes air and adversely affect the underground water quality. Nitrogen losses are further enhanced by warming and infrequent rainfall conditions of this area. So, judicious use of N and water is prerequisite for improving their use efficiencies to sustain high yields of wheat and maize under changing climatic conditions.
A two-year field study was conducted in randomized complete block design on sandy loam soil at the experimental farm of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (39°60'27"N,116°60'09"E) at Lang fang in the growing seasons of2011-12and2012-13. The main objectives of current study were to determine the effect of N fertilization and water levels on growth, dry matter and yield production of wheat and maize and to investigate the N accumulation in the soil and various parts of plants under changing climatic conditions. Four rates of fertilizers (F0=NO P0K0, F1=N120P84K120, F2=N240P168K240, F3=N360P254K360kg ha-1) and five water level (W1, W2, W3, W4and W5) were applied to both crops. Irrigation water treatments for wheat were W1(250.00mm), W2(316.67mm), W3(383.33mm) and W4(483.33mm) and for maize were W1(233.33mm), W2(333.33mm), W3(466.67mm) and W4(616.67mm). These irrigated treatments (W1, W2, W3, and W4) were protected from rainfall with moveable shelter, while rainfall water treatment (W5) was placed in open zone to intercept rain water for both wheat and maize.
The results showed that leaf dry matter of wheat at anthesis stage was significantly increased at increasing water and nitrogen levels in both growing seasons (2011-2012and2012-2013). During2012-13spike dry matter was significantly varied at all water levels and nitrogen treatments. However, W4at Fl produced higher yield. The similar trend was observed for stem and root dry matter production. In the first growing season2011-12all water and fertilizers combination levels showed non-significant response. However, in second growing season2012-13, W4at F3level revealed maximum stem and root dry matter production. Generally a trend of dry matter accumulation at wheat anthesis was found in the order of stem>spike>leaf>root. Moreover, same water and fertilizer combination significantly influenced dry matter yield of all investigated parts of wheat crop at harvesting stage during both the growing seasons. Highest grain dry matter was recorded in W4at F3level during2011-12followed by F2of W4and F2of W3, respectively, whereas, it was higher in F2of W3during2012-13. In both growing seasons, W4at F3level produced significantly higher values for chaff dry matter. For stem dry matter production, F3at W4level, showed maximum values in2012-13. Combination of F3and F4at W4level during2011-12proved best for the production of root dry matter. At wheat harvest the order of dry matter accumulation was grain>stem>chaff>root>Leaf.1000kernel weight was higher in all treatments during2011-12compared to2012-13but there was non-significant response among treatments. In maize, at silking stage, maximum leaf and cob dry matter was recorded in W5at F2, followed by F3and F1during2012. Similarly, higher dry matter of root was also measured in W5at F3level. Grain dry matter of maize was observed higher in F3and F2of W5, which also was higher in F2of W3, F2, Fl and F3of W4, respectively during2012than or compare to other water and fertilizers combination levels. Dry matter accumulated in the order of stem>leaf>root>cob at maize silking stage and at harvesting stage order of dry matter accumulation was grain>stem>cob straw>leaf>root. There was non-significant effect of N and water levels on plant height; however, higher grain yield was recorded at increasing level of water and N rate.
N uptake and accumulation in various parts of wheat and maize were investigated at anthesis/silking and harvesting stages. In addition, nitrogen translocation (NT), nitrogen translocation efficiency (NTE), contribution of pre-anthesis/silking nitrogen to grain nitrogen (CNS) and nitrogen harvest index (NHI) were also measured. On average, total N uptake and accumulation were increased by irrigation and N fertilization in the second growing season2012-13in both crops. In wheat, most fertilizer N was taken up from at anthesis; then it either stabilized or slightly declined, while soil N contributed further to plant N uptake. At wheat anthesis order of nitrogen accumulation was stem>leaf>spike>root and at wheat harvest nitrogen accumulated in the order of grain>stem>chaff>root>leaf. In maize, N uptake was stabilized both in silking and harvesting stage. At maize silking order of N accumulation was leaf>stem>cob>root and N accumulated in order of grain>leaf>stem>root>cob straw at maize harvest. Compared to rain-fed conditions, more soil and fertilizer N was utilized by the irrigated crop under the irrigation treatments, particularly in2012-13. N parameters including NT, NTE, CNS, and NHI were significantly affected by water and N fertilizers levels. The higher values for these parameters were obtained at increasing N fertilizers levels under all water levels. These results indicated that nitrogen fertilization and irrigation affected the uptake and translocation of nitrogen. Thus, supplemental irrigation, applied at a sensitive growth stage, would be a valuable management practice for improving water-use efficiency and crop N uptake under the dry conditions. Moreover, both factors (water and N fertilization) greatly affect their efficiencies, hence efficient use of these factors will help to reduce the excess use of water and nitrogen input and increases the sufficient net income.
Nitrogen content in the soil was calculated; results showed that the highest concentrations of ammonium N were accumulated in0-20cm surface layer of soil profile regardless of water and fertilizer levels, type of crop and year. The water and fertilizer combination of W5F4showed highest accumulations after the harvest of wheat2012and wheat2013, whereas W5F3and W3F4revealed maximum accumulation of NH4-N after the harvest of maize2012and maize2013respectively. Nitrate N accumulations in all depths increased with increasing rate of N in each fertilizer dose despite of crop and year. Fertilizer treatments had the significant effect on nitrate content of soil. The unfertilized plots showed the lowest and the fertilizer N treated plots revealed the highest nitrate concentration with irrigation water. Mineral N content more or less followed the trend of nitrate N accumulation in soil layers as nitrate contributed major proportion of mineral nitrogen.
Soil water content before sowing of each crop varied significantly due to irrigation levels and rainfall. The most economical N rates and irrigation levels were lower than the maximum N rates and irrigation levels required for maximum yield. Nitrogen application rate of225-328kg ha-1and475-638mm water were found to be better combination for getting economical yield4849-8837kg ha-1of wheat. Maize produced better yield9466-11462kg ha-1by utilizing economical nitrogen amout of248-345kg ha-1and834-1163mm water. In both years, crop water use (evapotranspiration) was linearly related to the amount of irrigation. The WUE decreased with increasing irrigation application rates. The low irrigation treatment had higher WUE than that of high irrigation treatment. In both years, the WUE increased significantly with nitrogen application rates up to rate of240kg ha-1. The N240treatment had the highest WUE among the various N treatments. Nitrogen use efficiency increased with increasing water application and decreased with increased nitrogen application levels. In all crop seasons lowest values of nitrogen use efficiency were noted in highest fertilizer (F3) and lowest water (W1) treatment combination.
In conclusion, the present study provided evidence that proper N fertilization and irrigation management are important strategies to offset climate change effects and to get reasonable yield of wheat and maize with improved WUE and NUE.
两年田间试验设在中国农业科学院廊坊实验站(39°60’27”N,116°60’09”E),土壤类型为碱性沙壤土,实验设计为4个肥料水平(F0=NO PO K0, F1=N120P84K120,F2=N240P168K240,F3=N360P254K360公斤/公顷)、5种降水年型(根据30降水分布资料模拟不同降水年型降水)灌水水平(干旱年W1=483mm/年,欠水年W2=650mm/年,正常年W3=850mm/年,丰水年W4=1200mm/年,实际降水年W5=年间降水+66mm播前水),灌溉水分处理(W1,W2,W3,W4)在移动防雨棚(防止降雨)内进行,降雨水分处理(W5)在露天场地进行。完全随机设计,每个处理三次重复。生长季为2011-12年和2012-13年两个生长季。本文重点是研究不同氮肥和用水对小麦和玉米生长、干物质量、产量的影响,评价在不同气候变化情景下,土壤和植物体各部位氮累积。主要结果如下：
水氮影响作物各部位干物质累积量的研究表明：两个生长季(2011-2012年和2012-2013年)小麦在开花期叶片干物质随水分和氮处理水平增加而显著增加；在2012-13年,穗干物质在不同水分及氮处理中显著变化,W4F1产量最高；茎和根干物质也有类似趋势,其中在2011-12年度,所有处理均表现不显著,但在2012-13年,W4F3处理呈显著差异,表现为茎>穗壳>叶>根；在两个生长季节中,氮肥用量和水含量显著影响小麦收获期各个部位干物质量；在2011-12年,在W4F3处理下,籽粒产量达到最大,其次为F2W4,F2W3处理,而2012-13年干旱年,W3F2处理茎秆干物质产量较高；茎干物质量在2011-12年W4F3处理较高,在小麦收获期表现为籽粒>茎>穗壳>根>叶；在两个年度内,F3W4和F2W3处理最大叶干物质重达到最大,然而,在2012-2013年期间F3W4处理的茎秆干物质量较高；在2011-12年F3W4和F4W4处理下根干物质量最高；2011-12年各处理千粒重明显高于2012-13年,但处理间无显著差异。2012年玉米在吐丝期,在W5F2处理具有最大叶和棒轴干物质量,其次为F3F1处理,同样,在W5F3处理下根干物质量较高,吐丝期干物质累积量依次为表现为茎>叶>根>棒轴,而收获期则为表现为籽粒>茎>棒轴>叶>根,但氮和水分水平对株高没有显著影响；F3W5、F2W5处理下到玉米籽粒产量更高,F2W3、F1W4、F3W4、F2W4处理的产量也相对较高,而产量随水和施氮水平增加表现增加趋势。
通过各生育期氮转移量NT,氮转移效率NTE,籽粒中来自花期/吐丝期氮的贡献CNS和氮收获指数NHI测算,对小麦和玉米花期/吐丝期和收获期各部位中N吸收和积累的研究表明：2012-13生长季,作物氮素吸收和积累随水分和氮肥施用而增加；在小麦中,大部分土壤氮肥主要在花期吸收,尽管土壤中氮继续保证了植物氮吸收,之后吸收速率稳定或略有下降,在灌浆期各部位氮累积量依次为茎>叶>穗>根,而收获期则表现为籽粒>茎>穗壳>根>叶;在玉米生长期,N吸收在吐丝和收获阶段趋于稳定,在吐丝期,玉米各部位氮累积量依次为茎>叶>棒>根,而在收获期则表现为籽粒>叶>茎>根>棒轴；相对自然降雨水分处理条件下,灌溉水分处理下作物能够吸收更多的氮,特别是在2012-2013年表现更突出；NT、NTE、CNS和NHI显著受水分和氮肥水平影响；在所有水分处理下,NT、NTE、CNS和NHI随氮肥水平的增加而增加,表明氮肥和灌溉影响植物氮的吸收和转运。因此,干旱条件下生长敏感阶段补充灌溉,是提高水分利用率和作物氮吸收量的一个有效管理措施。此外,水和氮肥极大地影响水分与氮的吸收效率,因此有效地利用水分和氮肥将有助于减少过度水和氮的输入,进一步增加净收入。
土壤N平衡计算结果表明：无论水肥处理水平、年份和作物类型,铵态氮最高积累量均出现在0-20厘米表层土壤剖面；铵态氮累积量达到最大期的时间,W5F4处理是在2012年小麦收获后,而W5F3和W3F4处理均在2012年和2013年小麦收获后；无论作物和年份,所有土壤剖面深度的硝态氮累积随氮肥料剂量的增加而增加,施肥处理对土壤硝酸盐含量有显著作用；相对施肥处理,未施肥处理土壤硝态氮浓度最低,高施氮肥以及灌溉处理土壤硝态氮浓度最高；由于硝酸盐是组成矿质氮的主要部分,土层中无机氮含量或多或少受施氮肥影响,存在硝态氮积累趋势。
每种作物播种前土壤含水量会随灌溉水平和降雨而显著变化。最经济施氮量和灌溉水平均低于最高产量要求的最大施氮和灌溉水平,施氮量在225-330kgha-1和476-638mm总用水量时,小麦可以获得最佳经济产量4849-8838kgha-1,而玉米施氮量在250-345kgha-1和833-1164mm总用水量时,可获得最高经济产量9466-11463kgha-1。在试验年度里,作物水分利用(蒸散)与灌溉量存在线性相关的。WUE随着灌水量增加而降低,低灌溉处理下WUE比高灌溉处理高。试验年度,WUE随施氮量增加而显著增加,施肥氮量到240kgha-1时达到最高。在不同的施氮处理中,N240处理水分利用效率最高。氮肥利用效率随灌溉量增加而增加(表现较好的氮水协同作用),但随施氮量进一步增加而下降,在F3W1处理在所有作物生长季的氮利用效率最低。
总之,本研究提供的证据表明,合理水氮管理可以部分抵消气候变化带来的干旱影响,并获取小麦和玉米高产、较高水分和氮肥利用效率的重要措施。
Wheat and maize are important grain crops grown worldwide. In China, these crops are mostly grown in north china plains (NCP). The water and nutrient content in the soil are two main factors that affect crop yield and quality. Nitrogen is the main elemental component of nutrient management for crop production; its injudicious use is widely reported in wheat-maize cropping system of NCP. Due to conversion of nitrogen in different forms when it is applied beyond to absorption capacity by plants, it evaporates in to atmosphere or, leaches down into the soil. This results not only economic losses but also pollutes air and adversely affect the underground water quality. Nitrogen losses are further enhanced by warming and infrequent rainfall conditions of this area. So, judicious use of N and water is prerequisite for improving their use efficiencies to sustain high yields of wheat and maize under changing climatic conditions.
A two-year field study was conducted in randomized complete block design on sandy loam soil at the experimental farm of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (39°60'27"N,116°60'09"E) at Lang fang in the growing seasons of2011-12and2012-13. The main objectives of current study were to determine the effect of N fertilization and water levels on growth, dry matter and yield production of wheat and maize and to investigate the N accumulation in the soil and various parts of plants under changing climatic conditions. Four rates of fertilizers (F0=NO P0K0, F1=N120P84K120, F2=N240P168K240, F3=N360P254K360kg ha-1) and five water level (W1, W2, W3, W4and W5) were applied to both crops. Irrigation water treatments for wheat were W1(250.00mm), W2(316.67mm), W3(383.33mm) and W4(483.33mm) and for maize were W1(233.33mm), W2(333.33mm), W3(466.67mm) and W4(616.67mm). These irrigated treatments (W1, W2, W3, and W4) were protected from rainfall with moveable shelter, while rainfall water treatment (W5) was placed in open zone to intercept rain water for both wheat and maize.
The results showed that leaf dry matter of wheat at anthesis stage was significantly increased at increasing water and nitrogen levels in both growing seasons (2011-2012and2012-2013). During2012-13spike dry matter was significantly varied at all water levels and nitrogen treatments. However, W4at Fl produced higher yield. The similar trend was observed for stem and root dry matter production. In the first growing season2011-12all water and fertilizers combination levels showed non-significant response. However, in second growing season2012-13, W4at F3level revealed maximum stem and root dry matter production. Generally a trend of dry matter accumulation at wheat anthesis was found in the order of stem>spike>leaf>root. Moreover, same water and fertilizer combination significantly influenced dry matter yield of all investigated parts of wheat crop at harvesting stage during both the growing seasons. Highest grain dry matter was recorded in W4at F3level during2011-12followed by F2of W4and F2of W3, respectively, whereas, it was higher in F2of W3during2012-13. In both growing seasons, W4at F3level produced significantly higher values for chaff dry matter. For stem dry matter production, F3at W4level, showed maximum values in2012-13. Combination of F3and F4at W4level during2011-12proved best for the production of root dry matter. At wheat harvest the order of dry matter accumulation was grain>stem>chaff>root>Leaf.1000kernel weight was higher in all treatments during2011-12compared to2012-13but there was non-significant response among treatments. In maize, at silking stage, maximum leaf and cob dry matter was recorded in W5at F2, followed by F3and F1during2012. Similarly, higher dry matter of root was also measured in W5at F3level. Grain dry matter of maize was observed higher in F3and F2of W5, which also was higher in F2of W3, F2, Fl and F3of W4, respectively during2012than or compare to other water and fertilizers combination levels. Dry matter accumulated in the order of stem>leaf>root>cob at maize silking stage and at harvesting stage order of dry matter accumulation was grain>stem>cob straw>leaf>root. There was non-significant effect of N and water levels on plant height; however, higher grain yield was recorded at increasing level of water and N rate.
N uptake and accumulation in various parts of wheat and maize were investigated at anthesis/silking and harvesting stages. In addition, nitrogen translocation (NT), nitrogen translocation efficiency (NTE), contribution of pre-anthesis/silking nitrogen to grain nitrogen (CNS) and nitrogen harvest index (NHI) were also measured. On average, total N uptake and accumulation were increased by irrigation and N fertilization in the second growing season2012-13in both crops. In wheat, most fertilizer N was taken up from at anthesis; then it either stabilized or slightly declined, while soil N contributed further to plant N uptake. At wheat anthesis order of nitrogen accumulation was stem>leaf>spike>root and at wheat harvest nitrogen accumulated in the order of grain>stem>chaff>root>leaf. In maize, N uptake was stabilized both in silking and harvesting stage. At maize silking order of N accumulation was leaf>stem>cob>root and N accumulated in order of grain>leaf>stem>root>cob straw at maize harvest. Compared to rain-fed conditions, more soil and fertilizer N was utilized by the irrigated crop under the irrigation treatments, particularly in2012-13. N parameters including NT, NTE, CNS, and NHI were significantly affected by water and N fertilizers levels. The higher values for these parameters were obtained at increasing N fertilizers levels under all water levels. These results indicated that nitrogen fertilization and irrigation affected the uptake and translocation of nitrogen. Thus, supplemental irrigation, applied at a sensitive growth stage, would be a valuable management practice for improving water-use efficiency and crop N uptake under the dry conditions. Moreover, both factors (water and N fertilization) greatly affect their efficiencies, hence efficient use of these factors will help to reduce the excess use of water and nitrogen input and increases the sufficient net income.
Nitrogen content in the soil was calculated; results showed that the highest concentrations of ammonium N were accumulated in0-20cm surface layer of soil profile regardless of water and fertilizer levels, type of crop and year. The water and fertilizer combination of W5F4showed highest accumulations after the harvest of wheat2012and wheat2013, whereas W5F3and W3F4revealed maximum accumulation of NH4-N after the harvest of maize2012and maize2013respectively. Nitrate N accumulations in all depths increased with increasing rate of N in each fertilizer dose despite of crop and year. Fertilizer treatments had the significant effect on nitrate content of soil. The unfertilized plots showed the lowest and the fertilizer N treated plots revealed the highest nitrate concentration with irrigation water. Mineral N content more or less followed the trend of nitrate N accumulation in soil layers as nitrate contributed major proportion of mineral nitrogen.
Soil water content before sowing of each crop varied significantly due to irrigation levels and rainfall. The most economical N rates and irrigation levels were lower than the maximum N rates and irrigation levels required for maximum yield. Nitrogen application rate of225-328kg ha-1and475-638mm water were found to be better combination for getting economical yield4849-8837kg ha-1of wheat. Maize produced better yield9466-11462kg ha-1by utilizing economical nitrogen amout of248-345kg ha-1and834-1163mm water. In both years, crop water use (evapotranspiration) was linearly related to the amount of irrigation. The WUE decreased with increasing irrigation application rates. The low irrigation treatment had higher WUE than that of high irrigation treatment. In both years, the WUE increased significantly with nitrogen application rates up to rate of240kg ha-1. The N240treatment had the highest WUE among the various N treatments. Nitrogen use efficiency increased with increasing water application and decreased with increased nitrogen application levels. In all crop seasons lowest values of nitrogen use efficiency were noted in highest fertilizer (F3) and lowest water (W1) treatment combination.
In conclusion, the present study provided evidence that proper N fertilization and irrigation management are important strategies to offset climate change effects and to get reasonable yield of wheat and maize with improved WUE and NUE.
引文
1. Abbasi, M.K., Kazmi, M., Hussan, R, Nitrogen use efficiency and herbage production of an established grass sward in relation to moisture and nitrogen fertilization. Journal of Plant Nutrition 2005,28:1693-1708.
2. Abbasi, M.K., Tahir, M.M., Sadiq, A., Iqbal, M., Zafar, M., Yield and nitrogen use efficiency of rainfed maize response to splitting and nitrogen rates in Kashmir, Pakistan. Agronomy Journal 2012,104:48-457.
3. Adams, P. L., Daniel, T. C., Edwards, D. R., Nichols, D. J., Pote, D. H. and Scott, H. D. Poultry litter and manure contributions to nitrate leaching through the vadose zone. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1994,58:1206-1211.
4. Adediran, J.A., Taiwo, L.B., Akande, M.O., Sobulo, R.A., Idowu, O.J., Application of organic and inorganic fertilizer for sustainable maize and cowpea yields in Nigeria. J. Plant Nutr.2004, 27:1163-1181.
5. Alfoldi, Z., Pinter, L., Feil, B., Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentrations in developing maize grains. J. Agron. Crop Sci.1994,172:200-206.
6. Al-Kaisi M. M. and X. H. Yin. Effects of nitrogen rate, irrigation rate, and plant population on corn yield and water use efficiency. Agron. J 2003,95:1475-1482.
7. Anderson, W.K., Differences in response of winter cereal varieties to applied nitrogen in the field.Ⅱ. Some factors associated with differences in response. Field Crops Research 1985,11: 369-385.
8. Angas, P., Lampurlanes, J., Cantero-Martinez, C., Tillage and N fertilizationeffects on N dynamics and barley yield under semiarid Mediterranean conditions. Soil Till. Res.2006, 87:59-71.
9. Antikainen, R., Lemolab, R., Nousiainenb, J.I., Sokkac, L., Esalab, M., Huhtanenb, P., Rekolainen, S., Stocks and flows of nitrogen and phosphorus in the Finnish food production and consumption system. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ 2005,107:287-305.
10. Anonymous, China Agricultural Yearbook. Agricultural Publishing House, Beijing, China 2001. (In Chinese).
11. Aulakh, M. S. and Malhi, S. S. Interactions of nitrogen with other nutrients and water:effect on crop yield and quality, nutrient use efficiency, carbon sequestration, and environmental pollution. Adv. Agron 2005,86:341-409.
12. Azam-Ali, S.N., Crout, N.M.J., Bradley, R.G., Perspectives in modelling resource capture by crops. In:Monteith, J.L., Scott, R.K., Unsworth, M.H. (Eds.), Resource Capture by Crops. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham 1994, pp.125-148.
13. Bandyopadhyay, K.K., M.C. Sarkar. Nitrogen use efficiency, 15N balance, and nitrogen losses in flooded rice in an inceptisol. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal 2005,36:1661-1679.
14. Benbi, D. K., Biswas, C. R. and Kalkat, J. S. Nitrate distribution and accumulation in an Ustochrept soil profile in a long-term fertilizer experiment. Fert. Res 1991,28:173-177.
15. Berenguer, P., Santiveri, R, Boixadera, J., Lloveras, J., Fertilisation of irrigated maize with pig slurry combined with mineral nitrogen. Eur. J. Agron 2008,28:635-645.
16. Beuerlein, J., Classes and Uses of Wheat:Fact Sheet Whole Health MD.com, LLC.2000. Foods: Wheat.2001.
17. Bleken, M.A., Bakken, L.R., The nitrogen cost of food production:Norwegian society. Ambio 1997,26:130-135.
18. Bremner, J.M., Nitrogen-total. In:Sparks, D.L. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3. Chemical Methods. SSSA Book Ser.5. SSSA and ASA, Madison, WI 1996, pp.1085-1121.
19. Brown, L., Who Will Feed China? Wake-Up Call for a Small Planet. Norton/Worldwatch Institute, New York.1995.
20. Bumb, B.L. World nitrogen supply and demand:an overview. In Nitrogen fertilization in the environment, P.E. Bacon, (ed.). New York:Marcel Dekker 1995. Inc. p.1-35.
21. Campbell CA, Zentner RP, Selles F, Akinremi OO. Nitrate leaching as influenced by fertilization in the brown soil zone. Can J Soil Sci 1993,73:387-397.
22. Cassman, K.G., Bryant, D.C., Fulton A. and Jackson, L.F. Nitrogen supply effects on partitioning of dry matter and grain of irrigated wheat. Crop Science 1992,32:1251-1258.
23. Cassman, K.G, Dobermann, A., Walters, D.T., Yang, H. Meeting cereal demand while protecting natural resources and improving environmental quality. Annual Review of Environmental Resource 2003,28:315-358.
24. Chen, X.P. Optimization of the N fertilizer management of awinter wheat/summer maize rotation system in the North ChinaPlain. PhD Thesis, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.2003.
25. China Agricultural Yearbook. Editorial Committee of China Agricultural Yearbook,587-605. Beijing:China Agricultural Publishing House.1999. (in Chinese).
26. Christos Dordas. Dry matter, nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation, partitioning and remobilization as affected by N and-P fertilization and source-sink relations. Eur. J. Agro 2009,30 (2):129-139.
27. Clarke, J.M., Campbell, C.A., Cutforth, H.W., De Pauw, R.M., Winkleman, GE., Nitrogen and phosphorus uptake, translocation, and utilization efficiency of wheat in relation to environmental and cultivar yield and protein levels. Can. J.Plant Sci 1990,70:965-977.
28. Clark, R.B. Physiology of cereals for mineral nutrient uptake, use and efficiency. In Crops as Enhancers of Nutrient Use, V.C. Baligar, and R.R. Duncan (eds.). San Diego:Academic Press1990.p 131-209.
29. Cooper, P.J.M., Gregory, P.J., Soil water management inthe rain-fed farming systems of the Mediterranean region. Soil. Use Manage 1987,32:57-62.
30. Cooper, P.J.M., Gregory, P.J., Tully, D., Harris, H.C., Improving water use efficiency of annual crops in the rain-fed farming systems of west Asia and North Africa. Exp. Agric 1987,23: 113-158.
31. Corbeels M., G. Hofmanb, O. Van Cleemputb. Analysis of water use by wheat grown on a cracking clay soil in a semi-arid Mediterranean environment:weather and nitrogen effects Agricultural Water Management 1998,38:147-167.
32. Cox MC, Qualset CO, Rains DW. Genetic variation for nitrogen assimilation and translocation in wheat. I. Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation. Crop Sci.1985a,25:430-435.
33. Cox MC, Qualset CO, Rains DW. Genetic variation for nitrogen assimilation and translocation in wheat. II. Nitrogen assimilation in relation to grain yield and protein. Crop Sci 1985b,25:435-440.
34. Cui, Z.L. Optimization of the nitrogen fertilizer management for a winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in the North China Plain-From field to regional scale. PhD Thesis, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 2005. (In Chinese with English summary).
35. Cui, Z.L., X.P. Chen, F.S. Zhang, Y.X. Miao, and J.L. Li. Onfarm evaluation of the improved soil Nmin-based nitrogen management for summer wheat in North China Plain. Agronomy Journal 2008a,100:517-525.
36. Cui, Z.L., Y.X. Miao, F.S. Zhang, and X.P. Chen. Soil nitrate-N levels required for high yield maize production in the North China Plain. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 2008b,82: 187-196.
37. Cui, Z.L., F.S. Zhang, X.P. Chen, Miao, and J.L. Li. On-farm evaluation of an in-season nitrogen management strategy based on soil Nmin test. Field Crops Research 2008c,105: 48-55.382 AMBIO 2010,39:376-384.
38. Cui, Z.L., F.S. Zhang, Y.X. Miao, and X.P. Chen. On-farm evaluation of winter wheat yield response to residual soil nitrate-N in North China Plain. Agronomy Journal 2008d,100: 1527-1534.
39. Cushman, G, The most valuable birds in the world:international conservation science and the revival of Peru's guano industry,1909-1965. Environ. Hist 2005,10:477-509.
40. Dalton, H., Brand-Hardy, R., Nitrogen:the essential public enemy. J. Appl. Ecol 2003,40: 771-781.
41. David, P., Hurd, L.E., Bellotti, A.C., Forster, M.J., Oka, I.N., Sholes, O.D., Whitman, R.J., Food production and the energy crisis. Science 1973,2:443-449.
42. Davis, M., Late Victorian Holocausts:El Nino Famines and the Making of the Third World. Verso, London.2001.
43. Deng, X.P., Shan, L., Zhang, H.P., Turner, N.C., Improving agricultural water use efficiency in arid and semiarid areas of China. Agric. Water Manage 2006,80:23-40.
44. Diez, J.A., Caballero, R., Tarquis, A., Cartagena, M.C., Vallejo, A., Integrated fertilizer and irrigation management to reduce nitrate leaching in central Spain. J. Environ. Qual 2000,29: 1539-1547.
45. Ding, Y. H.et al. Detection, causes and projection of climate change over China:an overview of recent progress. Adv. Atmos. Sci 2007,24:954-971.
46. Dobermann, A., Cassman, K.G., Plant nutrient management for enhanced productivity in intensive grain production systems of the United States and Asia. Plant Soil 2002,247: 153-175.
47. Doll P. Impact of climate change and variability on irrigation requirements:a global perspective. Clim Change 2002,54:269-293.
48. Dordas, C.A Dry matter, nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation, partitioning and remobilization as affected by N and P fertilization and source-sink relations. European Journal of Agronomy 2009,30:129-139.
49. Dordas, C.A., A.S. Lithourgidis, T.Matsi, N.Barbayiannis, Application of liquid cattle manure and inorganic fertilizers affect dry matter, nitrogen accumulation, and partitioning in maize. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst 2008,80:283-296.
50. Dordas C. A., C. Sioulas. Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation, partitioning, and retranslocation in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) as affected by nitrogen fertilization. Field Crops Research 2009,110:35-43.
51. Duan, S.W; S. Zhang, H.Y. Huang. Transport of dissolved inorganic nitrogen from the major rivers to estuaries in China. Nutri. Cycl. Agroecosyst 2000,57:13-22.
52. Duan Y., M. Xu, S. GAO, X. Yang, S. Huang, H. Liu, B. Wang. Nitrogen use efficiency in a wheat-corn cropping system from 15 years of manure and fertilizer applications. Field Crops Research 2014,157:47-56.
53. Easterling, W.E., P.K. Aggarwal, P. Batima, K.M. Brander, L. Erda, S.M. Howden, A. Kiri Lenko, J. Morton, J.F. Soussana, J. Schmidhuber and F.N. Tubiello. Food, Fiber and forest products. Climate Change 2007:Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, M.L. Parry, O.F. CAnziani, J.P. Palutikof, PJ. Van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 2007,273-313.
54. Edgerton, M.D., Increasing crop productivity to meet global needs for feed, food, and fuel. Plant Physiol 2009,149:7-13.
55. Edmeades, D. C. The long-term effects of manures and fertilizers on soil productivity and quality: a review. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst 2003,66:165-180.
56. Edwards, K. G Jellis, S. Shepherd, G Barker,& J. Parker. Wheat, the Big Picture. Delacy, I.& Micallef, S., Nov 2005.< a href="http://mendel.lafs.uq.edu.au:8080/ICIS5/".The Global Wheat Information System (GWIS), The University of Queensland.2005.
57. Ehdaie, B. and, J.G Waines. Sowing date and nitrogen rate effects on dry matter and nitrogen partitioning in bread and durum wheat. Field Crops Research 2001,73:47-61.
58. Ehdaie, B., Shakiba, M.R., Waines, J.G., Sowing date and nitrogen input influence nitrogen-use efficiency in spring bread and durum wheat genotypes. J. Plant Nutr 2001,24: 899-919.
59. Ehdaie, B. and Waines, J.G Sowing date and nitrogen rate effects on dry matter and nitrogen partitioning in bread and durum wheat. Field Crops Research 2001,73:47-61.
60. Erisman, J.W., The Nanjing declaration on management of reactive nitrogen. Bioscience 2004, 54:4286-4287.
61. Erisman, J.W., Sutton, M.A., Galloway, J., Klimont, Z., Winiwarter, W., How a century of ammonia synthesis changed the world. Nat. Geosci 2008,1:636-639.
62. Evans TE. The effects of changes in the world hydrologicalcycle on availability of water resources. InGlobal Climate Change and Agricultural Production, Bazzaz F, Sombroek W (eds). Wiley:Chichester; 248.1996.
63. FAOSTAT FAO statistical databases. Agriculture Data. [online] Available: http://apps.fao.org/page/collections?subset_agriculture.2002.
64. FAOSTAT,2005. Crops Primary data last updated July 14,2005, Food Supply Data last updated Aug 27,2004.
65. Fageria, N.K., Baligar, V.C., Enhancing nitrogen use efficiency in crop plants. Advances in Agronomy 2005,88:97-185.
66. Fageria, N.K., dos Santos, A.B., Coelho, A.M., Growth, yield and yield components of lowland rice as influenced by ammonium sulfate and urea fertilization. Journal of Plant Nutrition 2011,34: 371-386.
67. Fan BQ, Hu CF, Ping JL. Effect of irrigation and fertilization on nitrate leaching in loamy fluvo-qauic soil. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science 1998,4(1):16-21 (In Chinese).
68. Fang, Q., Ma, L., Yu, Q., Ahuja, L.R., Malone, R.W., Hoogenboom, G, in press. Irrigation strategies to improve the water use efficiency of wheat-maize double cropping systems in North China Plain, Agric. Water Manag, Corrected Proof, doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2009.02.012.
69. Fang, Q.X., Y.H. Chen, Q. Yu, Z.Ouyang, Q.Q. Li, S.Z Yu. Much improved irrigation use efficiency in an intensive wheat-maize double cropping system in the North China Plain. J. Integr. Plant Biol 2007,49 (10):1517-1526.
70. Fang QX, Yu Q, Wang EL, Chen YH, Zhang GL, Wang J, Li LH. Soil nitrate accumulation, leaching and crop nitrogen use as influenced by fertilization and irrigation in an intensive wheat-maize double cropping system in the North China Plain. Plant Soil 2006,284:335-350.
71. Ferrise R., A. Triossi, P. Stratonovitch, M. Bindi, and P. Martre, Sowing date and nitrogen fertilisation effects on dry matter and nitrogen dynamics for durum wheat:an experimental and simulation study. Field Crops Research 2010,117:245-257.
72. Forster, P., Ramaswamy, V., Artaxo, P., Berntsen, T., Betts, R., Fahey, D.W., Haywood, J., Lean, J., Lowe, D.C., Myhre, G, Nganga, J., Prinn, R., Raga, G, Schulz, M., Van Dorland, R., Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing. In:Solomon, S., Qin, D,2007.
73. Fredrick JR, Camberato JJ. Water and nitrogen effects on winter wheat in the southeastern central plain:I. Grain yield and kernel traits. Agron J 1995a,87:521-526
74. Fredrick JR, Camberato JJ. Water and nitrogen effects on winter wheat in the southeastern central plain:physiological responses. Agron J 1995b,87:527-533.
75. Galloway, J.N., Aber, J.D., Erisman, J.W., Seitzinger, S.P., Howarth, R.W., Cowling, E.B., Cosby, B.J., The nitrogen cascade. Bioscience 2003,53:341-356.
76. Galloway, J.N., Cowling, E.B., Reactive nitrogen and the world:200 years of change. Ambio 2002,31:64-71.
77. Galloway, J.N., Aber, J.D., Erisman, J.W., Seitzinger, S.P., Howarth, R.W., Cowling, E.B., Cosby, B.J., The nitrogen cascade. Bioscience 2003,53:341-356.
78. Garabeta S., M. Woodb, J. Ryan. Nitrogen and water effects on wheat yield in a Mediterranean-type climate I. Growth, water-use and nitrogen accumulation. Field Crops Research 1998,57:309-318.
79. Garrido-Lestache, E., Lopez-Bellido, R.J., Lopez-Bellido, L., Durum wheat quality under Mediterranean conditions as affected by N rate, timing and splitting, N form and S fertilization.
80. European Journal of Agronomy 2005,23:265-278.
81. Gilbert, N.W., T.C Tucker, Growth, yield, and yield components of safflower as affected by source, rate and time of application of nitrogen. Agron. J 1967,59:54-55.
82. Gitay, H., Brown, S., Eastering, W., and Jallow, B. Ecosystems and their goods and services. In: Climate Change 2001:Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability [McCarthy, J. J., Can ziani, O. E, Leary, N.A., Dokken, D.J., and White, K.S. (eds)]. Contribution of working Group Ⅱ to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 2001, pp.235-341.
83. Glass, A.D.M., Nitrogen use efficiency of crop plants:physiological constraints upon nitrogen absorption. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 2003,22:453-470.
84. Godfray, H.C., Beddington, J.R., Crute, I.R., Haddad, L., Lawrence, D., Muir, J.F., Pretty, J., Robinson, S., Thomas, S.M., Toulmin, C., Food security:the challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science 2010,12:812-818.
85. Gong, W., Yan, X.Y., Wang, J.Y., Hu, T.X., Gong, Y.B., Long-term manure and fertilizer effects on soil organic matter fractions and microbes under a wheat-maize cropping system in northern China. Geoderma 2009,149:318-324.
86. Granstedt, A. Increasing the efficiency of plant nutrient recycling within the agricultural system as a way of reducing the load to the environment-experience from Sweden and Finland. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 2000,80:169-185.
87. Greenwood, D.J., Lemaire, G, Gosse, G, Cruz, P., Draycott, A., Neeteson, J.J., Decline in percentage N of C3 and C4 crops with increasing plant mass. Ann. Bot 1990,66:425-436.
88. GWIS-Global Wheat Information System. Nov 2005.
89. Hatfield, J.L., Prueger, J.H. Nitrogen over-use, under-use, and efficiency. In New directions for a diverse planet. Proc.4th Int. Crop Sci. Congress, Brisbane, Australia.26 Sept.1 Oct.2004. T. Fischer, (ed.). Available at www.cropscience.org.au. The Regional Inst. Ltd.2004.
90. Heckman, J.R., Sims, J.T., Beegle, D.B., Coale, F.J., Herbert, S.J., Bruulsema, T.W., Bamka, W.J., Nutrient removal by corn grain harvest. Agron. J 2003,95:587-591.
91. Hernandez-Ramirez, G, Brouder, S.M., Smith, D.R., Van Scoyoc, GE., Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics in an Eastern Corn Belt Soil:Nitrogen Source and Rotation. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J 2009a,73:128-137.
92. Hernandez-Ramirez, G., Brouder, S.M., Smith, D.R., Van Scoyoc, GE., Greenhouse gas fluxes in an eastern Corn Belt soil:weather, nitrogen source, and rotation. J. Environ. Qual 2009b,38: 841-854.
93. Hernandez-Ramirez, G, Brouder, S.M., Smith, D.R. and Van Scoyoc, GE. Nitrogen Partitioning and Utilization in Corn Cropping Systems:Rotation, N Source and N Timing. European Journal of Agronomy 2011,34:190-195.
94. Hernandez-Ramirez G; A.L. Fletcher; and P.D. Jamieson. Nitrogen partitioning in spring and winter wheat at various N rates. Agronomy New Zealand 2011.41.
95. Hofrnan, G Nutrient management legislation in European countries. NUMALEC Report. Concerted action, Fair6-CT98-4215.1999.
96. Horowitz, W., Official Methods of Analysis,11th ed. AOAC, Washington, DC, pp.17-18. 1970.
97. Howarth, R.W., Boyer, E.W., Pabich, W.J., Galloway, J.N., Nitrogen use in the United State from 1961-2000 and potential future trends. Ambio 2002,31:88-96.
98. Howell TA. Enhancing water use efficiency in irrigated agriculture. Agron J 2001,93:281-289.
99. Huang, X.P., Huang, L.M., Yue, W.Z., The characteristics of nutrients and eutrophication in the Pearl River estuary, South China. Mar. Poll. Bull 2003,47:30-36.
100.Hussain G, Al-Jaloud AA. Effect of irrigation and nitrogen on water use efficiency of wheat in Saudi Arabia. Agr Water Manage 1995,27:143-153.
101.International Wheat and Maize Improvement Center, International Wheat Improvement Network (IWIN).2005.
102.Isermann, K., Isermann, R., Food production and consumption in Germany:N flows and N emissions. Nutri. Cycl. Agroecosyst 1998,52:289-301.
103.Isermann, K., Isermann, R., Policy scenarios:impacts of EU and national legislation on nutrient dynamics in river basins and oceans. In:Li, C. et al. (Eds.), Plant Nutrition for Food Security, Human Health and Environmental Protection. Tsinghua University Press, Beijing,2005, pp. 1150-1151.
104. Ji XB, Kang ES, Zhao WZ, Chen RS, Jin BW, Zhang ZH, Simulation of the Evapotranspiration from Irrigational Farmlands in the Oases of Heihe River Basin. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology 2004,26(6):713-719 (In Chinese)
105.Jia S, X Wang, Y Yang, K Dai, C Meng, Q Zhao, X Zhang, D Zhang, Z Feng, Y Sun, X Wu, D Cai, Fate of labeled urea-15 N as basal and topdressing applications in an irrigated wheat-maize rotation system in North China Plain:I winter wheat. NUTR CYCL AGROECOSYST 2011,90(3):331-346.
106.Jin, M.G, Zhang, R.Q., GAO, Y.F., Temporal and spatial soil water management:a case study in the Heiloonggang region, PR China. Agric.Water Manag 1999,42:173-187.
107.Jin, X., Analysis of eutrophication state and trend for lakes in China. J. Limnol 2003,62 (2): 60-66.
108.Kaiser, J., The other global pollutant:nitrogen proves tough to curb. Science 2001,294: 1268-1269.
109.Jones, J.P., and T.C. Tucker, Effect of nitrogen on yield, nitrogen content and yield components of safflower. Agron. J 1968,60:363-364.
110.Ju, X.T., C.L. Kou, F.S. Zhang, and P. Christie. Nitrogen balance and groundwater nitrate contamination:Comparison among three intensive cropping systems on the North China Plain. Environmental Pollution 2006,143:117-125.
111.Ju, X.T., G.X. Xing, X.P. Chen, and X.B. Zhang. Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2009,106:3041-3046.
112.Kang S, Su X, Tong L, Shi P, Yang X, Yukuo, ABE, Du T, Shen Q, Zhang J. The impacts of human activities on the water-land environment of the Shiyang River basin, an arid region in northwest China. Hydrolog Sci J 2004,49 (3):413-427.
113.Kang, S.Z., Zhang, L., Liang, Y.L., Hu, X.T., Cai, H.J., Gu, B.J., Effects of limited irrigation on yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat in the Loess Plateau of China. Agric Water Manag 2002,55:203-216.
114.Karlen, D.L., Flannery, R.L., Sadler, E.J., Aerial accumulation and partitioning of nutrients by corn. Agron. J 1988,80:232-242.
115.Karlen, D.L., Varvel, GE., Bullock, D.G, Cruse, R.M., Crop rotations for the 21stcentury. Adv. Agron 1994,53:1-45.
116.Katerji, N., Mastrorilli, M., Rana, G Water use efficiency of crops cultivated in the Mediterranean region:review and analysis. Eur. J. Agron 2008,28:493-507.
117.Kichey, T., Hirel, B., Heumez, E., Dubois, F., Le Gouis, J., In winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), post-anthesis nitrogen uptake and remobilization to the grain correlates with agronomic traits and nitrogen physiological markers. Field Crops Res 2007,102:22-32.
118.King, J.A., Bradley, S.R., Rochford, A.S.H. Availability of nitrogen after fertilizer applications to cereals. Journal of Agricultural Science 2001,136:141-157.
119.K6hler K., H. M. Wilhelmus and J. Bottcher.. Nitrogen fertilization and nitrate leaching into groundwater on arable sandy soils. J. Plant Nutr Soil Sci 2006,169:185-195.
120.Koutroubas, S.D., Papakosta, D.K., Gagianas, A.A., The importance of early dry matter and nitrogen accumulation in soybean yield. Eur. J. Agron 1998a,9:1-10.
121.Koutroubas, S.D., Papakosta, D.K., Gagianas, A.A., Papanikolaou, E.P., Estimation and partitioning of nitrogen fixed by soybean in Mediterranean climates. J. Agron. Crop Sci 1998b, 18:1,137-144.
122.Koutroubas, S.D., Papacosta, D.K., Doitsinis, A., Cultivar and seasonal effects on the contribution of pre-anthesis assimilates to safflower yield. Field Crops Res 2004,90:263-274.
123.Ladha, J.K., Dawe, D., Pathak, H., Padre, A.T., Yadav, R.L., Singh, B., Singh, Y., Singh, P., Kundu, A.L., Sakal, R., Ram, N., Regmi, A.P., Gami, S.K., Bhandari, A.L., Amin, R., Yadav, C.R., Bhattarai, E.M., Das, S., Aggarwal, H.P., Gupta, R.K., Hobbs, P.R., How extensive are yield declines in long-term rice-wheat experiments in Asia? Field Crops Res 2003,81:159-180.
124.Ladha, J.K., Pathack, H., Krupnik, T.J., Six, J., van Kessel, C., Efficiency of fertilizer nitrogen in cereal production:retrospects and prospects. Advances in Agronomy 2005,87:85-156.
125.Lawlor, D.W., Lemaire, G, Gastal, F. Nitrogen, plant growth and crop yield. In Plant nitrogen, P.J. Lea, J.F. Morot Gaudry, (eds.). Berlin:Springer-Verlag 2001, p.343-367.
126.Lee, J.Z., Wang, F., One Quarter of Humanity:Malthusian Mythology and Chinese Realities, 1700-2000. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.1999.
127.Li, G.T., B.G Li, and D.L. Chen. Method for measurement of ammonia volatilization from large area field by Bowen Ratio System. Journal of China Agricultural University 2002,6: 56-62. (in Chinese with English abstract.).
128.Li, Q.Q., Dong, B.D., Qiao, Y.Z., Liu, M.Y., Zhang, J.W., Root growth, available soil water, and water-use efficiency of winter wheat under different irrigation regimes applied at different growth stages in North China. Agricultural Water Management 2010,97:1676-1682.
129.Linner, B.-O., The Return of Malthus:Environmentalism and Post-war Population-resource Crises. White Horse Press, Isle of Harris, UK.2003.
130.Liu, C.M., Wei, Z.Y. (Eds.), Agricultural Hydrology and Water Resources in the North China Plain. Science Publishing House, Beijing 1989, pp.96-127.
131.Liu, C.M., Yu, J.J., Kendy, E., Groundwater exploitation and its impact on the environment in the North China Plain. Water Int 2001,26 (2):265-272.
132.Liu, J.G., Diamond, J., China's environment in a globalizing world:how China and the rest of the world affect each other. Nature 2005,435:1179-1186.
133.Liu, K., Wiatrak, P., Corn production and plant characteristics response to N fertilization management in dry-land conventional tillage system. International Journal of Plant Production 2011,5:405-416.
134.Liu, X.H., Mu, Z.G (Eds.), Cropping systems in Huanghuaihai region. In:Cropping Systems in China. Agricultural Press of China, Beijing 1993, pp.388-407. (in Chinese).
135.Lobell D and Asner G Climate and management contributions to recent Trends in U.S. agricultural yields.Science 2003,299:1032.
136.Lopez-Bellido, L., Lopez-Bellido, R.J., Redondo, R., Nitrogen efficiency in wheatunder rainfed Mediterranean conditions as affected by split nitrogen application. Field Crops Res 2005,94:86-97.
137.L6pez-Bellido, R., Castillo, J., Lopez-Bellido, and L., Comparative response of breadand durum wheat cultivars to nitrogen fertilizer in a rainfed Mediterraneanenvironment:soil nitrate and N uptake and efficiency. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst 2008,80:121-130.
138.Ludwig F and Asseng S. Climate change impacts on wheat production in a Mediterranean environmental in Western Australian.2006.
139.Ludwig, B., Geisseler, D., Michel, K., Joergensen, R.G., Schulz, E., Merbach, I., Raupp, J., Rauber, R., Hu, K., Niu, L., Liu, X., Effects of fertilization and soil management on crop yields and carbon stabilization in soils. A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev 2011,31:361-372.
140.Ma, W.Q., Current status and evaluation of crop fertilization in Shandong province. Ph.D. Thesis. China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 1999. (in Chinese with English abstract).
141.Ma Q., Y.L. Wang, H. Zhou, Y.G. Xu, C.M. Jiang, W.T. Yu. Corn yield and yield stability under varying nutrient management, crop rotation, and rainfall. Int. J. Plant Production 2012,6 (1): 1735-6814.
142.Malhi, S.S., Rate, source and time of N application for meadow bromegrass in central Alberta, Canada. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 1997,46:241-247.
143.Mandal KG, Hati KM, Misra AK, Bandyopadhyay KK, Mohanty M. Irrigation and Nutrient Effects on Growth and Water-Yield Relationship of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Central India. J Agron Crop Sci 2005,191:416-425.
144.Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M., Miller, H.L. (Eds.), Climate Change:The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group Ⅰ to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2007, pp.129-234.
145.Mariano Cossani C., Gustavo A. Slafer, Roxana Savin. Nitrogen and water use efficiencies of wheat and barle under a Mediterranean environment in Catalonia. Field Crops Research 2012, 128:109-118.
146.Masoni, A., Ercoli, L., Mariotti, M., Arduini, I., Post-anthesis accumulationand remobilization of dry matter, nitrogen and phosphorus in durum wheat as affected by soil type. Eur. J. Agron 2007,26:179-186.
147.Matthews, D. (Accessed Nov 2005) Wheat Synonymy Tables Project
148.Meehl, G A.et al.Global Climate Projections. In Climate Change 2007:The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group Ⅰ to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Eds Solomon, S.et al.) (Cambridge University Press,2007.
149.Meinardi, C. R., Beusen, A. H. W., Bollen, M. J. S., Klepper, O. and Willems, W. J. Vulnerability to diffuse pollution and average nitrate contamination of European soils and ground water. Water Sci. Technol 1995,31:159-165.
150.Moll, R.H., Kamprath, E.J., Jackson, W.A. Analysis and interpretation of factors which contribute to efficiency of nitrogen utilization. Agronomy. Journal 1982,74:562-564.
151.Morecroft, M.D., Burt, T.P., Taylor, M.E., Rowland, A.P. Effects of the 1995-1997 drought on nitrate leaching in lowland England. Soil Use Manage 2000,16:117-123.
152.Mosier, A.R., Guenzi, W.D., Schweizer, E.E., Field denitrification estimation by nitrogen-15 and acetylene inhibition techniques. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J 1986,50:831-833.
153.Mossedaq, F., Smith, D.H., Timing nitrogen application to enhance spring wheat yield in a Mediterranean climate. Agron. J 1994,86:221-226.
154.Nasr, H.G, Katkhuda, N., Tannir, L., Effects of N fertilization and population rate-spacing on safflower yield and other characteristics. Agron J 1978,70:683-685.
155.National Bureau of Statistics, China,2006. China Statistical Yearbook-China Statistics Press, Beijing 2006. (in Chinese).
156.Ning, T.Y., Shao, GQ., Li, Z.J., Han, H.F., Hu, H.G., Wang, Y., Tian, S.Z., Chi, S.Y., Effects of urea types and irrigation on crop uptake soil residual, and loss of nitrogen in maize field on the North China Plain. Plant Soil Environ 2012,58:1-8.
157.Norman, R. J. and Stucki, J. W. The determination of nitrate and nitrite in soil extracts by ultraviolet spectropho tometry. Soil Sci. SOC. Am. J 1981,45:347-353.
158.Norwood CA. Water use and yield of limited-irrigated and dry land corn. Soil Sci Soc Am J 2000,64:365-370.
159.Nosengo, N., Fertilized to death. Nature 2003,425:894-895.
160.Noulas, C., Stamp, P., Soldati, A., Liedgens, M. Nitrogen use efficiency of spring wheat genotypes under field and lysimeter conditions. Journal of Agronomy & Crop Science 2004,190: 111-118.
161.Oracle Education Foundation, Where Wheat is grown. Article written for thin quest Junior Competition. Nov 2005.
162.Oenema, O., Pietrzak, S., Nutrient management in food production:achieving agronomic and environmental targets. Ambio 2002,31:159-168.
163.Olesen, J.E., Mortensen, J.V., Jorgensen, L.N., Andersen, M.N., Irrigation strategy, nitrogen application and fungicide control in winter wheat on a sandy soil. I. Yield, yield components and nitrogen uptake. J. Agric. Sci 2000,134:1-11.
164.Ortiz-Monasterio, J.I., Sayre, K.D., Rajaram, S., McMahon, M. Genetic progress in wheat yield and nitrogen use efficiency under four nitrogen rates. Crop Science 1997,37:898-904.
165.Osborne, S.L., Schepers, J.S., Schlemmer, M.R., Detecting nitrogen and phosphorus stress in corn using multi-spectral imagery. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal 2004,35:505-516.
166.Ottman MJ, Pope NV. Nitrogen fertilizer movement in the soil as influenced by nitrogen rate and timing in irrigated wheat. Soil Sci Soc Am J 2000,64:1883-1892.
167.Oweis, T., Pala, M., Ryan, J., Stabilizing rain-fed wheat yields with supplemental irrigation and nitrogen in a Mediterranean-type climate. Agron. J 1998,90:672-681.
168."Oz", Modern Wheat:Wheat Characteristics and Usage.2001.
169.Pala, M., Matar, A., Mazid, A., Assessment of the effects of environmental factors on the response of wheat to fertilizer in on-farm trials in Northern Syria. Exp. Agric 1996,323: 339-349.
170.Palta, J.A., Fillery, I.R.P., Nitrogen accumulation and remobilization in wheat of 15N-urea applied to a duplex soil at seeding. Aust. J. Exp. Agric 1993,33:233-238.
171.Palta, J.A., Fillery, I.R.P., N application enhances remobilization and reduces losses of pre-anthesis N in wheat grown on a duplex soil. Aust. J. Agric. Res 1995a,46:519-531.
172. Pan, J.R. Fate of fertilizer nitrogen in winter wheat-summer maize rotation system at North China Plain. PhD Thesis, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 2001. (in Chinese with English summary).
173.Pandey RK, Maranville JW, Admou A. Tropical wheat response to irrigation and nitrogen in a Sahelian environment. I. Grain yield, yield components and water use efficiency. Eur J Agron 2001,15:93-105.
174.Papakosta DK. Phosphorus accumulation and translocation in wheat as affected by cultivar and nitrogen fertilization. J. Agron. Crop Sci 1994,173:260-270.
175.Papakosta DK, Gagianas AA. Nitrogen and dry matter accumulation, remobilization, and losses for Mediterranean wheat during grain filling. Agron. J 1991,83:864-870.
176.Passioura, J.B., Angus, J.F. Improving productivity of crops in water-limited environments. Adv. Agron 2010,106,37-75.
177.Paul E. F. and B. W. Frod. Nitrogen Fertilizers:Meeting Contemporary Challenges. J. Human. 2002.
178.Perdue, P.C., Exhausting the Earth:State and Peasant in Hunan. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass 1987, pp.1500-1850.
179.Piepho, H.P., Methods for comparing the yield stability of cropping systems-A review. J. Agron. Crop Sci 1998,180:193-213.
180.Pietola, L., Tanni, R., Elonen, P. Responses of yield and N use of spring sown crops to N fertilization, with special reference to the use of plant growth regulators. Agricultural and Food Science in Finland 1999,8:423-440.
181.Popkin, B.M., The nutrition transition and obesity in the developing world. J. Nutr 2001,131: 871S-873S.
182.Pradhan S., UK. Chopra, KK. Bandyopadhyay, R. Singh, AK. Jain and Ishwar Chand. Effect of Water and Nitrogen Management on Water Productivity and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Wheat in a Semi-arid Environment. International Journal of Agriculture and Food Science Technology 2013,4(7):727-732.
183.Prystupa, P., Savin, R., Slafer, GA., Grain number and its relationship with dry matter, N and P in the spikes at heading in response to NxP fertilization in barley. Field Crops Res2004,90: 245-254.
184.Przulj, N., Momcilovic, V., Genetic variation for dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and translocation in two-rowed spring barley.Ⅱ. Nitrogen translocation. Eur. J. Agron 2001b,15: 255-256.
185.Randall, GW., Vetsch, J.A., Corn production on a subsurface drained mollisol as affected by fall versus spring application of nitrogen and nitrapyrin. Agronomy Journal 2005,97:472-478.
186.Randall, GW., Vetsch, J.A., Huffman, J.R., Corn production on a subsurface drained mollisol as affected by time of nitrogen application and nitrapyrin. Agronomy Journal 2003,95:1213-1219.
187.Rasse, D. P., Ritchie, J. T., Peterson, W. R., Loudon, T. L. and Martin, E. C. Nitrogen management impacts on yield and NO3-N leaching in inbred maize systems. J. Environ. Qual 1999,28:1365-1371.
188.Raun, W.R., Johnson, GV., Improving nitrogen use efficiency for cereal production. Agronomy Journal 1999,91:357-363.
189.Raun, W.R., Solie, J.B., Johnson, GV., Stone, M.L., Mullen, R.W., Freeman, K.W., Thomason, W.E., Lukina, V., Improving nitrogen use efficiency in cereal grain production with optical sensing and variable rate application. Agronomy Journal 2002,94:815-820.
190.Ruiz-Diaz, D.A., Sawyer, J.E., Plant available nitrogen from poultry manure as affected by time of application. Agronomy Journal 2008,100:1318-1326.
191.Sadras, V.O. A quantitative top-down view of interactions between stresses:theory and analysis of nitrogen-water co-limitation in Mediterranean agro-ecosystems. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 2005.56:1151-1157.
192.Saleque, M. A., Abedin, M. J., Bhuiyan, N. I., Zaman, S. K. and Panaullah, G. M. Long-term effects of inorganic and organic fertilizer sources on yield and nutrient accumulation of lowland rice. Field Crop Res 2004.86:53-65.
193.Sainz Rozas, H.R., Echeverna, H.E., Andrade, F.H., Studdert, GA., Effect of urease inhibitor and fertilization time on nitrogen uptake and maize grain yield under no-tillage. Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia de la Plata 1997,102:129-136.
194.Sainz Rozas, H.R., Echeverria, H.E., Barbieri, P.A., Nitrogen balance as affected by application time and nitrogen fertilizer rate in irrigated no-tillage maize. Agronomy Journal 2004,96: 1622-1631.
195.Schleef, K.H., and W. Kleihanss. Mineral balance in agriculture in EU. Brounchweig, Germany: Institute of farm economics, Federal Agricultural Research Centre.1994.
196.Searle, P. L. The Berthelot or indophenol reaction and its use in the analytical chemistry of nitrogen-A review. Analyst 1984,109:549-568.
197.Sexton BT, Moncrief JF, Rosen CJ, Gupta SC, Cheng HH. Optimizing nitrogen and irrigation inputs for corn based on nitrate leaching and yield on a coarse-textured soil. J Environ Qual 1996,25:982-992.
198.Shao, GQ., Li, Z.J., Ning, T.Y., Zhang, M., Jiao, N.Y., Han, B., Bai, M., Li, H.J., Effects of irrigation and urea types on N utilization, yield and quality of maize. Sci. Agric. Sin 2008,41: 3672-3678 (in Chinese with English abstract).
199.Shaviv, A., Mikkelsen, R.L., Controlled-release fertilizers to increase efficiency of nutrient use and minimize environmental degradation-a review. Nutr. Cycl.Agroecosyst 1993,35:1-12.
200.Shindo, J., Okamoto, K., Kawashim, H., A model-based estimation of nitrogen flow in the food production-supply system and its environmental effects in East Asia. Ecol. Model 2004,169: 197-212.
201.Shoji, S., Gandeza, A.T., Kimura, K., Simulation of crop response to polyolefin-coated urea. H Nitrogen uptake by corn. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J 1991,55:1468-1473.
202.Shoji, S., Kanno, H., Use of polyolefin-coated fertilizers for increasing fertilizer efficiency and reducing nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide emissions. Fert. Res 1994,39:147-152.
203.Shoji, S., Innovative use of controlled availability fertilizers with high performance for intensive agriculture and environmental conservation. Sci. China Ser 2005,48 (2):912-920.
204.Sommer, S.G, Jensen, C., Ammonia volatilization from urea and ammoniacal fertilizers surface applied to winter wheat and grassland. Fert. Res 1994,37:85-92.
205.Smil, V., Nitrogen and phosphorus. In:Turner, B.L., II et al. (Eds.), The Earth as Transformed by Human Action:Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere over the Past 300 Years. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990, pp.423-436.
206.Smil, V., Feeding the World:A Challenge for the Twenty-first Century. Springer, Berlin.2000.
207.Smil, V., Enriching the Earth:Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.2001.
208.Smil, V., Nitrogen and food production:proteins for human diets. Ambio 2002,31:126-131.
209.Spalding, R.F., Exner, M.E., Occurrence of nitrate in groundwater:a review. J. Environ. Qual 1993,22:2229-2236.
210.Steen, I. Summary of general standard in the North European Countries. In Optimal Nitrogen Fertilization-Tools for Recommendation, Proceedings from NJF seminar 322, As, March 29-30 2001. H.S.(?)stergaard, G Fystro, I.K. Thomsen (eds.). Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences. 2001.
211.Steer, B.T., Harrigan, E.K.S., Rates of nitrogen supply during different developmental stages affect yield components of safflower (Carthamus tinctoriusL.). Field Crops Res 1986,14: 221-231.
212.Strebel, O., Duynisveld, W. H. M. and Bottcher, J. Nitrate pollution of groundwater in Western Europe. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ 1989,26:189-214.
213.Su, R, X.Q. Ding, Z.L. Gao, B.X. Huang, X.P. Chen, F.S. Zhang, K. Martin, and V. Romheld. Ammonia volatilization from nitrogen fertilization of winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in the North China Plain. China Environmental Science 2007,27:409-413. (in Chinese with English abstract).
214.Tao, F. L., Yokozawa, M., Liu, J. Y.& Zhang, Z. Climate-crop yield relationships at provincial scales in China and the impacts of recent climate trends. Clim. Res 2008,38:83-94.
215.The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia,6th ed. Wheat Columbia University Press.2005.
216.Torstensson, G, Aronsson, H., Bergstrom, L. Nutrient use efficiencies and leaching of organic and conventional cropping systems in Sweden. Agronomy Journal 2006,98:603-615.
217.USDA, ARS, Nov National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network-[Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. 12442 (http://wire.ndsu.nodak.edu/).2005.
218.USDA-NRCS, The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov) Data compiled from various sources by Mark W Skinner. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.2005.
219.US Census Bureau. United States Census Bureau International Program (database). Retrieved on 20 September 2011 from http://www.census.gov/population/international/data/ 2011.
220.Van Alphen, B.J., Stoorvogel, J.J. A methodology for precision nitrogen fertilization in high-input farming systems. Precision Agriculture 2000,2:319-332.
221.VanderVoet, E., Kleijn, R. and DeHaes, H. A. U. Nitrogen pollution in the European Union_origins and proposed solutions. Environ. Conserv 1996,23:120_132.
222.Van der Ploeg, R.R., Ringe, H., Galina, M., Hermsmeyer, D., Postwar nitrogen use efficiency inWest German agriculture and groundwater quality. J. Environ. Qual 1997,26,1203-1212.
223.Van Noordwijk, M., Cadisch, G, Access and excess problems in plan nutrition. Plant Soil 2002, 247:25-40.
224.Van Reeuwijk, L.P., Procedures for Soil Analysis,3rd ed. ISRIC, Wageningen, the Netherlands. 1992.
225.Varvel, GE., Crop rotation and nitrogen effects on normalized grain yields in a long term study. Agron. J 2000,92:938-941.
226.Vitousek, P.M., Mooney, H.A., Lubchenco, J., Melillo, J.M., Human domination of earth's ecosystems. Science 1997,277:494-499.
227.Walker, W.M., Peck, T.R., Relationship between corn yield and plant nutrient content. Agron. J 1974,66:253-256.
228.Wang, X.B., D.X. Cai, J.Q. Zhang, X.K. Gao. Effect of corn stover incorporated in dry farmland on soil fertility. Agricultural Sciences in China 2001,1:95-101.
229.Wang, H.X., Liu, C.M., Zhang, L., Water-saving agriculture in China:an overview. Adv. Agron 2002,75:135-171.
230. Wang, J.Q., Analysis and Evaluation of Yield Increase of Fertilization and Nutrient Utilization Efficiency for Major Cereal Crops in China, Ph.D. Dissertation. China Agricultural University, Beijing 2007. (in Chinese).
231. Wang Q, F. Li, E. Zhang, G Li, and M. Vance. The effects of irrigation and nitrogen application rates on yield of spring wheat (longfu-920), and water use efficiency and nitrate nitrogen accumulation in soil. AJCS 2012,6(4):662-672.
232.Wang, J. X.et al. The impact of climate change on China's agriculture. Agric. Econ 2009,40: 323-337.
233.Wang X, D Cai, WB Hoogmoed, O Oenema, Regional distribution of nitrogen fertilizer use and N-saving potential for improvement of food production and nitrogen use efficiency in China. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2011,91(11):2013-23.
234.Wang, X D Cai, W B. Hoogmoed, U D. Perdok, O Oenema, Crop residue, manure and fertilizer in dryland maize under reduced tillage in northern China:I grain yields and nutrient use efficiencies. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 2007; 79:1-16.
235.Wang X.B., D.X. Cai, W.B. Hoogmoed, O. Oenema, U.D. Perdok., Developments in conservation tillage in rainfed regions of North China. Soil and Tillage Research 2007, 93:239-250.
236.Wang X, K Dai, D Zhang, X Zhang, Y Wang, Q Zhao, D Cai, W.B. Hoogmoed, O. Oenema., Dryland maize yields and water use efficiency in response to tillage/crop stubble and nutrient management practices in China. Field Crops Research 2011; 120:47-57.
237.Wang X, K Dai, Y Wang, X Zhang, Q Zhao, X Wu, D Cai, W.B. Hoogmoed, O. Oenema, Nutrient management adaptation for dryland maize yields and water use efficiency to long-term rainfall variability in China. Agricultural Water Management 2010; 97(9):1344-1350.
238.Wang Y., Chi S., Ning T, Tian S. and Li Z. Coupling effects of irrigation and phosphorus fertilizer applications on phosphorus uptake and use efficiency of winter wheat. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2013,12(2):263-272.
239.Wang, Z. H., Li, S. X. and Malhi, S. Effects of fertilization and other agronomic measures on nutritional quality of crops. J. Sci. Food Agric 2008,88:7-23.
240.Weier, K.L., Nitrogen use and losses in agriculture in subtropical Australia. Fert. Res 1994, 39:245-257.
241.Wikipedia, Wheat & Neolithic entries from Wikipedia. November 2005.
242.Wilson, W. S., Ball, A. S. and Hinton, R. H. Managing risks of nitrates to humans and the environment. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK 1999,348 pp.
243.Wroot, S., Pinkersgall, D., and "Oz", The History of Wheat.2001.
244.Wroot, S., Wheat-structure and genetics,2003.
245.Wu, D., Yu, Q., Wang, E., Hengsdijk, H., Impact of spatial-temporal variations of climatic variables on summer maize yield in North China Plain. Int. J. Plant Product 2008,2:71-88.
246.Xin, N. Q. and Wang, L. X. Agriculture in arid regions of northern China. JiangSu Science and Technology Press, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China 1998,355 pp. [in Chinese].
247.Xu Z. Z; Z. W. Yu; D. Wan; and Y. L. Zhang. Nitrogen Accumulation and Translocation for Winter Wheat under Different Irrigation Regimes. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 2005, 191 (6):439-449.
248.Xu, Zhenzhu; Zhenwen Yu and Junye Zhao. Theory and application for the promotion of wheat production in China:past, present and future. J Sci Food Agric 2013,93:2339-2350 www.soci.org.
249.Yan J, Shen Q R, Yin B, Zhao S L, Zhu Z L. Effects of fertilizer N application rate on yields and use efficiencies in rice-wheat rotation system in Tai Lake region. Soils 2009,41:372-376 (in Chinese with English abstract).
250. Yang R, Su YZ. Groundwater nitrate pollution in the oasis agricultural area in the middle reaches of Heihe River, Northwest China. Journal of glaciology and geocryology 2008,30(6): 983-990 (In Chinese).
251. Yang Y, X Wang, K Dai, S Jia, C Meng, Q Zhao, X Zhang, D Zhang, Z Feng, Y Sun, X Wu, D Cai, C Grant, Fate of labeled urea-15N as basal and topdressing applications in an irrigated wheat-maize rotation system in North China plain:Ⅱ summer maize. Nutrient Cycling in Agro-ecosystems 2011,90:379-389.
252.Yeomans, J.C., Bremner, J.M., A rapid and precise method for routine determination of organic carbon in soil. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal 1988,19:1467-1476.
253.Yin F, Fu B, Mao R. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application rates on nitrate nitrogen distribution in saline soil in the Hai River Basin, China. J Soil Sediment 2007,7 (3):136-142.
254.You, L., Rosegrant, M. W., Wood, S.& Sun, D. Impact of growing season temperature on wheat productivity in China.Agric. For. Meteorol 2009,149:1009-1014.
255.Zand-Parsa, S., Sepaskhah, A.R., Ronaghi, A., Development and evaluation of integrated water and nitrogen model for maize. Agric. Water Manage 2006,81:227-256.
256.Zebarth, B.J., Leclerc, Y, Moreau, G, Rate and timing of nitrogen fertilization of Russet Burbank potato:nitrogen use efficiency. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 2004,84:845-854.
257.Zhai, F.Y., Yang, X.G, Report on the Situation of Nutrition and Health of Chinese Residents:Ⅱ. The Status of Diet and Nutrient Uptake in 2002. People's Medical Publishing House, Beijing. 2006. (in Chinese).
258.Zhao, J.R., Guo, Q., Guo, J.R., Wei, D.M., Wang, C.W., Liu, Y, Lin, K., Investigation and analysis on current status of chemical fertilizer inputs and crop yields in agricultural field of Beijing Suburb. J. Beijing Agric. Sci 1997,15 (2):36-38 (in Chinese).
259.Zhao, R.F., X.P. Chen, and F.S. Zhang. Fertilization and nitrogen balance in a wheat-maize rotation system in North China. Agronomy Journal 2006,98:938-945.
260.Zhang H, Oweis T. Water-yield relations and optimum irrigation scheduling of wheat in the Mediterranean region. Agr Water Manage 1999,38:195-211.
261.Zhang J., J. Liu, J. Zhang, F. Zhao, Y. Cheng, and W. Wang. Effects of Nitrogen Application Rates on Translocation of Dry Matter and Nitrogen Utilization in Rice and Wheat. Acta Agron Sin 2010,36(10):1736-1742.
262.Zhang, S.L., Zhu, Z.L., Xu, Y.H., The transformation of urea and the fate of fertilizer nitrogen in Fluvo-Aquic soil-winter wheat system in flooded plain of Huanghe river. Acta Agric. Nucl. Sinica 1989,3:9-15 (in Chinese with English abstract).
263-Zhang, S.L., Cai, GX., Wang, X.Z., Xu, Y.H., Zhu, Z.L., Freney,J.R., Losses of urea-nitrogen applied to maize grown on a calcareous fluvo-aquic soil of North China Plain. Pedosphere 1992, 2:171-178.
264.Zhang, F.S., X.R. Wang, X.T. Ju, W.Q. Ma, Q.J. Wang, and C.L. Kou. Spatial and temporal variation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and fertilization recommendation. In Integrated nutrient management, ed. F.S. Zhang, and R.F. Jiang,79-87. Beijing:China Agricultural University Press.2002. (in Chinese).
265.Zhang WL, ZX Tian, N Zhang, XQ Li, Nitrate pollution of groundwater in Northern China. Agr Ecosyst Environ1996,59:223-231.
266.Zhang, X.Y., Pei, D., Chen, S.Y., Root growth and soil water utilization of winter wheat in the North China Plain. Hydrol. Process 2004a,18:2275-2287.
267.Zhang, Y.Q., Kendy, E., Yu, Q., Liu, C.M., Shen, Y.J., Sun, H.Y., Effect of soil water deficit on evapotranspiration, crop yield, and water use efficiency in the North China Plain. Agric. Water Manage 2004b,64:107-122.
268.Zhang, F.S., Ma, W.Q., Zhang, W.F., Fan, M.S., Nutrient management in China:From production systems to the food chain. In:Li, C. et al. (Eds.), Plant Nutrition for Food Security, Human Health and Environmental Protection. Springer Berlin 2005, pp.13-15.
269.Zhang, Y.M., C.S. Hu, and X.X. Dong. Ammonia volatilization from wheat-maize rotation field in the piedmont of Taihang. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science 2005,11:417-419. (in Chinese with English abstract.).
270.Zhang, WE, The Study of Strategic Management based on the Analysis of Supply and Demand of Fertilizer in China, Ph.D. Dissertation. China agricultural University, Beijing.2007. (in Chinese).
271.Zhang WL, Tian ZX, Zhang N, Li XQ, Nitrate pollution of groundwater in Northern China. Agr Ecosyst Environ 1996,59:223-231.
272.Zhang S., V. Sadras, X. Chen, F. Zhang. Water use efficiency of dryland wheat in the Loess Plateau in response to soil and crop management. Field Crops Research 2013,151:9-18.
273.Zhao, J.R., Guo, Q., Guo, J.R., Wei, D.M., Wang, C.W., Liu, Y.,Lin, K., Investigation and analysis on current status ofchemical fertilizer inputs and crop yields in agricultural field of Beijing Suburb. J. Beijing Agric. Sci 1997,15 (2):36-38 (in Chinese).
274.Zhu JG, Liu Q Han Y, Zhang YL, Xing GX. Nitrate distribution and de-nitrification in the saturated zone of paddy field under rice/wheat rotation. Chemosphere 2003,50:725-732.
275.Zhu, Z.L. The present situation of nitrogen fertilizer use, and the problems and strategies in China. In Fertilizer problems in sustainable development of agriculture in China, ed. Q.K. Li. 1998.
276.Zhu ZL, and DL Chen. Nitrogen fertilizer use in China-Contributions to food production, impacts on the environment and best management strategies. Nutr Cycl.Agroecosys 2002, 63:117-127.
277.Zhu Z.L. and Q.X. Wen. Nitrogen in soil of China. Jiangsu Science and Technology Publishing House, Jiangsu 1992, p 213-228. (In Chinese).
278.Zhu, Z.L., Sun, B., Yang, L.Z., Zhang, L.X., Policy and countermeasures to control non-point pollution of agriculture in China. Sci. Technol. Rev.2005,23 (4):47-51 (in Chinese).
279.Zwart, S.J., Bastiaanssen, W.G.M., Review of measured crop water productivity values for irrigated wheat, rice, cotton and maize. Agric. Water Manage 2004,69:115-133.
2. Abbasi, M.K., Tahir, M.M., Sadiq, A., Iqbal, M., Zafar, M., Yield and nitrogen use efficiency of rainfed maize response to splitting and nitrogen rates in Kashmir, Pakistan. Agronomy Journal 2012,104:48-457.
3. Adams, P. L., Daniel, T. C., Edwards, D. R., Nichols, D. J., Pote, D. H. and Scott, H. D. Poultry litter and manure contributions to nitrate leaching through the vadose zone. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1994,58:1206-1211.
4. Adediran, J.A., Taiwo, L.B., Akande, M.O., Sobulo, R.A., Idowu, O.J., Application of organic and inorganic fertilizer for sustainable maize and cowpea yields in Nigeria. J. Plant Nutr.2004, 27:1163-1181.
5. Alfoldi, Z., Pinter, L., Feil, B., Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentrations in developing maize grains. J. Agron. Crop Sci.1994,172:200-206.
6. Al-Kaisi M. M. and X. H. Yin. Effects of nitrogen rate, irrigation rate, and plant population on corn yield and water use efficiency. Agron. J 2003,95:1475-1482.
7. Anderson, W.K., Differences in response of winter cereal varieties to applied nitrogen in the field.Ⅱ. Some factors associated with differences in response. Field Crops Research 1985,11: 369-385.
8. Angas, P., Lampurlanes, J., Cantero-Martinez, C., Tillage and N fertilizationeffects on N dynamics and barley yield under semiarid Mediterranean conditions. Soil Till. Res.2006, 87:59-71.
9. Antikainen, R., Lemolab, R., Nousiainenb, J.I., Sokkac, L., Esalab, M., Huhtanenb, P., Rekolainen, S., Stocks and flows of nitrogen and phosphorus in the Finnish food production and consumption system. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ 2005,107:287-305.
10. Anonymous, China Agricultural Yearbook. Agricultural Publishing House, Beijing, China 2001. (In Chinese).
11. Aulakh, M. S. and Malhi, S. S. Interactions of nitrogen with other nutrients and water:effect on crop yield and quality, nutrient use efficiency, carbon sequestration, and environmental pollution. Adv. Agron 2005,86:341-409.
12. Azam-Ali, S.N., Crout, N.M.J., Bradley, R.G., Perspectives in modelling resource capture by crops. In:Monteith, J.L., Scott, R.K., Unsworth, M.H. (Eds.), Resource Capture by Crops. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham 1994, pp.125-148.
13. Bandyopadhyay, K.K., M.C. Sarkar. Nitrogen use efficiency, 15N balance, and nitrogen losses in flooded rice in an inceptisol. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal 2005,36:1661-1679.
14. Benbi, D. K., Biswas, C. R. and Kalkat, J. S. Nitrate distribution and accumulation in an Ustochrept soil profile in a long-term fertilizer experiment. Fert. Res 1991,28:173-177.
15. Berenguer, P., Santiveri, R, Boixadera, J., Lloveras, J., Fertilisation of irrigated maize with pig slurry combined with mineral nitrogen. Eur. J. Agron 2008,28:635-645.
16. Beuerlein, J., Classes and Uses of Wheat:Fact Sheet Whole Health MD.com, LLC.2000. Foods: Wheat.2001.
17. Bleken, M.A., Bakken, L.R., The nitrogen cost of food production:Norwegian society. Ambio 1997,26:130-135.
18. Bremner, J.M., Nitrogen-total. In:Sparks, D.L. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3. Chemical Methods. SSSA Book Ser.5. SSSA and ASA, Madison, WI 1996, pp.1085-1121.
19. Brown, L., Who Will Feed China? Wake-Up Call for a Small Planet. Norton/Worldwatch Institute, New York.1995.
20. Bumb, B.L. World nitrogen supply and demand:an overview. In Nitrogen fertilization in the environment, P.E. Bacon, (ed.). New York:Marcel Dekker 1995. Inc. p.1-35.
21. Campbell CA, Zentner RP, Selles F, Akinremi OO. Nitrate leaching as influenced by fertilization in the brown soil zone. Can J Soil Sci 1993,73:387-397.
22. Cassman, K.G., Bryant, D.C., Fulton A. and Jackson, L.F. Nitrogen supply effects on partitioning of dry matter and grain of irrigated wheat. Crop Science 1992,32:1251-1258.
23. Cassman, K.G, Dobermann, A., Walters, D.T., Yang, H. Meeting cereal demand while protecting natural resources and improving environmental quality. Annual Review of Environmental Resource 2003,28:315-358.
24. Chen, X.P. Optimization of the N fertilizer management of awinter wheat/summer maize rotation system in the North ChinaPlain. PhD Thesis, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.2003.
25. China Agricultural Yearbook. Editorial Committee of China Agricultural Yearbook,587-605. Beijing:China Agricultural Publishing House.1999. (in Chinese).
26. Christos Dordas. Dry matter, nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation, partitioning and remobilization as affected by N and-P fertilization and source-sink relations. Eur. J. Agro 2009,30 (2):129-139.
27. Clarke, J.M., Campbell, C.A., Cutforth, H.W., De Pauw, R.M., Winkleman, GE., Nitrogen and phosphorus uptake, translocation, and utilization efficiency of wheat in relation to environmental and cultivar yield and protein levels. Can. J.Plant Sci 1990,70:965-977.
28. Clark, R.B. Physiology of cereals for mineral nutrient uptake, use and efficiency. In Crops as Enhancers of Nutrient Use, V.C. Baligar, and R.R. Duncan (eds.). San Diego:Academic Press1990.p 131-209.
29. Cooper, P.J.M., Gregory, P.J., Soil water management inthe rain-fed farming systems of the Mediterranean region. Soil. Use Manage 1987,32:57-62.
30. Cooper, P.J.M., Gregory, P.J., Tully, D., Harris, H.C., Improving water use efficiency of annual crops in the rain-fed farming systems of west Asia and North Africa. Exp. Agric 1987,23: 113-158.
31. Corbeels M., G. Hofmanb, O. Van Cleemputb. Analysis of water use by wheat grown on a cracking clay soil in a semi-arid Mediterranean environment:weather and nitrogen effects Agricultural Water Management 1998,38:147-167.
32. Cox MC, Qualset CO, Rains DW. Genetic variation for nitrogen assimilation and translocation in wheat. I. Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation. Crop Sci.1985a,25:430-435.
33. Cox MC, Qualset CO, Rains DW. Genetic variation for nitrogen assimilation and translocation in wheat. II. Nitrogen assimilation in relation to grain yield and protein. Crop Sci 1985b,25:435-440.
34. Cui, Z.L. Optimization of the nitrogen fertilizer management for a winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in the North China Plain-From field to regional scale. PhD Thesis, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 2005. (In Chinese with English summary).
35. Cui, Z.L., X.P. Chen, F.S. Zhang, Y.X. Miao, and J.L. Li. Onfarm evaluation of the improved soil Nmin-based nitrogen management for summer wheat in North China Plain. Agronomy Journal 2008a,100:517-525.
36. Cui, Z.L., Y.X. Miao, F.S. Zhang, and X.P. Chen. Soil nitrate-N levels required for high yield maize production in the North China Plain. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 2008b,82: 187-196.
37. Cui, Z.L., F.S. Zhang, X.P. Chen, Miao, and J.L. Li. On-farm evaluation of an in-season nitrogen management strategy based on soil Nmin test. Field Crops Research 2008c,105: 48-55.382 AMBIO 2010,39:376-384.
38. Cui, Z.L., F.S. Zhang, Y.X. Miao, and X.P. Chen. On-farm evaluation of winter wheat yield response to residual soil nitrate-N in North China Plain. Agronomy Journal 2008d,100: 1527-1534.
39. Cushman, G, The most valuable birds in the world:international conservation science and the revival of Peru's guano industry,1909-1965. Environ. Hist 2005,10:477-509.
40. Dalton, H., Brand-Hardy, R., Nitrogen:the essential public enemy. J. Appl. Ecol 2003,40: 771-781.
41. David, P., Hurd, L.E., Bellotti, A.C., Forster, M.J., Oka, I.N., Sholes, O.D., Whitman, R.J., Food production and the energy crisis. Science 1973,2:443-449.
42. Davis, M., Late Victorian Holocausts:El Nino Famines and the Making of the Third World. Verso, London.2001.
43. Deng, X.P., Shan, L., Zhang, H.P., Turner, N.C., Improving agricultural water use efficiency in arid and semiarid areas of China. Agric. Water Manage 2006,80:23-40.
44. Diez, J.A., Caballero, R., Tarquis, A., Cartagena, M.C., Vallejo, A., Integrated fertilizer and irrigation management to reduce nitrate leaching in central Spain. J. Environ. Qual 2000,29: 1539-1547.
45. Ding, Y. H.et al. Detection, causes and projection of climate change over China:an overview of recent progress. Adv. Atmos. Sci 2007,24:954-971.
46. Dobermann, A., Cassman, K.G., Plant nutrient management for enhanced productivity in intensive grain production systems of the United States and Asia. Plant Soil 2002,247: 153-175.
47. Doll P. Impact of climate change and variability on irrigation requirements:a global perspective. Clim Change 2002,54:269-293.
48. Dordas, C.A Dry matter, nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation, partitioning and remobilization as affected by N and P fertilization and source-sink relations. European Journal of Agronomy 2009,30:129-139.
49. Dordas, C.A., A.S. Lithourgidis, T.Matsi, N.Barbayiannis, Application of liquid cattle manure and inorganic fertilizers affect dry matter, nitrogen accumulation, and partitioning in maize. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst 2008,80:283-296.
50. Dordas C. A., C. Sioulas. Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation, partitioning, and retranslocation in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) as affected by nitrogen fertilization. Field Crops Research 2009,110:35-43.
51. Duan, S.W; S. Zhang, H.Y. Huang. Transport of dissolved inorganic nitrogen from the major rivers to estuaries in China. Nutri. Cycl. Agroecosyst 2000,57:13-22.
52. Duan Y., M. Xu, S. GAO, X. Yang, S. Huang, H. Liu, B. Wang. Nitrogen use efficiency in a wheat-corn cropping system from 15 years of manure and fertilizer applications. Field Crops Research 2014,157:47-56.
53. Easterling, W.E., P.K. Aggarwal, P. Batima, K.M. Brander, L. Erda, S.M. Howden, A. Kiri Lenko, J. Morton, J.F. Soussana, J. Schmidhuber and F.N. Tubiello. Food, Fiber and forest products. Climate Change 2007:Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, M.L. Parry, O.F. CAnziani, J.P. Palutikof, PJ. Van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 2007,273-313.
54. Edgerton, M.D., Increasing crop productivity to meet global needs for feed, food, and fuel. Plant Physiol 2009,149:7-13.
55. Edmeades, D. C. The long-term effects of manures and fertilizers on soil productivity and quality: a review. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst 2003,66:165-180.
56. Edwards, K. G Jellis, S. Shepherd, G Barker,& J. Parker. Wheat, the Big Picture. Delacy, I.& Micallef, S., Nov 2005.< a href="http://mendel.lafs.uq.edu.au:8080/ICIS5/".The Global Wheat Information System (GWIS), The University of Queensland.2005.
57. Ehdaie, B. and, J.G Waines. Sowing date and nitrogen rate effects on dry matter and nitrogen partitioning in bread and durum wheat. Field Crops Research 2001,73:47-61.
58. Ehdaie, B., Shakiba, M.R., Waines, J.G., Sowing date and nitrogen input influence nitrogen-use efficiency in spring bread and durum wheat genotypes. J. Plant Nutr 2001,24: 899-919.
59. Ehdaie, B. and Waines, J.G Sowing date and nitrogen rate effects on dry matter and nitrogen partitioning in bread and durum wheat. Field Crops Research 2001,73:47-61.
60. Erisman, J.W., The Nanjing declaration on management of reactive nitrogen. Bioscience 2004, 54:4286-4287.
61. Erisman, J.W., Sutton, M.A., Galloway, J., Klimont, Z., Winiwarter, W., How a century of ammonia synthesis changed the world. Nat. Geosci 2008,1:636-639.
62. Evans TE. The effects of changes in the world hydrologicalcycle on availability of water resources. InGlobal Climate Change and Agricultural Production, Bazzaz F, Sombroek W (eds). Wiley:Chichester; 248.1996.
63. FAOSTAT FAO statistical databases. Agriculture Data. [online] Available: http://apps.fao.org/page/collections?subset_agriculture.2002.
64. FAOSTAT,2005. Crops Primary data last updated July 14,2005, Food Supply Data last updated Aug 27,2004.
65. Fageria, N.K., Baligar, V.C., Enhancing nitrogen use efficiency in crop plants. Advances in Agronomy 2005,88:97-185.
66. Fageria, N.K., dos Santos, A.B., Coelho, A.M., Growth, yield and yield components of lowland rice as influenced by ammonium sulfate and urea fertilization. Journal of Plant Nutrition 2011,34: 371-386.
67. Fan BQ, Hu CF, Ping JL. Effect of irrigation and fertilization on nitrate leaching in loamy fluvo-qauic soil. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science 1998,4(1):16-21 (In Chinese).
68. Fang, Q., Ma, L., Yu, Q., Ahuja, L.R., Malone, R.W., Hoogenboom, G, in press. Irrigation strategies to improve the water use efficiency of wheat-maize double cropping systems in North China Plain, Agric. Water Manag, Corrected Proof, doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2009.02.012.
69. Fang, Q.X., Y.H. Chen, Q. Yu, Z.Ouyang, Q.Q. Li, S.Z Yu. Much improved irrigation use efficiency in an intensive wheat-maize double cropping system in the North China Plain. J. Integr. Plant Biol 2007,49 (10):1517-1526.
70. Fang QX, Yu Q, Wang EL, Chen YH, Zhang GL, Wang J, Li LH. Soil nitrate accumulation, leaching and crop nitrogen use as influenced by fertilization and irrigation in an intensive wheat-maize double cropping system in the North China Plain. Plant Soil 2006,284:335-350.
71. Ferrise R., A. Triossi, P. Stratonovitch, M. Bindi, and P. Martre, Sowing date and nitrogen fertilisation effects on dry matter and nitrogen dynamics for durum wheat:an experimental and simulation study. Field Crops Research 2010,117:245-257.
72. Forster, P., Ramaswamy, V., Artaxo, P., Berntsen, T., Betts, R., Fahey, D.W., Haywood, J., Lean, J., Lowe, D.C., Myhre, G, Nganga, J., Prinn, R., Raga, G, Schulz, M., Van Dorland, R., Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing. In:Solomon, S., Qin, D,2007.
73. Fredrick JR, Camberato JJ. Water and nitrogen effects on winter wheat in the southeastern central plain:I. Grain yield and kernel traits. Agron J 1995a,87:521-526
74. Fredrick JR, Camberato JJ. Water and nitrogen effects on winter wheat in the southeastern central plain:physiological responses. Agron J 1995b,87:527-533.
75. Galloway, J.N., Aber, J.D., Erisman, J.W., Seitzinger, S.P., Howarth, R.W., Cowling, E.B., Cosby, B.J., The nitrogen cascade. Bioscience 2003,53:341-356.
76. Galloway, J.N., Cowling, E.B., Reactive nitrogen and the world:200 years of change. Ambio 2002,31:64-71.
77. Galloway, J.N., Aber, J.D., Erisman, J.W., Seitzinger, S.P., Howarth, R.W., Cowling, E.B., Cosby, B.J., The nitrogen cascade. Bioscience 2003,53:341-356.
78. Garabeta S., M. Woodb, J. Ryan. Nitrogen and water effects on wheat yield in a Mediterranean-type climate I. Growth, water-use and nitrogen accumulation. Field Crops Research 1998,57:309-318.
79. Garrido-Lestache, E., Lopez-Bellido, R.J., Lopez-Bellido, L., Durum wheat quality under Mediterranean conditions as affected by N rate, timing and splitting, N form and S fertilization.
80. European Journal of Agronomy 2005,23:265-278.
81. Gilbert, N.W., T.C Tucker, Growth, yield, and yield components of safflower as affected by source, rate and time of application of nitrogen. Agron. J 1967,59:54-55.
82. Gitay, H., Brown, S., Eastering, W., and Jallow, B. Ecosystems and their goods and services. In: Climate Change 2001:Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability [McCarthy, J. J., Can ziani, O. E, Leary, N.A., Dokken, D.J., and White, K.S. (eds)]. Contribution of working Group Ⅱ to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 2001, pp.235-341.
83. Glass, A.D.M., Nitrogen use efficiency of crop plants:physiological constraints upon nitrogen absorption. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 2003,22:453-470.
84. Godfray, H.C., Beddington, J.R., Crute, I.R., Haddad, L., Lawrence, D., Muir, J.F., Pretty, J., Robinson, S., Thomas, S.M., Toulmin, C., Food security:the challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science 2010,12:812-818.
85. Gong, W., Yan, X.Y., Wang, J.Y., Hu, T.X., Gong, Y.B., Long-term manure and fertilizer effects on soil organic matter fractions and microbes under a wheat-maize cropping system in northern China. Geoderma 2009,149:318-324.
86. Granstedt, A. Increasing the efficiency of plant nutrient recycling within the agricultural system as a way of reducing the load to the environment-experience from Sweden and Finland. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 2000,80:169-185.
87. Greenwood, D.J., Lemaire, G, Gosse, G, Cruz, P., Draycott, A., Neeteson, J.J., Decline in percentage N of C3 and C4 crops with increasing plant mass. Ann. Bot 1990,66:425-436.
88. GWIS-Global Wheat Information System. Nov 2005.
89. Hatfield, J.L., Prueger, J.H. Nitrogen over-use, under-use, and efficiency. In New directions for a diverse planet. Proc.4th Int. Crop Sci. Congress, Brisbane, Australia.26 Sept.1 Oct.2004. T. Fischer, (ed.). Available at www.cropscience.org.au. The Regional Inst. Ltd.2004.
90. Heckman, J.R., Sims, J.T., Beegle, D.B., Coale, F.J., Herbert, S.J., Bruulsema, T.W., Bamka, W.J., Nutrient removal by corn grain harvest. Agron. J 2003,95:587-591.
91. Hernandez-Ramirez, G, Brouder, S.M., Smith, D.R., Van Scoyoc, GE., Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics in an Eastern Corn Belt Soil:Nitrogen Source and Rotation. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J 2009a,73:128-137.
92. Hernandez-Ramirez, G., Brouder, S.M., Smith, D.R., Van Scoyoc, GE., Greenhouse gas fluxes in an eastern Corn Belt soil:weather, nitrogen source, and rotation. J. Environ. Qual 2009b,38: 841-854.
93. Hernandez-Ramirez, G, Brouder, S.M., Smith, D.R. and Van Scoyoc, GE. Nitrogen Partitioning and Utilization in Corn Cropping Systems:Rotation, N Source and N Timing. European Journal of Agronomy 2011,34:190-195.
94. Hernandez-Ramirez G; A.L. Fletcher; and P.D. Jamieson. Nitrogen partitioning in spring and winter wheat at various N rates. Agronomy New Zealand 2011.41.
95. Hofrnan, G Nutrient management legislation in European countries. NUMALEC Report. Concerted action, Fair6-CT98-4215.1999.
96. Horowitz, W., Official Methods of Analysis,11th ed. AOAC, Washington, DC, pp.17-18. 1970.
97. Howarth, R.W., Boyer, E.W., Pabich, W.J., Galloway, J.N., Nitrogen use in the United State from 1961-2000 and potential future trends. Ambio 2002,31:88-96.
98. Howell TA. Enhancing water use efficiency in irrigated agriculture. Agron J 2001,93:281-289.
99. Huang, X.P., Huang, L.M., Yue, W.Z., The characteristics of nutrients and eutrophication in the Pearl River estuary, South China. Mar. Poll. Bull 2003,47:30-36.
100.Hussain G, Al-Jaloud AA. Effect of irrigation and nitrogen on water use efficiency of wheat in Saudi Arabia. Agr Water Manage 1995,27:143-153.
101.International Wheat and Maize Improvement Center, International Wheat Improvement Network (IWIN).2005.
102.Isermann, K., Isermann, R., Food production and consumption in Germany:N flows and N emissions. Nutri. Cycl. Agroecosyst 1998,52:289-301.
103.Isermann, K., Isermann, R., Policy scenarios:impacts of EU and national legislation on nutrient dynamics in river basins and oceans. In:Li, C. et al. (Eds.), Plant Nutrition for Food Security, Human Health and Environmental Protection. Tsinghua University Press, Beijing,2005, pp. 1150-1151.
104. Ji XB, Kang ES, Zhao WZ, Chen RS, Jin BW, Zhang ZH, Simulation of the Evapotranspiration from Irrigational Farmlands in the Oases of Heihe River Basin. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology 2004,26(6):713-719 (In Chinese)
105.Jia S, X Wang, Y Yang, K Dai, C Meng, Q Zhao, X Zhang, D Zhang, Z Feng, Y Sun, X Wu, D Cai, Fate of labeled urea-15 N as basal and topdressing applications in an irrigated wheat-maize rotation system in North China Plain:I winter wheat. NUTR CYCL AGROECOSYST 2011,90(3):331-346.
106.Jin, M.G, Zhang, R.Q., GAO, Y.F., Temporal and spatial soil water management:a case study in the Heiloonggang region, PR China. Agric.Water Manag 1999,42:173-187.
107.Jin, X., Analysis of eutrophication state and trend for lakes in China. J. Limnol 2003,62 (2): 60-66.
108.Kaiser, J., The other global pollutant:nitrogen proves tough to curb. Science 2001,294: 1268-1269.
109.Jones, J.P., and T.C. Tucker, Effect of nitrogen on yield, nitrogen content and yield components of safflower. Agron. J 1968,60:363-364.
110.Ju, X.T., C.L. Kou, F.S. Zhang, and P. Christie. Nitrogen balance and groundwater nitrate contamination:Comparison among three intensive cropping systems on the North China Plain. Environmental Pollution 2006,143:117-125.
111.Ju, X.T., G.X. Xing, X.P. Chen, and X.B. Zhang. Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2009,106:3041-3046.
112.Kang S, Su X, Tong L, Shi P, Yang X, Yukuo, ABE, Du T, Shen Q, Zhang J. The impacts of human activities on the water-land environment of the Shiyang River basin, an arid region in northwest China. Hydrolog Sci J 2004,49 (3):413-427.
113.Kang, S.Z., Zhang, L., Liang, Y.L., Hu, X.T., Cai, H.J., Gu, B.J., Effects of limited irrigation on yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat in the Loess Plateau of China. Agric Water Manag 2002,55:203-216.
114.Karlen, D.L., Flannery, R.L., Sadler, E.J., Aerial accumulation and partitioning of nutrients by corn. Agron. J 1988,80:232-242.
115.Karlen, D.L., Varvel, GE., Bullock, D.G, Cruse, R.M., Crop rotations for the 21stcentury. Adv. Agron 1994,53:1-45.
116.Katerji, N., Mastrorilli, M., Rana, G Water use efficiency of crops cultivated in the Mediterranean region:review and analysis. Eur. J. Agron 2008,28:493-507.
117.Kichey, T., Hirel, B., Heumez, E., Dubois, F., Le Gouis, J., In winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), post-anthesis nitrogen uptake and remobilization to the grain correlates with agronomic traits and nitrogen physiological markers. Field Crops Res 2007,102:22-32.
118.King, J.A., Bradley, S.R., Rochford, A.S.H. Availability of nitrogen after fertilizer applications to cereals. Journal of Agricultural Science 2001,136:141-157.
119.K6hler K., H. M. Wilhelmus and J. Bottcher.. Nitrogen fertilization and nitrate leaching into groundwater on arable sandy soils. J. Plant Nutr Soil Sci 2006,169:185-195.
120.Koutroubas, S.D., Papakosta, D.K., Gagianas, A.A., The importance of early dry matter and nitrogen accumulation in soybean yield. Eur. J. Agron 1998a,9:1-10.
121.Koutroubas, S.D., Papakosta, D.K., Gagianas, A.A., Papanikolaou, E.P., Estimation and partitioning of nitrogen fixed by soybean in Mediterranean climates. J. Agron. Crop Sci 1998b, 18:1,137-144.
122.Koutroubas, S.D., Papacosta, D.K., Doitsinis, A., Cultivar and seasonal effects on the contribution of pre-anthesis assimilates to safflower yield. Field Crops Res 2004,90:263-274.
123.Ladha, J.K., Dawe, D., Pathak, H., Padre, A.T., Yadav, R.L., Singh, B., Singh, Y., Singh, P., Kundu, A.L., Sakal, R., Ram, N., Regmi, A.P., Gami, S.K., Bhandari, A.L., Amin, R., Yadav, C.R., Bhattarai, E.M., Das, S., Aggarwal, H.P., Gupta, R.K., Hobbs, P.R., How extensive are yield declines in long-term rice-wheat experiments in Asia? Field Crops Res 2003,81:159-180.
124.Ladha, J.K., Pathack, H., Krupnik, T.J., Six, J., van Kessel, C., Efficiency of fertilizer nitrogen in cereal production:retrospects and prospects. Advances in Agronomy 2005,87:85-156.
125.Lawlor, D.W., Lemaire, G, Gastal, F. Nitrogen, plant growth and crop yield. In Plant nitrogen, P.J. Lea, J.F. Morot Gaudry, (eds.). Berlin:Springer-Verlag 2001, p.343-367.
126.Lee, J.Z., Wang, F., One Quarter of Humanity:Malthusian Mythology and Chinese Realities, 1700-2000. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.1999.
127.Li, G.T., B.G Li, and D.L. Chen. Method for measurement of ammonia volatilization from large area field by Bowen Ratio System. Journal of China Agricultural University 2002,6: 56-62. (in Chinese with English abstract.).
128.Li, Q.Q., Dong, B.D., Qiao, Y.Z., Liu, M.Y., Zhang, J.W., Root growth, available soil water, and water-use efficiency of winter wheat under different irrigation regimes applied at different growth stages in North China. Agricultural Water Management 2010,97:1676-1682.
129.Linner, B.-O., The Return of Malthus:Environmentalism and Post-war Population-resource Crises. White Horse Press, Isle of Harris, UK.2003.
130.Liu, C.M., Wei, Z.Y. (Eds.), Agricultural Hydrology and Water Resources in the North China Plain. Science Publishing House, Beijing 1989, pp.96-127.
131.Liu, C.M., Yu, J.J., Kendy, E., Groundwater exploitation and its impact on the environment in the North China Plain. Water Int 2001,26 (2):265-272.
132.Liu, J.G., Diamond, J., China's environment in a globalizing world:how China and the rest of the world affect each other. Nature 2005,435:1179-1186.
133.Liu, K., Wiatrak, P., Corn production and plant characteristics response to N fertilization management in dry-land conventional tillage system. International Journal of Plant Production 2011,5:405-416.
134.Liu, X.H., Mu, Z.G (Eds.), Cropping systems in Huanghuaihai region. In:Cropping Systems in China. Agricultural Press of China, Beijing 1993, pp.388-407. (in Chinese).
135.Lobell D and Asner G Climate and management contributions to recent Trends in U.S. agricultural yields.Science 2003,299:1032.
136.Lopez-Bellido, L., Lopez-Bellido, R.J., Redondo, R., Nitrogen efficiency in wheatunder rainfed Mediterranean conditions as affected by split nitrogen application. Field Crops Res 2005,94:86-97.
137.L6pez-Bellido, R., Castillo, J., Lopez-Bellido, and L., Comparative response of breadand durum wheat cultivars to nitrogen fertilizer in a rainfed Mediterraneanenvironment:soil nitrate and N uptake and efficiency. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst 2008,80:121-130.
138.Ludwig F and Asseng S. Climate change impacts on wheat production in a Mediterranean environmental in Western Australian.2006.
139.Ludwig, B., Geisseler, D., Michel, K., Joergensen, R.G., Schulz, E., Merbach, I., Raupp, J., Rauber, R., Hu, K., Niu, L., Liu, X., Effects of fertilization and soil management on crop yields and carbon stabilization in soils. A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev 2011,31:361-372.
140.Ma, W.Q., Current status and evaluation of crop fertilization in Shandong province. Ph.D. Thesis. China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 1999. (in Chinese with English abstract).
141.Ma Q., Y.L. Wang, H. Zhou, Y.G. Xu, C.M. Jiang, W.T. Yu. Corn yield and yield stability under varying nutrient management, crop rotation, and rainfall. Int. J. Plant Production 2012,6 (1): 1735-6814.
142.Malhi, S.S., Rate, source and time of N application for meadow bromegrass in central Alberta, Canada. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 1997,46:241-247.
143.Mandal KG, Hati KM, Misra AK, Bandyopadhyay KK, Mohanty M. Irrigation and Nutrient Effects on Growth and Water-Yield Relationship of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Central India. J Agron Crop Sci 2005,191:416-425.
144.Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M., Miller, H.L. (Eds.), Climate Change:The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group Ⅰ to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2007, pp.129-234.
145.Mariano Cossani C., Gustavo A. Slafer, Roxana Savin. Nitrogen and water use efficiencies of wheat and barle under a Mediterranean environment in Catalonia. Field Crops Research 2012, 128:109-118.
146.Masoni, A., Ercoli, L., Mariotti, M., Arduini, I., Post-anthesis accumulationand remobilization of dry matter, nitrogen and phosphorus in durum wheat as affected by soil type. Eur. J. Agron 2007,26:179-186.
147.Matthews, D. (Accessed Nov 2005) Wheat Synonymy Tables Project
148.Meehl, G A.et al.Global Climate Projections. In Climate Change 2007:The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group Ⅰ to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Eds Solomon, S.et al.) (Cambridge University Press,2007.
149.Meinardi, C. R., Beusen, A. H. W., Bollen, M. J. S., Klepper, O. and Willems, W. J. Vulnerability to diffuse pollution and average nitrate contamination of European soils and ground water. Water Sci. Technol 1995,31:159-165.
150.Moll, R.H., Kamprath, E.J., Jackson, W.A. Analysis and interpretation of factors which contribute to efficiency of nitrogen utilization. Agronomy. Journal 1982,74:562-564.
151.Morecroft, M.D., Burt, T.P., Taylor, M.E., Rowland, A.P. Effects of the 1995-1997 drought on nitrate leaching in lowland England. Soil Use Manage 2000,16:117-123.
152.Mosier, A.R., Guenzi, W.D., Schweizer, E.E., Field denitrification estimation by nitrogen-15 and acetylene inhibition techniques. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J 1986,50:831-833.
153.Mossedaq, F., Smith, D.H., Timing nitrogen application to enhance spring wheat yield in a Mediterranean climate. Agron. J 1994,86:221-226.
154.Nasr, H.G, Katkhuda, N., Tannir, L., Effects of N fertilization and population rate-spacing on safflower yield and other characteristics. Agron J 1978,70:683-685.
155.National Bureau of Statistics, China,2006. China Statistical Yearbook-China Statistics Press, Beijing 2006. (in Chinese).
156.Ning, T.Y., Shao, GQ., Li, Z.J., Han, H.F., Hu, H.G., Wang, Y., Tian, S.Z., Chi, S.Y., Effects of urea types and irrigation on crop uptake soil residual, and loss of nitrogen in maize field on the North China Plain. Plant Soil Environ 2012,58:1-8.
157.Norman, R. J. and Stucki, J. W. The determination of nitrate and nitrite in soil extracts by ultraviolet spectropho tometry. Soil Sci. SOC. Am. J 1981,45:347-353.
158.Norwood CA. Water use and yield of limited-irrigated and dry land corn. Soil Sci Soc Am J 2000,64:365-370.
159.Nosengo, N., Fertilized to death. Nature 2003,425:894-895.
160.Noulas, C., Stamp, P., Soldati, A., Liedgens, M. Nitrogen use efficiency of spring wheat genotypes under field and lysimeter conditions. Journal of Agronomy & Crop Science 2004,190: 111-118.
161.Oracle Education Foundation, Where Wheat is grown. Article written for thin quest Junior Competition. Nov 2005.
162.Oenema, O., Pietrzak, S., Nutrient management in food production:achieving agronomic and environmental targets. Ambio 2002,31:159-168.
163.Olesen, J.E., Mortensen, J.V., Jorgensen, L.N., Andersen, M.N., Irrigation strategy, nitrogen application and fungicide control in winter wheat on a sandy soil. I. Yield, yield components and nitrogen uptake. J. Agric. Sci 2000,134:1-11.
164.Ortiz-Monasterio, J.I., Sayre, K.D., Rajaram, S., McMahon, M. Genetic progress in wheat yield and nitrogen use efficiency under four nitrogen rates. Crop Science 1997,37:898-904.
165.Osborne, S.L., Schepers, J.S., Schlemmer, M.R., Detecting nitrogen and phosphorus stress in corn using multi-spectral imagery. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal 2004,35:505-516.
166.Ottman MJ, Pope NV. Nitrogen fertilizer movement in the soil as influenced by nitrogen rate and timing in irrigated wheat. Soil Sci Soc Am J 2000,64:1883-1892.
167.Oweis, T., Pala, M., Ryan, J., Stabilizing rain-fed wheat yields with supplemental irrigation and nitrogen in a Mediterranean-type climate. Agron. J 1998,90:672-681.
168."Oz", Modern Wheat:Wheat Characteristics and Usage.2001.
169.Pala, M., Matar, A., Mazid, A., Assessment of the effects of environmental factors on the response of wheat to fertilizer in on-farm trials in Northern Syria. Exp. Agric 1996,323: 339-349.
170.Palta, J.A., Fillery, I.R.P., Nitrogen accumulation and remobilization in wheat of 15N-urea applied to a duplex soil at seeding. Aust. J. Exp. Agric 1993,33:233-238.
171.Palta, J.A., Fillery, I.R.P., N application enhances remobilization and reduces losses of pre-anthesis N in wheat grown on a duplex soil. Aust. J. Agric. Res 1995a,46:519-531.
172. Pan, J.R. Fate of fertilizer nitrogen in winter wheat-summer maize rotation system at North China Plain. PhD Thesis, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 2001. (in Chinese with English summary).
173.Pandey RK, Maranville JW, Admou A. Tropical wheat response to irrigation and nitrogen in a Sahelian environment. I. Grain yield, yield components and water use efficiency. Eur J Agron 2001,15:93-105.
174.Papakosta DK. Phosphorus accumulation and translocation in wheat as affected by cultivar and nitrogen fertilization. J. Agron. Crop Sci 1994,173:260-270.
175.Papakosta DK, Gagianas AA. Nitrogen and dry matter accumulation, remobilization, and losses for Mediterranean wheat during grain filling. Agron. J 1991,83:864-870.
176.Passioura, J.B., Angus, J.F. Improving productivity of crops in water-limited environments. Adv. Agron 2010,106,37-75.
177.Paul E. F. and B. W. Frod. Nitrogen Fertilizers:Meeting Contemporary Challenges. J. Human. 2002.
178.Perdue, P.C., Exhausting the Earth:State and Peasant in Hunan. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass 1987, pp.1500-1850.
179.Piepho, H.P., Methods for comparing the yield stability of cropping systems-A review. J. Agron. Crop Sci 1998,180:193-213.
180.Pietola, L., Tanni, R., Elonen, P. Responses of yield and N use of spring sown crops to N fertilization, with special reference to the use of plant growth regulators. Agricultural and Food Science in Finland 1999,8:423-440.
181.Popkin, B.M., The nutrition transition and obesity in the developing world. J. Nutr 2001,131: 871S-873S.
182.Pradhan S., UK. Chopra, KK. Bandyopadhyay, R. Singh, AK. Jain and Ishwar Chand. Effect of Water and Nitrogen Management on Water Productivity and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Wheat in a Semi-arid Environment. International Journal of Agriculture and Food Science Technology 2013,4(7):727-732.
183.Prystupa, P., Savin, R., Slafer, GA., Grain number and its relationship with dry matter, N and P in the spikes at heading in response to NxP fertilization in barley. Field Crops Res2004,90: 245-254.
184.Przulj, N., Momcilovic, V., Genetic variation for dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and translocation in two-rowed spring barley.Ⅱ. Nitrogen translocation. Eur. J. Agron 2001b,15: 255-256.
185.Randall, GW., Vetsch, J.A., Corn production on a subsurface drained mollisol as affected by fall versus spring application of nitrogen and nitrapyrin. Agronomy Journal 2005,97:472-478.
186.Randall, GW., Vetsch, J.A., Huffman, J.R., Corn production on a subsurface drained mollisol as affected by time of nitrogen application and nitrapyrin. Agronomy Journal 2003,95:1213-1219.
187.Rasse, D. P., Ritchie, J. T., Peterson, W. R., Loudon, T. L. and Martin, E. C. Nitrogen management impacts on yield and NO3-N leaching in inbred maize systems. J. Environ. Qual 1999,28:1365-1371.
188.Raun, W.R., Johnson, GV., Improving nitrogen use efficiency for cereal production. Agronomy Journal 1999,91:357-363.
189.Raun, W.R., Solie, J.B., Johnson, GV., Stone, M.L., Mullen, R.W., Freeman, K.W., Thomason, W.E., Lukina, V., Improving nitrogen use efficiency in cereal grain production with optical sensing and variable rate application. Agronomy Journal 2002,94:815-820.
190.Ruiz-Diaz, D.A., Sawyer, J.E., Plant available nitrogen from poultry manure as affected by time of application. Agronomy Journal 2008,100:1318-1326.
191.Sadras, V.O. A quantitative top-down view of interactions between stresses:theory and analysis of nitrogen-water co-limitation in Mediterranean agro-ecosystems. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 2005.56:1151-1157.
192.Saleque, M. A., Abedin, M. J., Bhuiyan, N. I., Zaman, S. K. and Panaullah, G. M. Long-term effects of inorganic and organic fertilizer sources on yield and nutrient accumulation of lowland rice. Field Crop Res 2004.86:53-65.
193.Sainz Rozas, H.R., Echeverna, H.E., Andrade, F.H., Studdert, GA., Effect of urease inhibitor and fertilization time on nitrogen uptake and maize grain yield under no-tillage. Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia de la Plata 1997,102:129-136.
194.Sainz Rozas, H.R., Echeverria, H.E., Barbieri, P.A., Nitrogen balance as affected by application time and nitrogen fertilizer rate in irrigated no-tillage maize. Agronomy Journal 2004,96: 1622-1631.
195.Schleef, K.H., and W. Kleihanss. Mineral balance in agriculture in EU. Brounchweig, Germany: Institute of farm economics, Federal Agricultural Research Centre.1994.
196.Searle, P. L. The Berthelot or indophenol reaction and its use in the analytical chemistry of nitrogen-A review. Analyst 1984,109:549-568.
197.Sexton BT, Moncrief JF, Rosen CJ, Gupta SC, Cheng HH. Optimizing nitrogen and irrigation inputs for corn based on nitrate leaching and yield on a coarse-textured soil. J Environ Qual 1996,25:982-992.
198.Shao, GQ., Li, Z.J., Ning, T.Y., Zhang, M., Jiao, N.Y., Han, B., Bai, M., Li, H.J., Effects of irrigation and urea types on N utilization, yield and quality of maize. Sci. Agric. Sin 2008,41: 3672-3678 (in Chinese with English abstract).
199.Shaviv, A., Mikkelsen, R.L., Controlled-release fertilizers to increase efficiency of nutrient use and minimize environmental degradation-a review. Nutr. Cycl.Agroecosyst 1993,35:1-12.
200.Shindo, J., Okamoto, K., Kawashim, H., A model-based estimation of nitrogen flow in the food production-supply system and its environmental effects in East Asia. Ecol. Model 2004,169: 197-212.
201.Shoji, S., Gandeza, A.T., Kimura, K., Simulation of crop response to polyolefin-coated urea. H Nitrogen uptake by corn. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J 1991,55:1468-1473.
202.Shoji, S., Kanno, H., Use of polyolefin-coated fertilizers for increasing fertilizer efficiency and reducing nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide emissions. Fert. Res 1994,39:147-152.
203.Shoji, S., Innovative use of controlled availability fertilizers with high performance for intensive agriculture and environmental conservation. Sci. China Ser 2005,48 (2):912-920.
204.Sommer, S.G, Jensen, C., Ammonia volatilization from urea and ammoniacal fertilizers surface applied to winter wheat and grassland. Fert. Res 1994,37:85-92.
205.Smil, V., Nitrogen and phosphorus. In:Turner, B.L., II et al. (Eds.), The Earth as Transformed by Human Action:Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere over the Past 300 Years. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990, pp.423-436.
206.Smil, V., Feeding the World:A Challenge for the Twenty-first Century. Springer, Berlin.2000.
207.Smil, V., Enriching the Earth:Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.2001.
208.Smil, V., Nitrogen and food production:proteins for human diets. Ambio 2002,31:126-131.
209.Spalding, R.F., Exner, M.E., Occurrence of nitrate in groundwater:a review. J. Environ. Qual 1993,22:2229-2236.
210.Steen, I. Summary of general standard in the North European Countries. In Optimal Nitrogen Fertilization-Tools for Recommendation, Proceedings from NJF seminar 322, As, March 29-30 2001. H.S.(?)stergaard, G Fystro, I.K. Thomsen (eds.). Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences. 2001.
211.Steer, B.T., Harrigan, E.K.S., Rates of nitrogen supply during different developmental stages affect yield components of safflower (Carthamus tinctoriusL.). Field Crops Res 1986,14: 221-231.
212.Strebel, O., Duynisveld, W. H. M. and Bottcher, J. Nitrate pollution of groundwater in Western Europe. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ 1989,26:189-214.
213.Su, R, X.Q. Ding, Z.L. Gao, B.X. Huang, X.P. Chen, F.S. Zhang, K. Martin, and V. Romheld. Ammonia volatilization from nitrogen fertilization of winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in the North China Plain. China Environmental Science 2007,27:409-413. (in Chinese with English abstract).
214.Tao, F. L., Yokozawa, M., Liu, J. Y.& Zhang, Z. Climate-crop yield relationships at provincial scales in China and the impacts of recent climate trends. Clim. Res 2008,38:83-94.
215.The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia,6th ed. Wheat Columbia University Press.2005.
216.Torstensson, G, Aronsson, H., Bergstrom, L. Nutrient use efficiencies and leaching of organic and conventional cropping systems in Sweden. Agronomy Journal 2006,98:603-615.
217.USDA, ARS, Nov National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network-[Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. 12442 (http://wire.ndsu.nodak.edu/).2005.
218.USDA-NRCS, The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov) Data compiled from various sources by Mark W Skinner. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.2005.
219.US Census Bureau. United States Census Bureau International Program (database). Retrieved on 20 September 2011 from http://www.census.gov/population/international/data/ 2011.
220.Van Alphen, B.J., Stoorvogel, J.J. A methodology for precision nitrogen fertilization in high-input farming systems. Precision Agriculture 2000,2:319-332.
221.VanderVoet, E., Kleijn, R. and DeHaes, H. A. U. Nitrogen pollution in the European Union_origins and proposed solutions. Environ. Conserv 1996,23:120_132.
222.Van der Ploeg, R.R., Ringe, H., Galina, M., Hermsmeyer, D., Postwar nitrogen use efficiency inWest German agriculture and groundwater quality. J. Environ. Qual 1997,26,1203-1212.
223.Van Noordwijk, M., Cadisch, G, Access and excess problems in plan nutrition. Plant Soil 2002, 247:25-40.
224.Van Reeuwijk, L.P., Procedures for Soil Analysis,3rd ed. ISRIC, Wageningen, the Netherlands. 1992.
225.Varvel, GE., Crop rotation and nitrogen effects on normalized grain yields in a long term study. Agron. J 2000,92:938-941.
226.Vitousek, P.M., Mooney, H.A., Lubchenco, J., Melillo, J.M., Human domination of earth's ecosystems. Science 1997,277:494-499.
227.Walker, W.M., Peck, T.R., Relationship between corn yield and plant nutrient content. Agron. J 1974,66:253-256.
228.Wang, X.B., D.X. Cai, J.Q. Zhang, X.K. Gao. Effect of corn stover incorporated in dry farmland on soil fertility. Agricultural Sciences in China 2001,1:95-101.
229.Wang, H.X., Liu, C.M., Zhang, L., Water-saving agriculture in China:an overview. Adv. Agron 2002,75:135-171.
230. Wang, J.Q., Analysis and Evaluation of Yield Increase of Fertilization and Nutrient Utilization Efficiency for Major Cereal Crops in China, Ph.D. Dissertation. China Agricultural University, Beijing 2007. (in Chinese).
231. Wang Q, F. Li, E. Zhang, G Li, and M. Vance. The effects of irrigation and nitrogen application rates on yield of spring wheat (longfu-920), and water use efficiency and nitrate nitrogen accumulation in soil. AJCS 2012,6(4):662-672.
232.Wang, J. X.et al. The impact of climate change on China's agriculture. Agric. Econ 2009,40: 323-337.
233.Wang X, D Cai, WB Hoogmoed, O Oenema, Regional distribution of nitrogen fertilizer use and N-saving potential for improvement of food production and nitrogen use efficiency in China. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2011,91(11):2013-23.
234.Wang, X D Cai, W B. Hoogmoed, U D. Perdok, O Oenema, Crop residue, manure and fertilizer in dryland maize under reduced tillage in northern China:I grain yields and nutrient use efficiencies. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 2007; 79:1-16.
235.Wang X.B., D.X. Cai, W.B. Hoogmoed, O. Oenema, U.D. Perdok., Developments in conservation tillage in rainfed regions of North China. Soil and Tillage Research 2007, 93:239-250.
236.Wang X, K Dai, D Zhang, X Zhang, Y Wang, Q Zhao, D Cai, W.B. Hoogmoed, O. Oenema., Dryland maize yields and water use efficiency in response to tillage/crop stubble and nutrient management practices in China. Field Crops Research 2011; 120:47-57.
237.Wang X, K Dai, Y Wang, X Zhang, Q Zhao, X Wu, D Cai, W.B. Hoogmoed, O. Oenema, Nutrient management adaptation for dryland maize yields and water use efficiency to long-term rainfall variability in China. Agricultural Water Management 2010; 97(9):1344-1350.
238.Wang Y., Chi S., Ning T, Tian S. and Li Z. Coupling effects of irrigation and phosphorus fertilizer applications on phosphorus uptake and use efficiency of winter wheat. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2013,12(2):263-272.
239.Wang, Z. H., Li, S. X. and Malhi, S. Effects of fertilization and other agronomic measures on nutritional quality of crops. J. Sci. Food Agric 2008,88:7-23.
240.Weier, K.L., Nitrogen use and losses in agriculture in subtropical Australia. Fert. Res 1994, 39:245-257.
241.Wikipedia, Wheat & Neolithic entries from Wikipedia. November 2005.
242.Wilson, W. S., Ball, A. S. and Hinton, R. H. Managing risks of nitrates to humans and the environment. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK 1999,348 pp.
243.Wroot, S., Pinkersgall, D., and "Oz", The History of Wheat.2001.
244.Wroot, S., Wheat-structure and genetics,2003.
245.Wu, D., Yu, Q., Wang, E., Hengsdijk, H., Impact of spatial-temporal variations of climatic variables on summer maize yield in North China Plain. Int. J. Plant Product 2008,2:71-88.
246.Xin, N. Q. and Wang, L. X. Agriculture in arid regions of northern China. JiangSu Science and Technology Press, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China 1998,355 pp. [in Chinese].
247.Xu Z. Z; Z. W. Yu; D. Wan; and Y. L. Zhang. Nitrogen Accumulation and Translocation for Winter Wheat under Different Irrigation Regimes. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 2005, 191 (6):439-449.
248.Xu, Zhenzhu; Zhenwen Yu and Junye Zhao. Theory and application for the promotion of wheat production in China:past, present and future. J Sci Food Agric 2013,93:2339-2350 www.soci.org.
249.Yan J, Shen Q R, Yin B, Zhao S L, Zhu Z L. Effects of fertilizer N application rate on yields and use efficiencies in rice-wheat rotation system in Tai Lake region. Soils 2009,41:372-376 (in Chinese with English abstract).
250. Yang R, Su YZ. Groundwater nitrate pollution in the oasis agricultural area in the middle reaches of Heihe River, Northwest China. Journal of glaciology and geocryology 2008,30(6): 983-990 (In Chinese).
251. Yang Y, X Wang, K Dai, S Jia, C Meng, Q Zhao, X Zhang, D Zhang, Z Feng, Y Sun, X Wu, D Cai, C Grant, Fate of labeled urea-15N as basal and topdressing applications in an irrigated wheat-maize rotation system in North China plain:Ⅱ summer maize. Nutrient Cycling in Agro-ecosystems 2011,90:379-389.
252.Yeomans, J.C., Bremner, J.M., A rapid and precise method for routine determination of organic carbon in soil. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal 1988,19:1467-1476.
253.Yin F, Fu B, Mao R. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application rates on nitrate nitrogen distribution in saline soil in the Hai River Basin, China. J Soil Sediment 2007,7 (3):136-142.
254.You, L., Rosegrant, M. W., Wood, S.& Sun, D. Impact of growing season temperature on wheat productivity in China.Agric. For. Meteorol 2009,149:1009-1014.
255.Zand-Parsa, S., Sepaskhah, A.R., Ronaghi, A., Development and evaluation of integrated water and nitrogen model for maize. Agric. Water Manage 2006,81:227-256.
256.Zebarth, B.J., Leclerc, Y, Moreau, G, Rate and timing of nitrogen fertilization of Russet Burbank potato:nitrogen use efficiency. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 2004,84:845-854.
257.Zhai, F.Y., Yang, X.G, Report on the Situation of Nutrition and Health of Chinese Residents:Ⅱ. The Status of Diet and Nutrient Uptake in 2002. People's Medical Publishing House, Beijing. 2006. (in Chinese).
258.Zhao, J.R., Guo, Q., Guo, J.R., Wei, D.M., Wang, C.W., Liu, Y, Lin, K., Investigation and analysis on current status of chemical fertilizer inputs and crop yields in agricultural field of Beijing Suburb. J. Beijing Agric. Sci 1997,15 (2):36-38 (in Chinese).
259.Zhao, R.F., X.P. Chen, and F.S. Zhang. Fertilization and nitrogen balance in a wheat-maize rotation system in North China. Agronomy Journal 2006,98:938-945.
260.Zhang H, Oweis T. Water-yield relations and optimum irrigation scheduling of wheat in the Mediterranean region. Agr Water Manage 1999,38:195-211.
261.Zhang J., J. Liu, J. Zhang, F. Zhao, Y. Cheng, and W. Wang. Effects of Nitrogen Application Rates on Translocation of Dry Matter and Nitrogen Utilization in Rice and Wheat. Acta Agron Sin 2010,36(10):1736-1742.
262.Zhang, S.L., Zhu, Z.L., Xu, Y.H., The transformation of urea and the fate of fertilizer nitrogen in Fluvo-Aquic soil-winter wheat system in flooded plain of Huanghe river. Acta Agric. Nucl. Sinica 1989,3:9-15 (in Chinese with English abstract).
263-Zhang, S.L., Cai, GX., Wang, X.Z., Xu, Y.H., Zhu, Z.L., Freney,J.R., Losses of urea-nitrogen applied to maize grown on a calcareous fluvo-aquic soil of North China Plain. Pedosphere 1992, 2:171-178.
264.Zhang, F.S., X.R. Wang, X.T. Ju, W.Q. Ma, Q.J. Wang, and C.L. Kou. Spatial and temporal variation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and fertilization recommendation. In Integrated nutrient management, ed. F.S. Zhang, and R.F. Jiang,79-87. Beijing:China Agricultural University Press.2002. (in Chinese).
265.Zhang WL, ZX Tian, N Zhang, XQ Li, Nitrate pollution of groundwater in Northern China. Agr Ecosyst Environ1996,59:223-231.
266.Zhang, X.Y., Pei, D., Chen, S.Y., Root growth and soil water utilization of winter wheat in the North China Plain. Hydrol. Process 2004a,18:2275-2287.
267.Zhang, Y.Q., Kendy, E., Yu, Q., Liu, C.M., Shen, Y.J., Sun, H.Y., Effect of soil water deficit on evapotranspiration, crop yield, and water use efficiency in the North China Plain. Agric. Water Manage 2004b,64:107-122.
268.Zhang, F.S., Ma, W.Q., Zhang, W.F., Fan, M.S., Nutrient management in China:From production systems to the food chain. In:Li, C. et al. (Eds.), Plant Nutrition for Food Security, Human Health and Environmental Protection. Springer Berlin 2005, pp.13-15.
269.Zhang, Y.M., C.S. Hu, and X.X. Dong. Ammonia volatilization from wheat-maize rotation field in the piedmont of Taihang. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science 2005,11:417-419. (in Chinese with English abstract.).
270.Zhang, WE, The Study of Strategic Management based on the Analysis of Supply and Demand of Fertilizer in China, Ph.D. Dissertation. China agricultural University, Beijing.2007. (in Chinese).
271.Zhang WL, Tian ZX, Zhang N, Li XQ, Nitrate pollution of groundwater in Northern China. Agr Ecosyst Environ 1996,59:223-231.
272.Zhang S., V. Sadras, X. Chen, F. Zhang. Water use efficiency of dryland wheat in the Loess Plateau in response to soil and crop management. Field Crops Research 2013,151:9-18.
273.Zhao, J.R., Guo, Q., Guo, J.R., Wei, D.M., Wang, C.W., Liu, Y.,Lin, K., Investigation and analysis on current status ofchemical fertilizer inputs and crop yields in agricultural field of Beijing Suburb. J. Beijing Agric. Sci 1997,15 (2):36-38 (in Chinese).
274.Zhu JG, Liu Q Han Y, Zhang YL, Xing GX. Nitrate distribution and de-nitrification in the saturated zone of paddy field under rice/wheat rotation. Chemosphere 2003,50:725-732.
275.Zhu, Z.L. The present situation of nitrogen fertilizer use, and the problems and strategies in China. In Fertilizer problems in sustainable development of agriculture in China, ed. Q.K. Li. 1998.
276.Zhu ZL, and DL Chen. Nitrogen fertilizer use in China-Contributions to food production, impacts on the environment and best management strategies. Nutr Cycl.Agroecosys 2002, 63:117-127.
277.Zhu Z.L. and Q.X. Wen. Nitrogen in soil of China. Jiangsu Science and Technology Publishing House, Jiangsu 1992, p 213-228. (In Chinese).
278.Zhu, Z.L., Sun, B., Yang, L.Z., Zhang, L.X., Policy and countermeasures to control non-point pollution of agriculture in China. Sci. Technol. Rev.2005,23 (4):47-51 (in Chinese).
279.Zwart, S.J., Bastiaanssen, W.G.M., Review of measured crop water productivity values for irrigated wheat, rice, cotton and maize. Agric. Water Manage 2004,69:115-133.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |